...of Phoenix Hypothesis Identification Article Analysis In a 1989 study of ground level ozone and its affects (Krupnick, 1989), researchers found that healthy and ill persons were affected tremendously by smog and pollution. Some of the minor symptoms, such as cough, sore throat, and head cold were linked to daily exposure to ground level ozone. As well, larger problems such as asthma were far more likely in areas such as southern California where ground level ozone is high. The significant link in this article is that it ties together several other studies and supports a conclusion that ground level ozone is dangerous to humans and wildlife. The significance of this article cannot be overstated in that it has been continuously cited in government studies and academic studies (Krupnik, 1989). The hypothesis of this study was to prove that exposure to ground level ozone is directly causal to health issues in humans. This hypothesis was designed to predict that individuals exposed to ground level ozone would experience higher rates of asthma and lung disorders. As study of verification or duplication research, this study was intended to verify the conclusions of previous pollution research. The researchers were able to verify and duplicate several other studies of a similar nature. As a result, this study became a leading research tool for the growing body of evidence that ground level pollution was harmful to humans and the environment. The research in this...
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...1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT The purpose of this project is to identify the effect that surface modifications have on the urban heat island phenomenon and related ozone problem in the metropolitan area of Chicago, IL. The basic hypothesis is that urban, summertime temperatures can be significantly lowered by increasing the vegetative landscape cover and enhancing the solar reflectivity of paved and roofed surfaces within an urban area. It is proposed that in addition to a decrease in temperature, the modification of an urban surface to include more vegetative cover and lighter, lower albedo surfaces will also reduce energy consumption, ozone exceedances, and detrimental environmental and human health effects associated with high levels of ozone. The analysis is divided into three main parts. The first section of this report introduces the causes of ground level ozone and its effects in urban areas. It explains both the chemistry and transport associated with ozone exceedances. The second section is a compilation of the most viable mitigation strategies of urban heat islands: increasing vegetative cover and increasing proportions of light to dark surfaces. The effects, implementation strategies, and specific strengths and weaknesses associated with each approach are described, including a comparison of asphalt and concrete pavements systems using a life cycle analysis approach. The final section provides a case study of the Chicago area. This study entailed an examination...
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...Evaluation 2 * Hypothesis Identification Article Analysis During the late part of the 1980’s scientist decided to study the effects of the ground level ozone and how humans deal with it. During the research scientist were able to establish that healthy people and sick people were impacted hugely by smog and pollution especially in California. The minor symptoms which were found after conducting the research were minor coughs, sore throat, and head colds. Scientist believes this is connected to everyday exposure to ground level ozone. The study did find that there were more visible problems like asthma. Researchers determined that the problems of asthma were far likely to occur in places like southern California. Southern California has the highest level of smog in any area of the country. The fundamental connection of the article supports the conclusion that smog is dangerous to both humans and wildlife. The significance of this article cannot be overstated in that it has been continuously cited in government studies and academic studies. The hypothesis of my studies is to determine that exposure to ground level ozone is instantly connected to health problems in people. The hypothesis is to examine individuals exposed to smog and the disorders that are associated with the effect of the ozone. The one thing that is verified and is not duplicated is the research. The research determined what conclusion came out of the pollution research...
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...Several attempts have been made to investigate the economic impacts of the problem of a depleted ozone layer. Such attempts meet with many problems. There are good reasons for concern for effects on humans, animals, plants and materials, but most of these cannot be estimated in quantitative terms. Calculating the economic impact of such effects is uncertain. Moreover, economic terms are applicable only to some of the effects, such as the cost of medical treatments, and the loss of production in fisheries and agriculture, and damage to materials Ozone Depletion changes the environment for humans, animals, and plants. Ozone is a gas that occurs both in the Earth's upper atmosphere and at ground level. Ozone can be "good" or "bad" for people's health and for the environment, depending on its location in the atmosphere. Ozone is simply a molecule consisting of 3 oxygen atoms, which reacts strongly with other molecules. Ozone is created in the stratosphere when high energy uv radiation causes on O2 molecule to split. The free oxygen atoms collide and react with other O2 molecules to form O3. Production is highest where the solar UV is the greatest, but once created, the ozone is then circulated towards the poles by the atmosphere. The amount of ozone in the stratosphere can vary with location, season and even day to day climatic conditions. The process of ozone creation is what makes the O3 in the atmosphere very effective at shielding the Earth from harmful UV radiation, which...
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...Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odourless, tasteless gas against which humans have no protection. Haemoglobin, which is in the blood, combines with carbon monoxide and carries less oxygen to body tissues causing health and heart effects. Some health problems come from the exhaust fumes leaking into the interior of the automobile. Several hundred Americans die from CO poisoning each year. The fourth type is hydrocarbons, which are chemical, compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons also arise from gasoline-powered vehicles and from industrial processes. Hydrocarbons are released when fuel in the engine burns partially. When hydrocarbons come in contact with sunlight they form ground level ozone. Ground level ozone is a major ingredient in the formation of smog. Ground level ozone is responsible for irritating eyes, damaging lungs, and it complicating respiratory problems. The last type is nitrogen oxides that come from high-temperature combustion, such as that occurring in motor vehicle engines, electric...
