...Structure of DNA DNA Structure and replication can be described as the molecule of inheritance. There are many complex issues to its structure and forms of inheritance. One scientist researched the structure of DNA at a time during the 19th century when there was no knowledge of DNA’s role in heredity. By the 1950s a series of discoveries convinced the scientific community that DNA acts as the hereditary material. To describe DNA would be like a blueprint found in every cell in all living organism. Living organisms are made of cells. Every cell has a nucleus, and chromosomes. Human beings have 46 chromosomes that are paired into 23 chromosomes that contain hundreds of genes. The genes contain the formula for proteins that make most of the body. The structural proteins form various essential parts of the body such as skin, hair, and muscle. These chromosomes can be described as a twisted ladder held together by a backbone that is made up of sugar phosphate. Long coils of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) store all the information that the body needs such as the physical features of how one will look and their everyday functions. The DNA is a thread formed by two strands, twisted together to form a Double Helix. The Double Helix looks like...
Words: 787 - Pages: 4
...Edwards Syndrome: Trisomy Eighteen Congenital abnormalities constitute for many genetic defects during conception. During the process of Meiosis, cell division of a diploid cell occurs, which results in a four haploid progeny cells. These cells have half of the genetic information from the original parental diploid cell (Pearson School 2011). Twenty-three chromosomes are present in each cell. Once the sperm and the egg meet, Meiosis begins. This process of splitting cells and DNA replication can result in genetic information to be transferred, deleted, or relocated on accident. Twenty-three chromosomes from the father and twenty-three chromosomes from the mother combined, resulting in forty-six chromosomes in each cell. A congenital abnormality that results from an extra copy of chromosome eighteen is called Edwards’ disease or Trisomy eighteen. During Meiosis, chromosome eighteen is duplicated three times, causing developmental issues that are life threatening. This genetic defect in most cases causes the fetus to be stillborn at birth (Trisomy 18 foundation, 2010). According to Thomas Weiss, “Edwards' syndrome is associated with a broad spectrum of abnormalities which consist of greater than one-hundred and thirty discrete defects involving the brain, heart, craniofacial structure, kidneys and stomach.” The purpose of this paper is to examine what Edward’s syndrome is: diagnosing, symptoms, treatment/management and prognosis. Diagnosing Diagnosing a Trisomy Eighteen infant...
Words: 1125 - Pages: 5
...Sordaria fimicola is a species of microscopic fungus. It is commonly found in the feces of herbivores. Sordaria fimicola is often used in introductory biology and mycology labs because it is easy to grow on nutrient agar in dish cultures. The genus Sordaria, closely related to Neurospora and Podospora, is a member of the large class Pyrenomycetes, or flask-fungi. The natural habitat of the three species of Sordaria that have been the principal subjects in genetic studies is dung of herbivorous animals. The species S. fimicola is common and worldwide in distribution. The species of Sordaria are similar morphologically, producing black perithecia containing asci with eight dark ascospores in a linear arrangement. These species share a number of characteristics that are advantageous for genetic studies. They all have a short life cycle, usually 7–12 days, and are easily grown in culture. Most species are self-fertile and each strain is isogenic. All kinds of mutants are easily induced and readily obtainable with particular ascospore color mutants. These visual mutants aid in tetrad analysis, especially in analysis of intragenic recombination Eukaryotic cell cycle The division cycle of most cells consists of four coordinated processes: cell growth, DNA replication, distribution of the duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells, and cell division. In bacteria, cell growth and DNA replication take place throughout most of the cell cycle, and duplicated chromosomes are distributed...
