...In endometriosis, displaced endometrial tissue continues to act as it normally would — it thickens, breaks down and bleeds with each menstrual cycle. Because this displaced tissue has no way to exit your body, it becomes trapped. When endometriosis involves the ovaries, cysts called endometriomas may form. Surrounding tissue can become irritated, eventually developing scar tissue and adhesions — abnormal tissue that binds organs together. What specific drugs are used to treat endometriosis?. Dnazol, gosereli (Zoladex), leuprolide (Lupron Depot), nafarelin (Synarel), norethindrone (Aygestin) are hormone drugs used to suppress the menstrual cycle for several months, during which the endometrial implants shrink and fade 2. Name three types of drugs that may be prescribed during a woman’s pregnancy and the reasons for prescribing these drugs. * Drugs used to Treat Premature Labor: Tocolytics. These slow or stop labor contractions. Tocolytics may delay labor, often for just a few days. This delay may give you time to get treatment with ACS or to get to a hospital with a neonatal intensive care unit (also called a NICU). This is the nursery in a hospital where newborns get medical care. One kind of tocolytic called magnesium sulfate shouldn’t be used for more than 5 to 7 days. Using this medicine for a longer time may lead to low levels of calcium and bone problems in your baby. * Drugs...
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...Introduction Chronic diseases are common, costly and share mutual risk factors. Diabetes is a chronic disease that effects more than 347 million people worldwide, with approximately 90% of all the cases being type II diabetes (WHO, 1999). Diabetes is a condition where the body does not produce adequate amounts of insulin or does not use the insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone that regulates the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood, causing cells to use it for energy or store it as fat for future use. Type 2 diabetics have poor insulin sensitivity, resulting in the buildup of glucose in the blood rather than being used as energy (https://www.diabetes.ca/). A physically inactive lifestyle is one of the major risk factors for diabetes. Promoting healthy lifestyle behaviours such as proper nutrition, physical activity, quitting smoking and reducing alcohol consumption can help in reducing the amount of Canadians being diagnosed with diabetes and other chronic diseases. Prevention programs for diabetes implement low – to moderate intensity exercise. Although an ideal intensity has not been established, more research is showing that high intensity training may be more effective in improving glycemic control in Type II diabetes. Purpose/Question Physical activity in combination with diet and medication are the foundations of prevention, management and treatment for type II diabetes. According to research, exercise is the only treatment to show improvement in whole body skeletal...
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...Approximately 17 million Americans have diabetes.(Lamb) As many as one-half are unaware they have it. This chronic disease causes serious health complications including renal failure, heart disease, stroke, and blindness. It is a condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced. Then glucose in the blood is not able to be absorbed into the cells of the body.(Kishore) The cells in the human body need energy in order to function. Glucose is the body's primary energy source. It is a simple sugar resulting from the digestion of foods containing carbohydrates. It circulates in the blood from the foods that are digested as a ready energy source for any cells that need it. Insulin is a hormone or chemical produced by cells in the pancreas, it is located behind the stomach. It bonds to a receptor site on the outside of cell and goes into the cell through which glucose can enter. Glucose can be saved for later use by converting to concentrated energy sources like glycogen or fatty acids. When there is not enough insulin produced , glucose stays in the blood rather entering the cells. The body will attempt to dilute the high level of glucose in the blood, which called hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia acts by drawing water out of the cells and into the bloodstream, to dilute the sugar and excrete it in the urine. People with undiagnosed diabetes to be constantly thirsty, drink large quantities of water, and urinate...
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...Targeting Insulin Signaling in Treating Alzheimer’s Disease Name Institution Table of Contents Abstract 3 Summary 4 Introduction 5 Present Therapeutic Regimens for Alzheimer’s disease 5 Methods 7 Search Strategy 7 Exclusion/ Inclusion Criteria 8 Relevant Information 8 Results 9 Discussion of Results 12 Epidemiological information linking type 2 diabetes to AD 16 Insulin-signaling abnormalities in Alzheimer disease affected brain 17 Diabetes drugs in treatment for AD 19 Treatments regimens for type 2 diabetes Mellitus and their potential in treating AD 23 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). 23 Metformin. 23 Amylin and Leptin analogs. 24 Findings 26 Interpretation of Results 26 Limitations 28 Future Research 29 Conclusion 31 References 32 Abstract Type 2 diabetic drugs could serve as potential in the treating Alzheimer’s disease. AD is a dementia defined by partial or total loss of memory. The risk of development of AD increases with age. Different therapeutic approaches have been employed when it comes to treatment of AD. Results of indicate that diabetic drugs are effective in treating Alzheimer ’s disease. Despite efforts directed at treatment of the condition, the results have not been satisfactory. This could be attributed to the early or late onset of AD pathogenesis while at the same time being underpinned by various mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting the effectiveness of type 2 diabetic drugs in treatment of AD. Research has focused on understanding...