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...into several layer called ozone. Ozone is a molecule of three oxygen atom bound together and it is unstable and highly reactive molecule. Ozone is naturally in stratosphere when highly energetic solar radiation strikes oxygen molecule (O2) and cause the two oxygen atom to split apart in a process called Photolysis. A freed atom collide with another oxygen then it join up forming ozone, O3 . The formation of ozone is explained with certain mechanism where both ozone molecule,O3 and oxygen molecules, O2 is absorb ultraviolet in difference wavelength, the ozone molecule is absorbs in a region between 240 nm-280 nm . While, oxygen molecules is absorbed shorter than 175 nm of wavelength....
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...Air and Water Pollution ENV/100 Ivan Gonzalez February 2, 2015 Mary Frances In the United States there are six common air pollutants and can be very harmful to peoples health. These six air pollutants are: ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxides, sulfur dioxides, and lead. These pollutants can cause serious damages people’s health, waterways, plants, and global warming. Ozone is a secondary pollutant because when there are to primary pollutants that have to react to sunlight. Breathing ozone can trigger a variety of health problems, particularly for children, the elderly, and people of all ages who have lung diseases such as asthma. Ground level ozone can also have harmful effects on sensitive vegetation and ecosystems (“Ground Level”. 2014). Nitrogen dioxides are pollutant that comes from vehicles and burn fossil fuel into the atmosphere. Nitrogen dioxide is a secondary pollutant like ozone. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 established a goal of a 60 percent reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions in passenger cars by the year 2003. Usually, all polluters must comply with the same rules and regulations, regardless of their particular circumstances (Wiley, 2014). Majority of air contamination results from human activities like combustion of fossil fuels, industrial procedures and automobiles. Of the hazardous chemicals released in the air by all this combustion include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and minute solid...
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...Ozone layer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3). This layer absorbs 97–99% of the Sun's high frequency ultraviolet light, which is potentially damaging to the life forms on Earth.[1] It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from approximately 20 to 30 kilometres (12 to 19 mi) above Earth, though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically.[2] The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson. Its properties were explored in detail by the British meteorologist G. M. B. Dobson, who developed a simple spectrophotometer (the Dobsonmeter) that could be used to measure stratospheric ozone from the ground. Between 1928 and 1958 Dobson established a worldwide network of ozone monitoring stations, which continue to operate to this day. The "Dobson unit", a convenient measure of the columnar density of ozone overhead, is named in his honor. Contents [hide] * 1 Origin of ozone * 2 Ultraviolet light and ozone * 3 Distribution of ozone in the stratosphere * 4 Ozone depletion * 4.1 Regulation * 5 See also * 6 References * 7 Further reading * 8 External links | [edit] Origin of ozone Ozone-oxygen cycle in the ozone layer. The photochemical mechanisms that give rise to the ozone layer were discovered by the British physicist Sidney Chapman in 1930. Ozone...
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...A. Introduction Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that have found their way into the air. We as humans depend on the air around us to live, without it we would die. We rely on this as an essential source for living. Air pollution includes all contaminants found in the atmosphere. It is another major problem that is yet to be solved. These dangerous substances can be either in the form of gases or particles. The air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, and inert gases. Air pollution is a common term meaning the dirtying and gradual destruction of our natural resources, especially our air, water and land. This is referred to as environmental pollution. Once, years ago, the air was fresh and clear and the rivers were clean with fish swimming in the crystal clear waters and streams. This is no longer true today. Air pollution is the dirtying of the air. Where once we had blue skies and fresh air to breathe in, this is no longer the case. The air today is choked with toxic fumes from cars and factories. With more and more cars on the road, the carbon monoxide emitted from the car exhausts has polluted the Earth’s atmosphere. The clearing of land to make way for housing or farms has also lead to forests being destroyed and burnt. But did you know that air pollution also found both outdoors and indoors? It can, Pollutants can be trapped inside buildings, causing indoor pollution...
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...planet by absorbing longwave radiation emitted from the Earth's surface. Without the greenhouse effect life on this planet would probably not exist as the average temperature of the Earth would be a chilly -18° Celsius, rather than the present 15° Celsius. As energy from the Sun passes through the atmosphere a number of things take place . A portion of the energy (26% globally) is reflected or scattered back to space by clouds and other atmospheric particles. About 19% of the energy available is absorbed by clouds, gases (like ozone), and particles in the atmosphere. Of the remaining 55% of the solar energy passing through the Earth's atmosphere, 4% is reflected from the surface back to space. On average, about 51% of the Sun's radiation reaches the surface. This energy is then used in a number of processes, including the heating of the ground surface; the melting of ice and snow and the evaporation of water; and plantphotosynthesis. The heating of the ground by sunlight causes the Earth's surface to become a radiator of energy in the longwave band (sometimes calledinfrared radiation). This emission of energy is generally directed to space. However, only a small portion of this energy actually makes it back to space. The majority of the outgoing infrared radiation is absorbed by the greenhouse gases. Absorption of longwave radiation by the atmosphere causes additional heat energy to be added to the Earth's atmospheric system. The now warmer atmospheric greenhouse gas molecules...