Words: 1249 - Pages: 5
... Guidance for this Assignment : | Date set: Task 1 27/1/14 | Date set: Task 2 10/2/14 | Date set: Task 3 24/2/14 | Date set: Task 4 10/3/14 | Remember! | * Your attention is drawn to the comments made in the Course Handbook with regard to both the completion and submission of work * Assessment deadlines must be met * Any student found guilty of cheating or plagiarism may be withdrawn from the unit at the discretion of the Assessment Board. | Internal verification: | Date: | | Name | | | | Signature | | Aim and purpose:-To develop understanding of the principles of Mendelian genetics and to develop knowledge and practical techniques used in commercial, analytical and research laboratories | | GRADING CRITERIA To achieve a pass grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: | To achieve a Merit grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: | To achieve a distinction grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: | P1 Compare and contrast the structure of various nucleic acids. | M1 Explain how genetic information can be stored in a sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA. | D1 Explain the steps involved in biosynthesis of protein including the roles of...
Words: 1728 - Pages: 7
...|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Natural Sciences | | |SCI/230 Version 7 | | |Introduction to Life Science | Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course applies a broad, conceptual understanding of biology. Students are introduced to scientific ideologies and concepts that not only shape our biological world, but also shape us as humans. Students examine the scientific method, evolution and biodiversity, the biology of cells, energy systems, the dynamics of inheritance, and the effect humans have on the environment. The text emphasizes methods and the theoretical foundations of ideas, while minimizing isolated facts. It stresses the integration of ideas, making connections that form our understanding of the living world. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies:...
Words: 2438 - Pages: 10
...| Syllabus College of Natural Science BIO/100 Version 2 Introduction to Life Science with Lab | Copyright © 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course applies a broad, conceptual understanding of biology. Students are introduced to scientific ideologies and concepts that not only shape the biological world, but also shape humans. Students examine the scientific method, evolution and biodiversity, the biology of cells, physiology, the dynamics of inheritance, and the effect humans have on the environment. The text emphasizes methods and the theoretical foundations of ideas, while minimizing isolated facts. It stresses the integration of ideas, making connections that form an understanding of the living world. The weekly online labs add a practical component to the class. The labs build upon the concepts in the text and offer a chance to interact with the material and further their understanding. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have...
Words: 4924 - Pages: 20
...Lab Manual Introductory Biology (Version 1.4) © 2013 eScience Labs, LLC All rights reserved www.esciencelabs.com • 888.375.5487 2 Table of Contents: Introduc on: Lab 1: Lab 2: Lab 3: Lab 4: The Scien fic Method Wri ng a Lab Report Data Measurement Introduc on to the Microscope Biological Processes: Lab 5: Lab 6: Lab 7: Lab 8: Lab 9: The Chemistry of Life Diffusion Osmosis Respira on Enzymes The Cell: Lab 10: Lab 11: Lab 12: Lab 13: Lab 14: Lab 15: Cell Structure & Func on Mitosis Meiosis DNA & RNA Mendelian Gene cs Popula on Gene cs 3 4 Lab Safety Always follow the instruc ons in your laboratory manual and these general rules: eScience Labs, LLC. designs every kit with safety as our top priority. Nonetheless, these are science kits and contain items which must be handled with care. Safety in the laboratory always comes first! Lab Prepara on • • Please thoroughly read the lab exercise before star ng! If you have any doubt as to what you are supposed to be doing and how to do it safely, please STOP and then: Double-check the manual instruc ons. Check www.esciencelabs.com for updates and ps. Contact us for technical support by phone at 1-888-ESL-Kits (1-888-375-5487) or by email at Help@esciencelabs.com. • Read and understand all labels on chemicals. If you have any ques ons or concerns, refer to the Material Safely Data Sheets (MSDS) available at www.esciencelabs.com. The MSDS lists the dangers, storage requirements, exposure treatment...
