...environmental damage and the non-sustainable use of resources, none were as clear-cut and globally united as the Millennium Development Goals. The Millennium Development Goals, hereafter referred to as the MDG, was signed by all 193 members of the United Nations. The MDG focuses on a wide range of human problems; from poverty and health to environmental damage and the non-sustainability of the current resource usage (Nations, 2010). This was so important because it was the first time that so many nations united together to attempt to solve the world’s biggest problems. Although a lot of the set targets were very ambitious, they were certainly within the realm of reality with proper funding and planning. The following report proposes a plan to carry out a sub-section of one of the goals in one region of the world. Although it would be a very small scale when considering all the goals of the MDG and all the regions of the world, it would provide a morale booster that shows that these goals can actually be achieved with sufficient funding and planning. The plan is made by members of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which will also provide all of the funding. The selected MDG sub-target for this project is goal 7A; to “Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources”...
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...metallurgy has been developed essentially due to the nuclear industry. They are used as a structural material in nuclear industry mainly because of good corrosion resistance in water at high temperatures, resistance to radiation damage, optimum mechanical properties and low cross-sectional absorption of thermal neutrons. Four elements satisfy the last two conditions but Zirconium is the only sufficient choice for core components of nuclear reactors. The other elements such as Beryllium (Brittle and chemically toxic), Magnesium (chemically reactive and cannot be used in water cooled reactors), Aluminum (low melting temperature hence only used in research reactors) are not chosen. Important Characteristics of Zirconium-Nuclear Structural Material 1) Low thermal neutron absorption cross section (0.185 barns), 2) Allotropy, the high temperature body centered cubic (β) phase transforming into the hexagonal close packed phase (α) at 1135 K, 3) Anisotropic thermal and mechanical properties leading to unequal thermal expansions along different crystallographic directions and formation of strong crystallographic texture during mechanical working 4) Hexagonal close packed structure of the a phase with a c/a ratio of 1.593, which is less than ideal, making the prismatic slip on {I 0 1 O} planes most predominant, 5) High reactivity with oxygen, nitrogen and carbon and high solubility of these interstitial elements in the α phase, necessitating special care during melting and fabrication...
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...Interphase. G1 phase - growth and synthesis. Gap phase 1 begins at the completion of mitosis and cytokinesis and lasts until the beginning of S phase. This phase is generally the longest of the four cell cycle phases and is quite variable in length. During this phase, the cell chooses either to replicate its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or to exit the cell cycle and enter a quiescent state (the G0 phase). S phase Replication of the chromosomes is restricted to one specific portion of interphase, called S phase (DNA synthesis phase), which typically lasts about 6 h. In mammalian cells, the start of S phase—the actual initiation of DNA synthesis—takes place several hours after the cell has committed to carrying out DNA synthesis. During S phase, each chromosome replicates exactly once to form a pair of physically linked sister chromatids. In animal cells, a pair of centrioles is also duplicated during S phase. G2 phase - Preparation for division The portion of interphase that follows S phase is called gap phase 2. Some cells can exit the cell cycle from G2 phase, just as they can from G1 phase. M phase M phase includes the overlapping processes of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis usually begins during anaphase and ends at a point after the completion of mitosis. At the end of cytokinesis, the parent cell has formed its two G1 phase progeny and the...
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...FROM RESEARCH TO INDUSTRY Nuclear Energy Division 4 -GENERATION SODIUM-COOLED FAST REACTORS THE ASTRID TECHNOLOGICAL DEMONSTRATOR th DECEMBER 2012 SUSTAINABLE RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF JUNE 28, 2006: RESULTS OF RESEARCH CARRIED OUT ON THE SEPARATION AND TRANSMUTATION OF LONG-LIVED RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS, AND ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW GENERATION OF NUCLEAR REACTORS 1 4th GENERATION SODIUM-COOLED FAST REACTORS THE ASTRID TECHNOLOGICAL DEMONSTRATOR 1 2 FOREWORD The objective of the Generation IV International Forum (GIF), in which France is actively involved, is to prepare the future nuclear sector in an international framework by jointly developing the R&D of 4th generation reactors, based on clearly identified objectives: achieve sustainable development of nuclear energy by optimising the use of natural uranium resources and by reaching the highest levels of nuclear safety; minimise the production of the most radioactive waste, in particular long-lived waste; ensure high resistance to nuclear proliferation; develop applications of nuclear energy for other uses than production of electricity. After an analysis phase carried out jointly by the founding partners, the GIF selected six concepts of nuclear reactors and their cycles4 which exhibited the most promising potentials to achieve the abovementioned objectives: SFR: Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor; GFR: Gas-cooled Fast Reactor; LFR: Lead-cooled Fast Reactor; SCWR: Supercritical Water-cooled...