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...support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.[1] Pollutants Main articles: Pollutant and Greenhouse gas Before flue gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide. Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1) greenhouse effect, (2) particulate contamination, (3) increased UV radiation, (4) acid rain, (5) increased ground level ozone concentration, (6) increased levels of nitrogen oxides. A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment is known as an air pollutant. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.[2] Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone — one of the many secondary pollutants...
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...With the population in the world increasing dramatically it makes clean air more difficult to find. The United States noticed back in 1970 that we were going to have a problem with pollution. This caused the US Congress to pass the Clean Air Act and amend it in 1977 and again in 1990. Scientists have found that there are eight main air pollutants, sulfur dioxide, particulates, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, lead, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons. These air pollutants can cause other problems such as photochemical smog, temperature inversions, and the two most harmful acid deposition and acid rain. Sulfur dioxide is one source of air pollution. This is a yellowish brown gas that forms when fuel, coal, and oil are burned. One major problem of sulfur dioxide is that is dissolves in water vapor to form acid. It interacts with other gases and particles in the air to form chemicals that can not only be harmful to humans, but the environment that surrounds them. Sulfur dioxide not only aggravates symptoms of heart and lung disease, but it also obstructs breathing passages and increases your risk of common colds, asthma, and emphysema. It is also very harmful to the world around us. It is very toxic to the plants that provide us with our air we breath. Sulfur dioxide destroys paintings, metals, and decreases visibility. Many improvements have been made to decrease sulfur dioxide, but the biggest improvement happened in 2007 when a new ultra-low sulfur diesel became available...
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...asthma.” The top 10 cities that are more of a challenge to live in are Chicago, New Orleans, Chattanooga, TN; Knoxville, TN; Augusta, GA; Oklahoma City, Detroit, MI; Philadelphia, Richmond, VA; and Memphis, TN. “Each of these cities have common causes to asthma and they are due to air quality, poverty, high pollen count, uninsured, and the humidity weather.” Uninsured people are not a surprise to us and we all know how expensive insurance and medication can be. “A bottle of asthma medication can run up to $800 and going into the E.R. can cause thousands of dollars.” A problem that these cities face is the ability to pass a law to prevent smokers from smoking in public places. Being in an areas filled with smokers along with pollution, high levels of pollens and being uninsured can cause a high rate of death in children and adults. There are the good and the bad in every situation and the good is that not all cities are filled with pollution and smokers allowing to smoke in public...
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...------------------------------------------------- Associate Level Material Appendix D Air Pollution Chart After reviewing Ch. 8 and 9 of your text, complete the following table, then respond to the questions that follow: Issue | Sources | Health/Environmental Effects | Carbon dioxide (CO2) | Carbon oxide | It affects the earth, and global warming | Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) | Man mad pollutants | Lets the solar uav to reach to earths surface | Ground-level ozone (O3) | Man mad pollutants | Lowers crops yields, smog, and global warming | Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) | Sulfur Oxides | Can cause damage to plants, and that would cause irritation to respiratory tracts as well, and it also causes corrode metals and damages towards stones and other materials | Note: Some pollutants may not have direct health effects. Choose one of the following atmospheric issues: air pollution, global warming, ozone depletion, and acid deposition. Then, respond to the following: What air pollutants combine and contribute to this issue? The ground level ozone, and carbon dioxide are said to be two major issues that affect global warming. Briefly describe the health and environmental problems caused by the selected atmospheric issue. The thing about global warming is that it affects the climate/environment of the earth and surroundings. Global warming causes major issues with the animals, climate, environment, and plants, and etc. All of these obviously cause significant...
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...Only Time Will Tell Global warming is a topic that is affecting our world today at an alarming rate. We are seeing drastic temperature increase, receding polar ice caps, depleting ozone layers and habitat destruction. These things are all major issues that have become increasingly important because of global warming and there are numbers to prove that this is not just a hoax like some people believe. Increasing levels of Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere are raising the average temperatures on earth. Receding polar ice caps and rising water levels are destroying habitats for many creatures like the polar bear and other Arctic animals, and even are going to begin to destroy our own communities and space for living because there will be less land. Deforestation is also crippling animal populations in the tropics and forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate. All of these things are major issues that fit into global warming and these things must change if we wish to not destroy this planet. One of the major causes of global warming is the emission of greenhouse gases. The main gas that is responsible for global warming is Carbon Dioxide (CO2). This gas is emitted from various things, mainly from the burning of fossil fuels, energy production and factories. It is because of the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil fuels became central to the drive of economies. Starting in England in the late 18th century, factories began...
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