...consumers who are primarily individual companies Consumer to Business (C2B) E-Commerce C2B Occurs when an individual sells products and services to a business Consumer to Consumer (C2C) E-Commerce C2C Occurs when an individual sells products and services to another individual, it usually takes place through an intermediary organization. Business to Government (B2G) E-Commerce B2G Occurs when a business sells products and services to government entity Consumer to Government (C2G) E-Commerce C2G Occurs when an individual sells products to a government entity, in this case the buying partner is a government entity Government to Business (G2B) E-Commerce G2B Occurs when a government entity sells products and services to business. Government To consumer (G2C) E-Commerce G2C refers to the electronic commerce activities performed between a government and its citizens or consumers including paying taxes, registering vehicles, providing information and services, and so on. Government To Government (G2G) E-Commerce G2G refers to the electronic commerce activities performed within a nation’s government. The E-Commerce business models that match Mobitel are as follows: Business to Consumer The B2C model involves transactions between business organizations and consumers. It applies to any business organization that sells its products or services to consumers over the Internet. These Mobitel displays its product information in an online catalogue and store...
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...route. The state government completed one port project worth over Rs 700 crore under PPP and it has been put to service delivery, a study conducted by the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (Assocham) shows. The industry body released the report titled 'Port Developments in India'. DS Rawat, Secretary General of Assocham said 62 projects in the port sector worth over Rs 82,000 crore are in different stages of implementation under the PPP model. To put it in perspective, in all 881 PPP projects worth over Rs 5.4 lakh crore are taken up across India in different sectors. While there are 31 completed port projects worth over Rs 24,700 crore, about 21 PPP projects in the port sector with a share of 52 percent worth over Rs 43,000 crore are under construction, eight projects worth about Rs 14,000 crore with a share of about 17 percent are under bidding. International Container Transhipment Terminal Vallarpadam Terminal The Kochi International Container Transhipment Terminal (ICTT), locally known as the Vallarpadam Terminal. is a container trans-shipment facility which is part of the Kochi Port. It is the only trans-shipment port in India, and is situated in Kochi, in the state of Kerala.The terminal is biggest in its kind in South Asia Being constructed in three stages, the first phase of the terminal was commissioned on Feb 11, 2011. This can handle cargo up to one million TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) per annum. On completion of the third phase, the terminal...
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...4: In the next phase of the project constructing the dam itself should HG employ someone whose main function is that of liaison between its corporate culture and the culture of its host country? If so, is Martin the right person for the job? Answer: Given the importance and the size of the project, as well as the many pitfalls that will surely be encountered along the way, it seems only logical to employ someone who is extremely well versed in the culture of Uganda to serve as a liaison with HG’s headquarters. Whether that person is Martin or someone else, however, HG must establish clear guidelines that reflect both U.S. law and corporate policy to guide the managers of their foreign operations. 4.IN HG’s NEXT PHASE, THE DAM CONSTRUCTION, SHOULD IT EMPLOY SOMEONE WHOSE MAIN FUNCTION IS TO BE A LIAISON BETWEEN HG’s CORPORATE CULTURE AND THE CULTURE OF UGANDA? IF SO, SHOULDMARTIN BE THE PERSON FOR THE JOB? The assignment taken up by Hydro Generations to construct a power plant in Uganda can be viewed in different phases. The first and initial phase can be listed as establishing an operating structure so that future work activities could be carried out smoothly and uninterrupted. The second phase consists of the construction of the dam. The final phase even though not mentioned in the case study could be assumed to be as the final construction of the power plant. Charles Martin’s initial assignment mainly dealt in the pre constructional phase where his duties were three...
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...Measuring Economic Health Memo xxxxxxxxx Eco 212 July xx, 2010 Xxxxxxxxxx In the next few paragraphs I will briefly examine how GDP (gross domestic product) is used to measure the business cycle, the roles of government bodies that determine national fiscal policy, and explain the effects of fiscal policies on the economy. Gross Domestic Policy and the Business Cycle GDP (gross domestic product) is the best indicator of where the economy is in the business cycle; “because GDP is our best measure of economic activity, the business cycle is usually illustrated using movements in GDP” (Hubbard & O'Brien, 2010, p. 691). The business cycle has four phases; expansion, peak, recession, and trough. An increase in economic activity indicates the economy is in the expansion phase of the business cycle. A decrease in economic activity indicates the economy is in recession. When the economy stops growing and start shrinking the economy is in the peak phase of the business cycle. When the economy stops shrinking and starts growing the economy is in the trough phase of the business cycle. The following image shows the business cycle phases. Fiscal Policy and its Effects on the Economy The Congress and The President of the United States of America determine national fiscal policy. Congress has the authority to tax. The President creates the federal budget each year but the Congress modifies and votes on the budget. Through its different bureaus, offices...