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...Ruth Lin, 47985106 FRST302 Assignment 2 Jan 31, 2015 Describe the activities of chromosomes and microtubules in the cell cycle, including all phases of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is a part of the M phase in a cell’s life cycle process whereby cellular division occurs to form two genetically identical daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of the interphase phase and the M phase. The interphase phase represents the period between cells divisions, where the cell grows and develops. The M phase (mitotic phase) represents the period of active cell division, whereby copies of the cell’s chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate, so that a duplicate set of genetic information can be passed down to each of the daughter cells. Mitosis is often...
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...nucleus and well defined nuclear envelop, and is generally larger as compared to prokaryotic cells. In addition to this it has got a membrane bounded organelles. It contains linear DNA molecule combined in a protein to form a chromosomes ,while that of prokaryotic is in a form of circular DNA. 2. Insulin is a hormone, which is synthesised by the pancreatic beta cell and released into the blood in response to high level of blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) in a controlled way of secretion to maintain normal blood sugar level (Normoglycaemia), and its synthesis begin in the nucleus involved DNA unravel, transcript and translated in the RER and finally secreted through plasma membrane by a process of exocytosis....
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...number of chromosomes in each daughter cell as in the original nucleus which are inherited form a generation to another. It also causes a growth in the organism by increasing the number of cells. Not all somatic cells divide; muscle cells, blood cells, cardiac cells, nerve cells don’t divide. Every cell undergoes a series of steps through its life in a cycle called the cell cycle. It’s divided into 4 stages: the G1 (first gap) phase, the S (synthesis) phase, the G2 (second gap) phase and the M (mitosis) phase. -In the G1 phase, the DNA begins to replicate, the cell is in a period of growth and cellular activity. Its duration is about 10 hours. -In the S phase, the DNA is replicated and series of preparation for division occur. -The G2 phase is a second period of growth and cell’s life. It ends when mitosis begins and its duration is about 4 hours. These 3 stages are grouped into one phase which is interphase. -Mitosis is the final stage in the cell cycle. It ends with cytokinesis and its duration is about 1 hour. At its turn, mitosis contains 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase which are discussed below. The process of cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells; in animal cells, a cleavage furrow occurs and provokes a cytoplasmic division. In plant cells, vesicles from the Golgi complex move to the cell equator and fuse to form a cell plate which divides the cell into 2 daughter cells. Objectives: * Observe the different steps of mitosis in animal...
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...• FLIGHT PHASES • MODERN ICBMs • REFERENCES Ballistic missile A ballistic missile is a missile that follows a sub-orbital ballistic flight path with the objective of delivering one or more warheads to a predetermined target. To date, ballistic missiles have been propelled during powered flight by chemical rocket engines of various types. History [pic] Diagram of V-2, the first ballistic missile. The first ballistic missile was the A-4, commonly known as the V-2 rocket, developed by Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s under direction of Wernher von Braun. The first successful launch of a V-2 was on October 3, 1942 and began operation on September 6, 1944 against Paris, followed by an attack on London two days later. By the end of World War II, May 1945, over 3,000 V-2s had been launched. A total of 30 nations have deployed operational ballistic missiles. Development continues, with around 100 ballistic missile flight tests (not including those of the US) in 2007, mostly by China, Iran and the Russian Federation. In 2010 the US and Russian governments signed a treaty to reduce their inventory of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) over a seven-year period (to 2017) to 1550 units each Flight A ballistic missile trajectory consists of three parts: the powered flight portion, the free-flight portion which constitutes most of the flight time, and the re-entry phase where the...
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...Forensic Hair Analysis Forensic hair analysis is a method of studying hair found at the scene of a crime, and the scientific study of hair is referred to Trichology. In this paper I will discuss the different techniques that are used to study hair during an investigation and the many different aspects of the hair to consider based on what type of investigation is taking place. Hair analysis can be used to determine the presence of a suspect at the scene or to detect the presence of certain chemical substances in the victim or suspect. With the help of DNA techniques used in forensic hair analysis an absolute match can be determined by examining hair found at the scene of a crime. According to Douglas Deedrick of the FBI’s Trace Evidence Unit, Humans shed an average of 100 hairs daily and are often used in violent crime investigations such as: homicides, assaults, burglaries, and armed robberies. (Deedrick, 2000) The most useful hairs in a crime scene investigation are longer hairs found on the scalp but can be subject to changes due to hair colorings or a simple haircut. In order to prevent this outside exposure samples should be taken from potential suspects as soon as possible after the crime to avoid any possible contamination. According to Deedrick, examining a hair under a microscope can help to determine many things about the source of the hair and even how the hair was lost either through shedding or by force, or from which location on the body the hair originated...
