...My topic is on the HPA activation in response to stress and its side effects on the body, both short and long term. Stress in something we’ve all experienced and although many of us are aware of how it affects us in the moment, we often don’t think about the long term physically, physiological, and neurological affects is has on our bodies. As a psychology major, the HPA axis is something I’ve encountered in many of my courses and although I understand the basics of it and some of its long term effects; I find the need to explore this into further depths in order to understand how it affects someone in my position, a college student. Not only would I like to explore the HPA axis, the mechanism of its activation and side effects, but I would...
Words: 658 - Pages: 3
...onset of a variety of affective disorders. Investigations on the interaction between stress and memory experiences focused mainly on behavioral and neurological mechanisms of memory conformation (such as conditional fear), and fewer studies on the fear memory extinction as a treatment for psychiatric conditions based on learned fears Such as phobias, PTSD, and general anxiety. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that's triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Pavlovian conditional fear is widely used as a model for stress induction and anxiety disorders. The induction of conditional...
Words: 925 - Pages: 4
...forward to explain the observation of depressive symptoms in people, who have a physical injury or are under psychological stress (Schiepers, et al., 2008). Research shows that most controversy was over how the messages from the immune system were interpreted or translated into being a signal to the central nervous system (CNS). While most research agreed that there was a correlation in data between cytokines and depressive symptoms, they did not believe this indicated a causal link (Anisman, 2002). I have chosen to focus one of the most popular theories, the “cytokine theory of depression”, as I believe the research shows that it has a causal link between inflammation, cytokine activity and depressive symptoms (Roque, et al., 2009). This hypothesis recognises and explains the highly integrated processes and mechanisms that a person or animal goes through, from the initial stressor to displaying the depressive symptoms, termed as “sickness behaviour” (Dantzer, 2006). “Sickness Behaviour” is the term given to the symptoms caused by high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the periphery of the body; these symptoms overlap with the general characteristics of depression and include; decreased appetite, increased desire to sleep, cognitive dysfunction, social withdrawal and decreased sexual drive. It is believed that these symptoms result from the response by the body’s healing mechanisms, to ensure people with illnesses take respite during their recovery and healing phase (Wilson...
Words: 2711 - Pages: 11
...The effects of childhood abuse on its victims are penetrating. These effects can be emotional, social, and spiritual. The impact of the abuse depends on the victim and circumstances of the abuse. According to Glaser (2000), besides the psychological effects of childhood abuse, which cause much self defeating behavior in adulthood, there are other more serious, life altering effects. Studies show that many victims of child abuse grow up to be drug addicts and most drug addicts have had an abusive childhood (Umeno, Morita, Ikeda, Koda, & Abe, 2009). It has now been discovered that there is a biochemical reason that this happens. Scientific findings show that being a victim of child abuse can contribute to addiction in adulthood because the abuse can cause profound and possibly irreversible damage to the structure, function and chemistry of the brain. Kaufman, Plotsky, Nemeroff and Charney (2000) claim that because child abuse occurs during a crucial period of brain development, neurobiology reveals that trauma such as physical, emotional and sexual abuse has a substantial impact on the brain. It has also been discovered that the more severe the abuse, the more impact there is on brain function (Bremner, 2005). It has been found that abused children have abnormal brain wave patterns. Child abuse victims suffer damage to important brain structures like the cortex, which is related to rational thinking. Panzer (2008) describes that some of the most dramatic damage is...
Words: 2998 - Pages: 12
...Sources of stress among college students Amina Iftikhar M.Phil Kinnaird College for women Lahore Abstract: The present study is conducted to investigate the sources of stress among college students. The hypothesis “determines what sources of stress are the most prevalent among college students, and to examine the nature of these stressors.” The manifest anxiety scale was used to obtain the scores of male and female students. The sample consists of 100 students 50 males and 50 females from different colleges of Lahore. Data was gathered from Queen Mary College Lahore, Kinnaird College Lahore, Forman Christen College Lahore, and Punjab College Lahore. In Western countries the vast amount of researches has been conducted on this issue. More researches are needed to investigate the nature of theses stressors for college students and which stressors are most prevalent in college lives. However these researches are not applicable in Pakistan due to cultural, economic, and educational variations. The main objective of current research work was to study the sources of stress among college students. The research used to determine the major sources of stress among college students and also find out the most prevalent stressor in college life and study the nature of these stressors. The Taylor manifest anxiety scale was used Anxiety scale was originally designed by Taylor (1895-1953). The scale is used to identify subjects with high and low anxiety level. In order to study the affects...
Words: 4564 - Pages: 19
...The adrenal gland is a structure that is located above each of the kidneys, consisting of an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The adrenal cortex is responsible for the synthesis of steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Whereas, the adrenal medulla produces amines, including epinephrine and norepinephrine. The synthesis of glucocorticoids is mediated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, whereas Mineralocorticoids are mediated by by the kidney and the adrenal medulla hormones are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system during stress. When the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus, it triggers the production of adrenal corticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland....