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...Nuclear phase out On March 11th the most fatal earthquake in Japan’s history hit the country followed by a devastating Tsunami. Besides the immediate destruction caused by those natural disasters they triggered a fatal chain reaction leading to a partial meltdown (a complete meltdown was not confirmed so far but is not unlikely) in three reactors of the nuclear power plant Fukushima Daiichi. In Germany those events have caused a new uprising of the anti-nuclear-movement. Most people in Germany are in favour of a quick nuclear phase-out and the big political parties have very quickly adapted this opinion. The big question remaining is how to handle a project of such a huge size without causing financial, climate related or other threats. In the following work the current situation will be analysed and viewed as a change process containing the following steps: • • • • • • • • Step 1: Create a sense of urgency Step 2: Form a powerful coalition Step 3: Create a vision for change Step 4: Communicate the vision Step 5: Remove obstacles Step 6: Create short-term wins Step 7: Extending the success Step 8: Anchor new approaches Step 1: Create a Sense of Urgency First of all the awareness of a need for change should be created, increased and communicated. “With this shift, urgency will move from being an important issue every few years to being a powerful asset all the time.”1 In the history and the development of nuclear power and the nuclear power plants there have been many different...
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...enhance the transformation of work culture by serving a variety of ends, better delivery of government services to citizens, improved government interactions with business and industry, citizen empowerment through access to information and participation for decision-making and more efficient government management. e-Governance is not meant only for introducing or using technological tools, it fundamentally strives to bring about a change in mindset and work culture to integrate government processes and functions to serve the citizens better. In this process, it is crucial that the capacity of government to be open to criticism as well as the application of new social contract between all stakeholders, confirming a shared responsibility on the transformation processes. The interaction between a citizen and a government agency takes place in a government office. With emerging Information and Communication technologies it is possible to locate service centers closed to clients. In all the cases public traditionally look for information and services addressing his or her needs and in both cases quality, relevance and efficiency are of paramount importance. Therefore, the establishment of e-Governance requires a good knowledge of the needs that exist in the society and that can be offered using ICT. The effectiveness of ICT in government is closely related with the capacity of government to induce a culture change-placing network within its institutions as instrumental to transparency...
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...from the 2009-2010 debt crisis. Which bare dissipations in its property sector and led to a $25 billion debt. However, a warning of IMF stated that uncertain global renewed worsening of the global situation could lead government-linked companies to bankrupt. Extensive development had been made in the debt reform of state-linked entities; however, many entities still continued reliance on foreign funding. Thus, UAE authorities' plans to gradually consolidate fiscal policy. (Reuters, 2012) Which stage in the business cycle do you think the economy is in? Currently the economy is in the Recovery Stage the business cycle is the point at which the economy starts working its way up to better financial footing. The year 2012 will be remembered in the UAE’s history, among others, for economic recovery from the biggest financial crisis in its history starting from 2008. To summarize Dubai went through the classic Phase of expansion in this cycle in the years 2005-2007 the economy of Dubai during this period moved from a normal status to a peak status. It was the period when the business in Dubai is outpourings, and grow national product expands until it reaches a peak. According to Marc Faber, "Dubai went through the classic Phase Three boom in 2005-7; Phase Four of the ‘down cycle doubts’ came in...