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...Targeting Insulin Signaling in Treating Alzheimer’s Disease Name Institution Table of Contents Abstract 3 Summary 4 Introduction 5 Present Therapeutic Regimens for Alzheimer’s disease 5 Methods 7 Search Strategy 7 Exclusion/ Inclusion Criteria 8 Relevant Information 8 Results 9 Discussion of Results 12 Epidemiological information linking type 2 diabetes to AD 16 Insulin-signaling abnormalities in Alzheimer disease affected brain 17 Diabetes drugs in treatment for AD 19 Treatments regimens for type 2 diabetes Mellitus and their potential in treating AD 23 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). 23 Metformin. 23 Amylin and Leptin analogs. 24 Findings 26 Interpretation of Results 26 Limitations 28 Future Research 29 Conclusion 31 References 32 Abstract Type 2 diabetic drugs could serve as potential in the treating Alzheimer’s disease. AD is a dementia defined by partial or total loss of memory. The risk of development of AD increases with age. Different therapeutic approaches have been employed when it comes to treatment of AD. Results of indicate that diabetic drugs are effective in treating Alzheimer ’s disease. Despite efforts directed at treatment of the condition, the results have not been satisfactory. This could be attributed to the early or late onset of AD pathogenesis while at the same time being underpinned by various mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting the effectiveness of type 2 diabetic drugs in treatment of AD. Research has focused on...
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...1. What risk factors for primary hypertension are evident from K.H.’s history and physical data? K.H. is a 67 year old African American male, his ethnicity and age are non-modifiable risk factors, which means it is circumstances that he cannot change. Unfortunately African Americans are more susceptible to hypertension and after 55 years old there is a 90% chance that Americans regardless of ethnicity will develop hypertension. According to a PowerPoint from Dr. Marian, HSC 3211 on Hypertension, the ethnicities most likely to have hypertension are as follows: African American > Puerto Rican > Hispanic American > Caucasian > Cuban American. K.H. is also overweight by 30 pounds. Obesity is a leading cause of hypertension because excess weight makes it more difficult for the heart to pump blood throughout the body as efficiently as it would if K.H. was not overweight. He has already started lifestyle modifications such as a salt-restricted diet in hopes of lowering his blood pressure. Sodium causes the muscles around blood vessels to becomes stronger and thicker as a result of trying to ease the extra burden the arteries are experiencing. However, this is not a good thing because it causes the arteries to become more narrow thus raising one’s blood pressure even higher. With this evidence, it is important that K.H. stay on his salt-restricted diet if he hopes to lower his blood pressure and avoid other organ damage from excess salt. K.H. has high blood pressure at 135/96...
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...Diabetes DIABETES More than 3% of the world population has diabetes; diabetes is caused by lack of a hormone called Insulin, which is produced by the organ pancreas to control blood sugar (Miller, 2010). Diabetes has been regarded as one of the biggest killers in the world. There exists three types of diabetes, type one, type two and type three. The most common is diabetes mellitus (Derek LeRoith, 2004). Therefore, Diabetes can be caused by little insulin, resistance to the protein insulin or even both. This paper aims to see to research on what causes diabetes, types of diabetes, the incidence and the risk factors associated with the disease. Problems Diabetes is a condition when there is a sharp rise of sugar levels in the blood. The body finds it difficult to deal with the high concentration of the sugar in the blood. Foods, which contain starch or carbohydrates such as, rice, bread etc and foods that taste sweet are digested in the body into glucose. The pancreas produces a hormone called insulin, which allows glucose to move into cells to be used by our bodies for energy. When glucose levels increase above normal levels it leads to the complications of diabetes. Men and women are equally likely to suffer from diabetes, also being Asian or Afro-Caribbean, overweight, aged between 40 and 75 or having diabetes in the family can increase your risk of type 2 diabetes. To understand...