Words: 26048 - Pages: 105
...BIO 101 Principles of Biology Program Council The Academic Program Councils for each college oversee the design and development of all University of Phoenix curricula. Council members include full-time and practitioner faculty members who have extensive experience in this discipline. Teams of full-time and practitioner faculty content experts are assembled under the direction of these councils to create specific +courses within the academic program. Copyright Copyright 2009 by the University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of Phoenix® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft®, Windows®, and Windows NT® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks or their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix® editorial standards and practices. Course Syllabus Course Title: | BIO 101 Principles of Biology | Course Schedule: | April 25, 2011 to May 23, 2011 | Course Location/ Times/Newsgroup: | Henderson CampusMonday, 6:00 pm to 10:00 pmHEFOUN78E | Required Text: | Simon, E. J., Reece, J. B., Dickey, J. L. (2010). Essential biology with physiology. (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. Note: All required text materials can be found on the...
Words: 4229 - Pages: 17
...ADVANCED BIOLOGY RESOURCES FOR CARIBBEAN STUDENTS UNIT 1 BIOLOGY WORKSHEET ONE TIME : 2 ½ hours permitted CAPE BIOLOGY RESOURCES 12/16/2011 -2- SECTION A Answer ALL questions. You must write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Figure 1 below is an electron micrograph of an animal cell. (i) On the figure, identify the structures labeled A, B ,C and D Figure 1. Electron micrograph of an animal cell [3 marks] (ii) With reference to the structures labeled in Figure 1 which structure is believed to be prokaryotic in origin? _________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] (iii) In Figure 1 there are organelles which work in the bulk transport of large quantities of materials into or out of the cells. Name TWO of these structures. _______________________________________________________________ [1 mark] 18052009/UNIT 2/2011 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE -3- (iv) The liver is known to produce important proteins including Human serum albumin, which is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma. Using the principles of exocytosis explain how it is possible for liver cells to deliver these proteins into the blood stream. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ [ 2 marks] (b)...
Words: 1701 - Pages: 7
...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
Words: 24897 - Pages: 100
...Biology guide First assessment 2016 Biology guide First assessment 2016 Diploma Programme Biology guide Published February 2014 Published on behalf of the International Baccalaureate Organization, a not-for-profit educational foundation of 15 Route des Morillons, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland by the International Baccalaureate Organization (UK) Ltd Peterson House, Malthouse Avenue, Cardiff Gate Cardiff, Wales CF23 8GL United Kingdom Website: www.ibo.org © International Baccalaureate Organization 2014 The International Baccalaureate Organization (known as the IB) offers four high-quality and challenging educational programmes for a worldwide community of schools, aiming to create a better, more peaceful world. This publication is one of a range of materials produced to support these programmes. The IB may use a variety of sources in its work and checks information to verify accuracy and authenticity, particularly when using community-based knowledge sources such as Wikipedia. The IB respects the principles of intellectual property and makes strenuous efforts to identify and obtain permission before publication from rights holders of all copyright material used. The IB is grateful for permissions received for material used in this publication and will be pleased to correct any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted...
Words: 43724 - Pages: 175
...Abstract When a community of followers listens to the heartbeat of God, wondrous things can happen, and it did for The Rock Church & World Outreach Center (ROWOC). God has taught this once exceptionally small group of people to be a Christian church. God told the Pastors to come to a city that was full of sin, pain, in need of the Almighty Savior and filled with poverty. “Pastors Jim and Deborah Cobra had just started the church with a small group of people, and the Lord was already bringing in the broken-hearted, the sick and the maimed” (The Rock Church, 2013). With the promise from Isaiah 12:3, “With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation”, The Rock Church begins a life-long difference in a broken city. Then after many years, a mother and her son with Down syndrome named “Brian” came to service. The church was developing and expanding its structures at the time. The Pastor was preaching about how the members could help by donations to pay off the upgraded church. Pledges were being made, and Brian was only a young child at the time. He wanted to pledge. He wanted to get involved. His mother was astounded by Brian’s need to be involved. At first, the mother did not think of Brian being able to determine his involvement in the pledge; however she did not want to confuse the love of the Lord that Brian was clearly showing. She did not think it was possible for him to get, but she quickly learned she was wrong. This is when RCWOC decided to make a fully...