Words: 700 - Pages: 3
...Self-Care Paper: Utilizing Yoga as a Health Management Technique: The ABCs of Downward Dog Michele Lemma, RN Pace University Self-Care Paper: Yoga as a Stress Management Technique: The ABCs of Downward Dog Yoga is an age-old discipline which seeks to create a balance between the mind, body, and spirit. It incorporates physical activity with specialized breathing and meditation. The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of yoga as a health management technique. “Due to the increasing popularity of yoga, it has not only been used as a treatment for a range of health conditions, it has been practiced by healthy adults for health maintenance and disease prevention” (Olpin & Hesson, 2013, p. 334). Current research links the practice of yoga to a decrease in psychological stress and improved physical health (Ross & Thomas, 2010). Review of the Literature Historical Overview Although it has been practiced in India for more than 5,000 years, yoga did not become widespread in Western society until recently (Li & Goldsmith, 2012). Not unlike the branches of a tree, it has eight “limbs” of its own: yama (restraint), niyama (observance), asana (physical exercises), pranayama (breathing techniques), pratyahara (preparation for meditation), dharana (concentration), dhyana (meditation), and samadhi (absorption). These limbs comprise the constructs of yoga and are an integral part of its various styles. Its practice restores the body to a balanced physiological...
Words: 1815 - Pages: 8
...Jagtiani@phil.frb.org February 9, 2010 Abstract This paper discusses the role of risk management and corporate governance as causal factors in the onset of the financial crisis. The downturn in the housing and mortgage markets precipitated the first phase of the financial crisis in August 2007 when the solvency of a number of large financial firms was threatened by huge losses in complex structured financial securities. Why did these firms have such high concentrations in mortgage-related securities? Given the information available to firms at the time, these high concentrations in mortgage-related securities violated basic principles of modern risk management. We argue that this failure was a result of principal-agent problems internal to the firms and to breakdowns of corporate governance systems designed to overcome these principal-agent problems. Forthcoming in Atlantic Economic Journal (2010) JEL Classification Numbers: G01, G18, G21, G28 Keywords: Financial Crisis, Risk Management, Corporate Governance, Subprime Crisis _________________________ The opinions expressed in this paper are the authors’ and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia or the Federal Reserve System. Thanks to Ali Canoni and Vidya Nayak for their research assistance. The Mortgage and Financial Crises: The Role of Credit Risk Management and Corporate Governance Introduction and Objectives This paper analyzes the role of risk management and corporate...
Words: 9804 - Pages: 40
...Webster’s dictionary describes the word trauma as: “a disordered psychic or behavioral state resulting from severe mental or emotional stress or physical injury” (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). These emotional stressors can be caused from a wide variety of situations. Examples of damaging stressors can include: sexual abuse, verbal abuse, physical abuse, exposure to violence or death, as well as many others. The powerful effect of these stressors can ultimately lead to deep psychological damage. The term “trauma”, however, is specific to the affected individual. Though an event may be extremely traumatic for one person, a different person, on the other hand, may not be affected at all. The way a person reacts to trauma can be linked to their environment,...
Words: 1419 - Pages: 6
...Personal Philosophy Paper Sara Hammel University of Georgia Counseling Theory Theorist who have Influenced Personal Theoretical Orientation As a therapist’s experience base grows, I believe a person’s theoretical orientation will narrow, but will also continue to evolve. The core belief system that a therapist begins with is still there, but the platform that a therapist connects most with eventually becomes a therapist’s model. I am aware that my current orientation is rather eclectic in nature. I find a basic connection with Freud and agree that we do have instincts that are innate to every human (Corey, 2013), in essence we are all animals (Freud, 1961) of sorts. Adler was correct when he expounded on Freud’s work and introduced the idea that we are not solely shaped by our childhood experiences. Frankl, May, and Yalom have led me to the idea that there is no step by step instructional book on how to counsel clients. My experience in the military working with a multitude of different people of various religions, ethnicities, and languages has led to my acknowledgement that we are all different and are motivated and driven by many different things. Each person is different; this is what makes us special. No single solution is perfect for any two people, and there are always different variables involved with each person. Also incorporated into my view of human nature is Perls’s concept that places emphasis on what is being experienced in the here and now as being...
Words: 4026 - Pages: 17
...AGRICULTURE HOME > VOLUME 64 > NUMBER 4 > VIEWING HTML W/LINKS Peer-Reviewed Research Article Effects of stress on health and aging: Two paradoxes Authors Carolyn Aldwin, Oregon State University Loriena A. Yancura, University of Hawai'i Publication Information California Agriculture 64(4):183-188. DOI: 10.3733/ca.v064n04p183. October-December 2010. Author Affiliations C.M. Aldwin is Professor, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Oregon State University, Manoa. L.A. Yancura is Associate Professor, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Hawai'i, Manoa. Abstract Although older adults are thought to experience more stress and to be more vulnerable to its adverse effects, they often report less stress than younger adults and sometimes show more resilience. Paradoxically, while stress sometimes has long-term positive effects on well-being, studies differ as to whether this increases or decreases with age. We conclude that older individuals have learned to appraise and cope differently with stress. This protects them in spite of their increased physiological vulnerability and may also increase the possibility of stress-related growth and optimal aging. Full Text [View Enlargement] As people age their health trajectories tend to diverge, with some developing multiple chronic conditions and others maintaining good health; stress may play a role in this aspect of aging. Over the past century, remarkable changes have occurred in...