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...Questions on that clinical are not in bold, answers are in bold and additional info are italics so we can dertermie what to plug in and make part of our presentations. 1. What test should be done to evalulate the patients glucose tolerance?...A glucose challenge screening will determine if a glucose tolerance test is needed. A glucose challenge is a test to evaluate how your body processes sugar. A high level in your blood may indicate that your body is not processing sugar effectively (positive test). If the results of this screen are positive, the woman may have the Glucose Tolerance Test performed. It is important to note that not all women who test positive for the Glucose Challenge Screening test are found to have diabetes upon further diagnosis. No preparation is required prior to the test. During the test, the mother is asked to drink a sweet liquid (glucose) and then will have blood drawn one hour from having the drink, as blood glucose levels normally peak within one hour. No fasting is required prior to this test. Prior to the test the glucose tolerance test, your doctor will ask you to make sure that you are eating at least 150mg of carbohydrates for three days prior to the time you will be asked to fast (about what you will get from a slice or two of bread). You will not be permitted to eat or drink anything but sips of water for 14 hours prior to the test, so it is best to schedule the test for first thing in the morning. Additionally, you should...
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...Diabetes Mellitus among African Americans Final Research Paper Peggy Hollie Epidemiology Disease Dr. Peters May 9, 2012 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by abnormal metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and fat, resulting in increased levels of blood sugar. The adjective mellitus (for sweet) is used with diabetes insipidus (tasteless), which is so rare that the word diabetes by itself generally refers to diabetes mellitus. The only thing that diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus have in common is polyuria, or frequent urination. There are two forms of diabetes mellitus: Type I, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus IDDM), and Type II, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM). Diabetes is one of the ten leading causes of death from disease in the United States. It is the result of an insufficient supply of insulin or an inadequate use of insulin that is supplied from the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2010), diabetes affects 25.8 million people 8.3% of the U.S. population, diagnosed 18.8 million people and undiagnosed 7.0 million people. African Americans who have diabetes are 4.9 million or 18.7% aged 20 years or older. African Americans are twice as likely to be diagnosed with diabetes as non-Hispanic whites. In addition, they are more likely to suffer complications from diabetes, such as end-stage renal disease and lower extremity...
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...Type II Diabetes in Pennsylvania 4/29/2015 Introduction Diabetes is a lifelong disease that occurs when a person’s pancreas stops or isn’t producing enough insulin and/or the body cannot use it. Insulin is needed to use the energy from food. The body makes glucose from food that is eaten and then the glucose goes into the bloodstream and circulates around the body. Insulin helps glucose enter the cells where it is used for energy, growth and repair. When people have diabetes, glucose cannot enter the cells. It builds up in the bloodstream until it reaches high levels, which is damaging to the body. High blood glucose levels can be returned to normal with such treatments as meal planning, medication, and regular physical activity. It sounds too good to be true on reversing Type II diabetes through exercise and healthy eating is true. While certain lifestyle changes are key to managing diabetes, whether you can actually turn back time so that it's like you never had diabetes is a different matter. That depends on how long you've had the condition, how severe it is, and your genes. "The term 'reversal' is used when people can go off medication but still must engage in a lifestyle program in order to stay off," (Ann Albright, 2015). Type 2 is the most common form of diabetes and can be diagnosed at any age. It is most commonly seen in adults. Type 2 diabetes accounts for about 90 to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes, more than 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the U...
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...Bariatric Surgery; is it Worth the Cost Name: Institution: Bariatric surgery is a form of weight loss method that can be used as a last resort to treat people with extreme obesity. It can be quite helpful in treating people with potentially life-threatening excessive amount of body fat where other actions such as paying for a gym membership or nutritional counseling have not worked. However to be considered for bariatric surgical procedures one must meet a certain criteria. Possibly life-endangering obesity is defined as: • A body mass index of 35 or higher. • A body mass index of between 35 and 40 and another obesity related health condition such as high blood pressure that could be mitigated by losing weight. Bariatric surgical procedures vary with some causing weight loss by limiting the quantity of food the stomach can hold, others leading to weight loss mainly as a result of malabsorption of nutrients, while others cause weight loss by both restricting the stomachs food quantity holding ability and malabsorption. They mostly cause hormonal and metabolic changes that affect hunger and the desire to stop eating as well as resolving conditions that occur from extreme obesity. Therefore, bariatric surgery is considered accepted and effective method for providing consistent, long-lasting weight loss for persons with severe obesity. However, bariatric surgery should still be accompanied by behavioral, diet, psychological and physical activity...
