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Gordon Allport

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Submitted By veaempeno
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Allport was America’s first personality theorist. His 1937 and 1961 definitions of personality are dynamic, organized, and unique. He distinguished common traits from individual traits. He used the idiographic and the nomothetic approaches in studying personality. He used the nomothetic method to examine what people have in common, and the idiographic to discover individual traits. He also made criteria of a mature personality. First is self-extension, second is warm human interaction, third is self-acceptance or emotional security, third is realistic perception, fourth is self-objectification, and last is unifying principle of life. He also discussed ten possible units of the study of personality. Those are intellectual capacity, syndromes of temperament, unconscious motives, social attitudes, ideational schemata, expressive traits, stylistic traits, pathological trends, and factorial clusters. Characters and attitudes may also be used as units of study, but these present some complications. Character involves the judgment of moral rights and wrongs. Attitudes, or a disposition to an object or toward an object of value, involve an emotional response from a very narrow range of stimuli towards an object of value. It can be evaluated, but a trait cannot be evaluated because it naturally exists within the individual. Thus, attitude is difficult to work with as a unit of measurement. He also discussed about Functional Autonomy which represents the present “go” if interests and tendencies that initiates and sustains current behavior. It has two types, the preservative functional autonomy and propionate functional autonomy. Although both types are essential to motivation, proportionate functional autonomy is more important because of its open system, and the personality is led to achieve progressively higher levels of behavior. The maturity of personality is indicated by the degree of functional autonomy of its motives. Right processes that are not functionally autonomous are biological drives, reflex action, constitutional equipment, habits, primary reinforcement, infantilism and fixations, some neuroses, and sublimation. Quasi-mechanical and Propitiate are the two methods in which functional autonomy can be created in personality pattern. In his learning principle, he used the term propium to mean the main source of learning about the self and finding the personality. It refers to “the aspects of personality which together (make for) seem singularly one’s own. Theses aspects taken together make for individuality.” These are what make a person unique and give one some inward unity. The propium develops through maturity and learning.

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