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...Version 7.0 August 10, 2011 INTRODUCTION This is a compilation of data lifecycle models and concepts assembled in part to fulfill Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Working Group on Information Systems and Services (WGISS) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Community for Data Integration Data Management Best Practices needs. It is intended to be a living document, which will evolve as new information is discovered. CONTENTS 1. Digital Curation Centre (DCC) Lifecycle Model 2. Ellyn Montgomery, USGS, Data Lifecycle Diagram 3. FGDC Stages of the Geospatial Data Lifecycle pursuant to OMB Circular A–16 4. University of Oxford Research Data Management Chart 5. NOAA Environmental Data Life Cycle Functions 6. Open Archival Information System (OAIS) Framework 7. USGS Scientific Information Management Workshop Vocabulary 8. Peter Fox Lifecycle Diagrams 9. National Science Foundation 10. NDIIPP Preserving Our Digital Heritage 11. What Researchers Want 12. EPA Project Life Cycle 13. IWGDD’s Digital Data Life Cycle Model 14. Scientific Data Management Plan Guidance 15. Linear Data Life Cycle 16. Generic Science Data Lifecycle 17. Cassandra Ladino Hybrid Data Lifecycle Model 18. Ray Obuch Data Management – A Lifecycle Approach 19. USGS Data Management Plan Framework (DMPf) – Smith, Tessler, and McHale 20. BLM Data Management Handbook 21. ARL Joint Task Force on Library Support...
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... * * Solar panels being fixed atop a government school in Male: The project is funded through a grant of one billion Yen from the Japanese government. HAVEERU FILE PHOTO The government on Tuesday said that solar panels affixed at two government offices, under the project to generate electricity using renewable energy, are now being tested. Under the third phase of the project for clean energy promotion in capital Male, solar panels have been fixed onto the roofs of the hospital Hulhumale and atop the finance ministry building. Under the first two phases of the project, solar panels had been affixed on 10 buildings in Male, and those panels along with a system that can generate 675 kilowatts of electricity are being used by the State Electric Company (STELCO) to generate electricity. The system established in the first phase generated 395 kilowatts of energy and another 280 kilowatts were generated in the second phase. Under both the phases, solar panels were affixed atop many government buildings such as some schools and the President's Office. The environment ministry said on Tuesday that 740 kilowatts of energy would be generated at the completion of the third phase and that this will save 300,000 litres of diesel within a year. In terms of houses in male, it would be equivalent to the electricity consumed in 185 households. The project is funded through a grant of one billion Yen from the Japanese government. The agreement for this project was signed in...
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...INTRODUCTION The policy making process has been a very active one, especially the housing sector. Consequently, South Africa’s housing policy was the end product of much heated debates and discussions within the National Housing Forum from the year 1992 to 1994. Thus, the White Paper of 1994, A New Housing Policy and Strategy for South Africa was implemented. This essay will discuss and analyse this Housing policy strategy. It will also discuss the integrated model to policy making, which consists of five phases that are very specific and progresses in a coherent manner and relate it to the policy being analysed. It will firstly, identify and explain these five phases namely, the policy needs, problems and context, the policy development and formulation, the policy decision and publication, the policy implementation and the policy monitoring and evaluation. It will secondly, explain the five protocols of policy implementation namely, Content, Context, Commitment, Clients and Coalition and Capacity and identify a strength and weakness in each category. Lastly, this essay will summarize all findings and give recommendations to improve the policy process. 2. INTERGRATED APPROACH TO POLICY MAKING 2.1. UNDERSTANDING OF THE POLICY NEEDS, PROBLEMS AND CONTEXT The policy needs, problems and context is the first phase of the policy making process in the integrated approach. During this stage of policy making government has to do thorough research before deciding on a certain policy...
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...development (R&D), construction and commercial items), by the contracting officer issuing a solicitation to communicate the government needs to prospective contractors. The policies and procedures that govern RFPs vary between the procurement of commercial items and construction. The purpose of this paper is to compare the two RFPs and identify the differences. The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) requires commercial items acquisitions exceeding $5.5 million to be solicited using the RFPs contract method and solicitations is prepared using the standard form (SF) 1449. The commercial items RFP used in this comparison was issued by the Department of Veteran Affairs (DVA). The requirement is to provide inscription for blank marble niche covers for Arlington National Cemetery. The acquisition is being set-aside for service-disabled veteran-owned small business (SDVOSB). The period of performance is for a base period and four option years. The option clause to extend the term of the contract is included. The option clause does not obligate the government to exercise the option years. The government may exercise an option by providing the contractor with a written notice within the time specified in the contract. The solicitation states that prospective contractors must provide an all-inclusive unit price. The solicitation provides a list of government furnished material. The RFP requires prospective contractors to include all cost in their unit price. This means the prospective...