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...treaties. Negotiations for SALT I played a part in bringing the two countries from the nuclear 'brinkmanship' of the Cuban missile crisis to détente. Gorbachev realising the importance of arms control in mutual political accommodation, initiated INF. INF and NST alleviated secrecy and suspicion and began a spirit of cooperation that could not have been achieved without successful talks. The interactions also helped the two sides to understand each other better. Through the frequent summit-meetings between Gorbachev and Reagan and Gorbachev and Bush the American public got to know the face of their enemy. This encouraged greater tolerance between the two nations which was necessary if the cold war was to end. The Cuban missile crisis led to the end of a period of nuclear 'brinkmanship' as both sides became very aware of how close they came to nuclear war. In 1963 the US and the USSR made important agreements that contributed to arms control. In June a direct 'hot line' was established between Washington and Moscow. This communication link between the head of states was established to reduce the risk of a nuclear war arising from accident, misunderstanding, miscalculation, or surprise attack. And in August, after an offer made by Kennedy to come to terms with the USSR about testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, the United States, Soviet Union and Great Britain signed a Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. This treaty prohibited tests in the atmosphere,...
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...Biology Final Exam Review Sheet a) The identity of each element is defined by the number of protons in its nucleus a. The physical and chemical properties of each element are defined by: i. Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus ii. Number of electrons orbiting the nucleus Proton = mass of one & a positive charge Neutron = mass of one and no charge Electron = negligible mass and a negative charge Isotopes of an element a) Isotopes are different forms of the same element a. Same number of protons b. Same number of electrons orbiting c. Different number of neutrons Chemical Bonds & Interactions a) Covalent bonds – sharing of electron pairs b) Ionic attraction – attraction of opposite charges c) Hydrogen bond – electrical attraction between a covalently bonded H atom and an electronegative atom d) Hydrophobic Interactions – interaction of non – polar substances in the presence of polar substances e) van der Waals Interaction – interaction of electron of non-polar substances Fatty Acids Have Long Tails Formed by Covalently Linked Carbons a) All bonds between carbon atoms are single in a saturated fatty acid (chain is straight) b) The straight chain allows a molecule to pack tightly among other similar molecules c) Double bonds between two carbons make an unsaturated fatty acid (carbon chain has kinks) d) Kinks prevent close packing Condensation and Hydrolysis of Polymers a) Covalent bond is formed between monomers b) Water is removed in condensation ...
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...KAMPLA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Colleague of higher degree and research Name: Amaal Yousuf Ali Reg no: 1153-06236-03133 Lecturer: Dr Rosinda Lubanga Subject: Human Behavior And Environment Question (A) How does socialization affect behavior of the nuclear family? (B) Which tools are by parents to rise up children in nuclear family? (C) What are the challenges of socialization in the nuclear family? Introduction Socialization, is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists, and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs, and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society. Socialization is thus "the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained". Socialization describes a process which may lead to desirable outcomes sometimes labeled "moral" as regards the society where it occurs. Individual views on certain issues, for instance race or economics, are influenced by the society's consensus and usually tend toward what that society finds acceptable or "normal". Scientific research provides evidence that people are shaped by both social influences and genes. Genetic studies have shown that a person's environment interacts with his or her genotype to influence behavioral outcomes. Socialization is the process by which human beings as material organisms living with other material...
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...cells are created and each contain the same number of chromosomes as their parents. In the other hand, meiosis creaes four unidentical daughter cells, and each one of them has the half number of chromosomes as their parents cells. In meiosis I, a process in which the first cycle of nuclear division occurs during the formation of gamets, it results in reducing the number of chromosomes to the half as their parents. It consists of four phases: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. The chromosomes condense and become visible...
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...After a massive star turn into a Red SuperGiant, the next phase is Supernova. A supernova is a massive explosion that comes from a high-mass star at the end of its life. A supernova shines very brightly, some have even been known to shine as brightly as a whole galaxy, but that fades rapidly over a few days. This explosion happens when a Red SuperGiant runs out of nuclear fuel. After this explosion occurs, pieces of the star are left scattered across the cosmos in what is called supernova remnant. After this phase the star gets a little more...
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...January 01, 2012 Abstract Steam generators are a necessary component in PWR. Material issues that affect steam generators reduce the capacity of a nuclear power plant to generate electricity and minimize the lifetime of the steam generator, with both consequences resulting in a loss of profit to the operating utility. Specific problems associated with steam generator materials that are discussed include denting, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), phosphate thinning, as well as vibration and mechanical problems. A connection is established between material issues that affect steam generators and capacity losses as well as decreased lifetime. Finally, solutions are discussed to prevent decreases in capacity and diminished lifetime. Introduction Steam generators are a critical component of PWR. The function of a steam generator in a PWR is to serve as a heat exchanger between the primary and secondary. The heat exchange that occurs between the primary and secondary creates steam, the steam turns a turbine, the process of which generates electricity. The generation of electricity for profit is the purpose of nuclear power plants, therefore material problems associated with steam generators that reduce the capacity of a nuclear power plant to generate electricity are an important profit consideration. Another significant cost and profit consideration is steam generator replacement cost and...
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