Words: 4752 - Pages: 20
...Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often associated with war veterans. These days, assuming symptoms of PTSD in soldiers returning from combat tours is almost stereotypical. In fact, in the 2012 American Psychological Association (APA) annual meeting, some argue to change PTSD to post-traumatic stress “injury” to be more accommodating to soldiers, and to resolve the issue of unreported PTSD-related symptoms within military ranks (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Military officials explained that many soldiers do not report their symptoms because of the fear of being viewed as weak (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). However, the incidence of PTSD can be as common among civilians as it is for those in the military. Barlow and Durand (2013) reported recent studies showing that those who are “raped, held captive, tortured, or kidnapped, or badly assaulted” are more at risk for developing PTSD than those who experienced military combat. While the reports conveying “zero” conditional risk of PTSD from exposure to military combat seem to need clarification, PTSD remains to be a debilitating condition for those who have the proclivity to develop the disorder. This paper will discuss the diagnostic criteria, etiology, effective treatment, and outcome research pertaining to PTSD. PTSD: A trauma and stressor-related disorder PTSD now belongs in the group of trauma and stressor-related disorders as published in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual...
Words: 2879 - Pages: 12
...ISSUE BRIEF November 2009 Understanding the Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development What’s Inside: • How the Brain Develops This issue brief provides basic information on brain development and the effects of abuse and neglect on that development. The information is designed to help professionals understand the emotional, mental, and behavioral impact of early abuse and neglect in children who come to the attention of the child welfare system. • Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development • Implications for Practice and Policy • Summary U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau Child Welfare Information Gateway Children’s Bureau/ACYF 1250 Maryland Avenue, SW Eighth Floor Washington, DC 20024 800.394.3366 Email: info@childwelfare.gov www.childwelfare.gov Understanding the Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development www.childwelfare.gov In recent years, there has been a surge of research into early brain development. New technologies, such as neuroimaging (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging or MRI), provide increased insight into how the brain develops and how early experiences affect that development. One area that has been receiving increasing research attention involves the effects of abuse and neglect on the developing brain, especially during infancy and early childhood. Much of this research is providing biological explanations for what practitioners...
Words: 8037 - Pages: 33
...Introduction Most of the time, physical abuse is not recognize by peoples as a serious problem. Physical abuse occurs when someone physically hurts you, such as by hitting you or throwing something at you. Even if someone only hits you once or doesn't hurt you that badly, it is a big deal. It may be not so serious because it seems they’re not badly hurt, but what the people doesn’t know is they are causing harm, a serious harm to that people they hurt physically.Abuse tends to escalate, putting you at greater risk in the future. Just one incident of being physically hurt by anyone is unacceptable, and you should take steps to stop the abuse. They cause harm in the sense that that even small hurting can cause hidden scars, Hidden scars which are formed by the emotional and psychological wounds. This Hidden scars is manifested by almost all of the people specifically during their teenage years. All parents want a disciplined and well behaved child. However, there are times when a parent loses control or simply has no control over their child. This is when simple parenting crosses the line and becomes emotional abuse. Emotional abuse is elusive. Unlike physical abuse, the people doing it and receiving it may not even know it is happening. It can be more harmful than physical abuse because it can undermine what we think about ourselves. It can cripple all we are meant to be as we allow something untrue to define us. Emotional abuse can happen between parent and child, husband...
Words: 13520 - Pages: 55
...What is internal control? Why is internal control important in organizations? Internal controls are processes established by a business or organizations board of directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance for that businesses objectives in effectiveness and efficiency, reliability of financial reports and compliance with laws and regulations. Internal controls are used to safeguard businesses assets. They help a to establish guidelines within a business and makes sure that everyone within that business follows those guidelines and procedures. Internal controls are important because without them a business would be more susceptible to fraud. Internal controls are used to prevent people from stealing from a business and to make sure all the rules are followed. Feedback: Internal control is a system of policies and procedures designed to help an organization run more efficiently and effectively. Without strong internal control, an organization is much more susceptible to various forms of risk which can compromise its operations and its financial reporting. What are the four basic purposes of internal control? Give an example of each one. The first purpose of internal controls is to safeguard assets. Internal controls should protect your assets such as cash. One internal control that helps with protection of assets is the segregation of duties, another is sequential numbering of checks or locking checks in a safe place. The second purpose is to ensure...
Words: 4780 - Pages: 20