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...have to wait for the next election? There is one significant way of influencing American government and that is through an Interest Group. Interest Groups also known as advocacy groups, lobbying groups or special interest, are in place to persuade or prevent changes in public policies. They exist for the solemn purpose of conveying the views and defending the interest of a part of society to public officials. There are all types of interest groups in America from animal rights groups to public interest groups to citizen groups. Interest groups get there start when James Madison developed the theme in “The Federalists (No. 10). In it he discussed factions, which was his term for interest groups and Madison believed that will always have diverse interest especially when it comes to economic circumstances and property ownership. Even though interest groups can be found deeply rooted in many different traditions and cultures such as Germany, they are common threads that can be observed in the development of interest groups mostly in Western industrial societies. There are about four phases in which the development of interest groups can be viewed. In what is called the first phase or the preindustrial phase beginning in the 1830s to the 1870s, there were charitable organizations that assisted the poor and less fortunate, which were mostly middle class citizens that were a part of this organization. Then breaking off into the second phase was the process of industrialization that was...
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...created by The Story of Stuff project in 2007. In the video, writers Annie Leonard and Jonah Sachs describe the process of turning natural resources into consumer goods, then into waste. The writers describe a seemingly linear five-step process: extraction, production, distribution, consumption, and disposal. Leonard and Sachs describe a carefully-scripted culture of unsustainable consumption and waste. The extraction phase of “The Story of Stuff” refers to the removal of natural resources such as timber, natural gas, coal, oil, and water. The writers emphasize the unsustainability of this phase, especially in the United States. The video states that the United States holds 5% of the world’s population but uses 30% of the world’s natural resources and creates over 30% of the world’s waste. This is a staggering statistic. Four percent of the United States’ forests remain. FOUR PERCENT. How much longer will it be before trees are things read about in storybooks (digitally printed of course, as there are no more natural resources to harvest.) The production phase is described as the addition of toxic chemicals to natural resources in order to produce the “stuff” we want. Please note the use of the word “want,” not “need.” The authors note that over 100,000 synthetic chemicals are commercially available today and are regularly used in production. Of those 100,000 synthetic chemicals, very few have been tested in a significant way to measure the long-term health effects of exposure...
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...Governmental Accounting Standards Board 34 What would our country like without any rules and regulations or even our Declaration of Independence? We would probably be one giant disorganized country. There are times when we feel that our government can over regulating, but some fail to understand that the government is the people and society. Society has created organizations that even monitor our own government. One organization is the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB). This is “an authoritative accounting and financial reporting standard-setting body for government entities” (Granof 2002). Their main objective is to ensure that financial reporting needs are meeting for the financial users. This goal is very difficult to accommodate to all users. Therefore, GASB continues to create new standards for financial reporting for state and local governments. One of the recent major obstacles for GASB was to produce standards for full accrual basis accounting for all state, local, and not-for-profit entities. This would allow for cost/loss in an entity’s capital assets and infrastructure. This can be distributed over the useful years of life instead of the initial year. In using the cash method, the value of physical assets and the depreciation on infrastructures such as roads, bridges, sewers, and drainage systems is not shown on the books. On average, most infrastructures decline in usefulness or value over a period of 20 to 50 years. This new standard thus creates...
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...ADVISOR OF THE GOVERNMENT ARTICLE II - THE MARKETING AND STABILIZATION OF SECURITIES FOR THE ACCOUNT OF THE GOVERNMENT A. THE ISSUE AND PLACING OF GOVERNMENT SECURITIES SECTION 117. Issue of Government Obligations. — The issue of securities representing obligations of the Government, its political subdivisions or instrumentalities, may be made through the Bangko Sentral, which may act as agent of, and for the account of, the Government or its respective subdivisions or instrumentality, as the case may be: Provided, however, That the Bangko Sentral shall not guarantee the placement of said securities, and shall not subscribe to their issue except to replace its maturing holdings of securities with the same type as the maturing securities. 117.1 Legislative History This is taken from Section 122 of Republic Act No. 265, with modification. Under RA No. 265, the issue of government securities by the Central Bank as fiscal agent of the Government was mandatory. In contrast, the use of the word “may” in Republic Act No, 7653 shows the intent to make the issue of such securities merely permissive and non-exclusive to the Bangko Sentral. ARTICLE II – REPUBLIC ACT NO. 265 CENTRAL BANK ACT OF 1948 Section 122. Issue of Government obligations. – The issue of securities representing obligations of the Government, its political subdivisions or instrumentalities, shall be made through the Central Bank, which shall act as agent of, and for the account of, the Government or its respective...
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