Words: 5000 - Pages: 20
...Cri du Chat Cri du chat syndrome is a rare genetic disorder which approximately affects 1 in 20,000 to 50,000 live births. The disease does not depend on ethnic backgrounds, but is most common in the case of women. The disorder gets its name from the typical cry of babies born with this syndrome. The baby sounds like a kitten, because of problems with the nervous system and larynx. The good news is that about 1/3 of kids recover by the age of 2. Negative aspects of this disease may be: * Feeding problems, because they can't suck and swallow well * Low weight at birth and poor evolution * Motor, cognitive, and speech delays * Behavioral problems such as aggression, hyperactivity, and repetitive movements * Uncommon facial traits that can change in time * What is Cri-du-Chat syndrome? The name of this syndrome is French for "cry of the cat," referring to the distinctive cry of children with this disorder. The cry is caused by abnormal larynx development, one of the many symptoms associated with this disorder. It usually becomes less noticeable as the baby gets older, making it difficult for doctors to diagnose cri-du-chat after age two. Cri-du-chat is caused by a deletion (the length of which may vary) on the short arm of chromosome 5. Multiple genes are missing as a result of this deletion, and each may contribute to the symptoms of the disorder. One of the deleted genes known to be involved is TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase). This gene is...
Words: 1813 - Pages: 8
...great scientist that many students of science learn of, born in 1877 Walter began by studying grasshopper chromosomes and in 1902 Sutton made a discovery and deduced that chromosomes were the base of heredity. His paper drew the connection between Mendel’s laws of heredity and chromosomes. While conducting his research Walter would have been limited by technology and ideas of the time for example during this time period religion was very powerful and manipulated and shamed many discoveries during this time period that disagreed with their beliefs in this case it meant that a person was not created by god but by DNA. Another limitation that Walter had while researching was the technology available at the time the high tech microscopes needed to assist his research were unavailable. Another great scientist is Thomas Hunt Morgan. American geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan, (1866-1916) is credited with confirming the relationship between chromosomes and heredity in 1910. As well as the discovery of a pair of chromosomes called the sex chromosomes that determine the sex of offspring, Morgan’s fruit fly breeding experiment showed that the information carried is in the form of genes. He was the first geneticist to associate a specific gene with a specific chromosome. Morgan’s research team carried out experiments with white-eyed male fruit flies and red-eyed females flies. After a multitude of mating’s Morgan’s team concluded that white eyes were a characteristic that the male chromosome possessed...
Words: 1439 - Pages: 6
...chart, scissors are used to cut out each chromosome from an enlarged photo of the karyotype. Chromosome pairs are identified, and then arranged in chart form (figure 1). Numbers or letters have been assigned to specific chromosome pairs. Analysis of karyotype charts is helpful in the study of chromosome abnormalities. Figure 1: A Human Karyotype (left) and Karyotype Chart (right) Special staining techniques can reveal light and dark regions (bands) on the chromosomes. By matching the bands, it is now quite easy to identify specific chromosomes and prepare a karyotype chart (figure 2). Figure 2: A Human Karyotype Chart Using Chromosomes With Simulated Banding Materials * Sample karyotypes | * Scissors | * Unlined paper | * Transparent tape/glue | Procedure Part 1: The structure of a human karyotype chart 1. Carefully examine the human karyotype illustrated in figure 2 (previous page) a) How many rows of chromosomes are in a karyotype chart 4 rows b) Record the total number of chromosomes in the individual. 46 Chromosomes c) How many chromosome pairs are shown? There are 23 pairs shown; 22 somatic and 1 sex chromosome pair. d) What characteristic is used to give a chromosome pair a number? A special staining technique used to show the dark bands on the chromosome to pair them. Then, the size is analyzed and they are numbered from biggest to smallest. e) Which pair is not given a number? Why? The X and Y pair...
Words: 1135 - Pages: 5