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...health nurse has a primary role to assess the relationship of variables in the community with how they relate to patients and health. Cultural, religious, ethnic, and personal upbringings are variables that are considered to gain a basic understanding of the community framework. The purpose of this paper is to discuss three nursing diagnoses related to AL and his family living in a suburban community in Staten Island, New York. Interventions and outcomes will be expected for each diagnosis and will be integrated into the care plan and educational program specially designed for the chosen family. Family Assessment AL is a 65 year old man with an Italian ethnic background. He is a smoker who has been recently diagnosed with Type II Diabetes Mellitus, mild obesity, and a history of coronary artery disease with one stent last year. His physician stated he is borderline diabetic that could be managed through diet and lifestyle modifications, and could not advance if he is compliant with suggested regimens. He lives in a two-family residence with his wife, and his father who lives in the side apartment downstairs. He has two adult children who live within close range and visit several times a week. Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring When caring for a special population group within a community, the nurse must integrate clinical thought to assimilate specifically designed interventions for patients. Nurses must be conscious of their responses and actions that may inadvertently...
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...Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder that affects how the body regulates blood glucose. The most common form of diabetes in our country today is Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, which is a non-insulin dependent disorder. DM is caused by non-compliance of a healthy lifestyle; such as, uncontrolled weight, unhealthy eating habits, and uncontrolled sugars. DM is a rapidly growing issue in the world today. According to the 2014 National Diabetes Statistics Report, “29.1 million people or 9.3% of the population have diabetes.” One of the many conditions resulting from uncontrolled diabetes is foot ulcers. Foot ulcers can lead to an increase hospitalization stay for wound care treatment. The standardized method for treating foot ulcers consist of saline moisture gauze. The newer technology to promote wound healing is Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT). One type of NPWT is vacuum-assisted closure device. With the rapid growth of diabetes, there comes an...
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...GI and Diabetes Exam Study Guide Tube Feeding – (enteral nutrition) refers to the administration of a nutritional balanced liquefied food or formula through a tube inserted into the stomach, duodenum, jejunum. It is used to provide nutrients via the GI tract either alone or as a supplement to oral or parenteral nutrition. - Nasogastric (NG) Tube – is most commonly used for short-term feeding problems. Other means of feeding are; esophagostomy, gastrostomy or jejunostomy. Transpyloric tube placement or placement into the jejunum is used when physiologic condition warrant feeding the pt below the pyloric sphincter. Special Indications – anorexia, orofacial fractures, head and neck cancer, neurologic or psychiatric conditions that prevent oral intake, extensive burns and those who are receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Procedure for tube feeding 1. Patient position – 30-45 degrees position. Head remain elevated for 30-60 mins 2. Patency of tube – Tube should be irrigated with water before and after each feeing to ensure patency. 3. Tube Position – Placement of tube is checked before each feeing or every 8 hours with continuous feeings. Checking methods; aspiration and pH. 4. Formula 5. Administration of feeding – feeing are given either by gravity drip method or by feeding pump. 6. General Nursing Considerations – daily weight, accurate I’s and O’s. Blood glucose check. Complication Related To tube and feeding - Vomiting and or Aspiration -...
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...Running Head: CASE STUDY IN INEFFECTIVE PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT Case Study in Ineffective Pharmacological Management Southern University A&M College Graduate Nursing 652 Dr. Blair April 23rd, 2015 Introduction In the case study of Mr. J; he has been exhibiting dyspnea upon exertion and fatigue. His blood pressure was 170/95 mmHg. After reviewing his labs; his LDL level was 200 mg/dl. Upon physical examination, he was found to have peripheral edema and jugular vein distention. A chest X-ray revealed cardiomegaly and pleural effusion. An echogram has also been scheduled. Based on his signs and symptoms, the physician suspects Mr. J has new onset Stage C heart failure. Mr. J has multiple prescribed drugs for Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Parkinson’s, Gout and Depression. After careful reviewing Mr. J’s medications there is concerns ineffective pharmacological management. Ineffective pharmacological management refers to medication therapy prescribed that does not take into account the patient’s age, diagnoses and comorbidities; therefore leading to complications of existing health problems. Side effects, adverse reactions and drug to drug interactions have to also be considered when reviewing a patient’s medication regimen. The drug categories most commonly involved in adverse reaction are cardiovascular agents, antibiotic, diuretics, anticoagulants, hypoglycemic, steroids, opioids, anticholinergic...
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