...etc. All these international practices make the public signs essential to all the foreign people, from government officials to entrepreneurs, from scientists to overseas students, from artists to sportsman. Under such a circumstance, public signs become a mirror reflecting the international image of China. The present paper has discussed the following aspects of C-E translation of public signs: the range and classification, the characteristics, issues in the course of translation, applicable principles and special requirements for translators for a better regulation of Chinese public signs into English. Generally speaking, the C-E translation of public signs is a challenging work, demanding a great deal of practice and broad knowledge about the English-speaking countries’ culture, custom, pattern of thought, etc. Huang Shouyi, the Secretary of the Translators Association of China and the vice president of the International Federation of Translators, pointed out that the publicity-oriented C-E translation should follow the principle of “three closeness”, specifically, to be close to the reality of the development of China, to be close to oversea receptors’ need, and to be close to the foreigners’ way of thinking. Therefore, much attention should be paid not only to linguistic competence but also to cross-cultural awareness. Nowadays, in a world of globalization, public signs are vital for international communication. Though a series of problems do exist, the official agencies...
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...Voodoo ~vs.~ Santeria| | | When people think of chicken bones, dolls, love potion and spells they tend to think of “Black Magic”/Witches. At least that is how it has been depicted in many movies, and TV shows for many, many years. What people don’t realize is that “black magic” also known as Voodoo and the Santeria religion, which has been around way before television was even invited and way back into slavery days. In this paper I plan to show the differences and similarities between the two religions so one may get a better understanding of this so called “black magic. ORGINS: Both Voodoo and Santeria originated from the Yoruba people of West Africa. When abducted from their homes and made slaves in the Americas and the Caribbean, without regards to their beliefs and faith. They brought their beliefs with them, but were forbidden to be practice. Being forbidden, these people were forced to keep their beliefs hidden and behind closed doors. During the days of slavery the Roman Catholic faith were forced upon those that were made slaves. But some slaves were smart and resourceful; they decided to hide their native religion of either Voodoo or Santeria in the very same Catholic religion that was being forced upon them. BELIEFS: according to Wikipedia, “Voodoo combines the elements of European and African beliefs and Roman Catholicism.” Those who believe in Voodoo “believe that spiritual forces, which can be kind or mischievous, shape daily life through and...
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...Ryan Williams 10/27/15 Refugees of the Haitian Revolution and Their Impact on New Orleans Regions of Southwest Louisiana possess a very distinct culture that are commonly accredited to the French. Although this may be true it is also true that this area is strongly influenced by the refugees of Saint-Domingue during the Haitian Revolution. The Haitian Revolution occurred from 1791-1804, during this period thousands of refugees fled from this Island to other parts of the Caribbean. Eventually, New Orleans became the final stop for many of these refugees. The mayor’s report of January 18, 1810 published in the Moniteur de la Louisiane shows a chart shows the racial movement of 1809 compared to the population of Orleans Parish in 1806 and 1810 by racial caste. This is important because the influx of Haitian refugees further amplified the division of the already existing caste system in New Orleans among slaves, whites, and free persons of color. This account of the refugee’s racial classification was very important during this time because the three main groups had different ranking in the caste systems, yet played pivotal roles in the development of New Orleans. According to Fiehrer “Saint Domingue took the form of an uneven triangle of power distribution, with the rich and officialdom at the top, the affranchise (free men) at one corner and the modest whites at the other. Excluded, from political participation at least, were the over half-million slaves” [Fiehrer.11]. As...
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...Voodoo is the most understood of all African-inspired religions in the Americas and it is also one of its most complex religion (Murphy 117). Voodoo is revolving around a pantheon of spirits known as Lwa or loa who represent a fusion of African and Creole gods, the spirits of deified ancestors and syncretized manifestations of Catholic saints (Murphy 117). The Lwa’s are the African/Creole spirits. According to Bellegarde-Smith he explains that the Lwa represents the cosmic forces that are integral to the Haitian experience and yet transcend it (Michel 25). The Lwa offer help, protection, and counsel their devotees offer ritual service in return, which includes a variety of individual and communal rituals. However,the Lwa communicates with...
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...zombie come from the Vodou religion and Afro-Haitian culture. The practice of the Vodou religion originates in Africa. The name comes from Vodun, the God of the Yoruba people, who occupied the African kingdom of Dahomey in the 18th and 19th centuries. Vodou spread west in the early 19th century, when African slaves were forcefully shipped to Haiti and other islands of the West Indies. When the slaves arrived, they were baptized into Roman Catholicism, but it was difficult to maintain their faith due to the lack of Christian infrastructure at the time. The slaves reverted to their roots and secretly practiced Vodou while still attending mass. The Roman Catholic influence still remains present today and it is not uncommon for a person who practices Vodou to worship the Christian God. The Vodou religion has managed to gain a bad reputation through inaccurate publications and various media sources. These sources portray it as an evil religion that engages in human sacrifice, cannibalism, and torture. However, these descriptions are actually false. Vodou is considered a cult religion, which simply refers to their system of ritual worship and possession. “Rituals of animal sacrifice as well as trance dances forge and maintain a bond with the gods” (Van Voorst, 2013, p. 55). These rituals are performed are performed by current members as well as initiates who are first being introduced. It is estimated that 80-90% of Haitians practice Vodou. Vodou also has a dark...
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...Women in Society The book Breath, Eyes, Memory by Edwidge Danticat, tells the story of a young Haitian girl named Sophie Caco, her mother Martine, and the journey they both have as being women in their Haitian society. Being a woman in their society is especially difficult considering the poverty that they are specifically a custom to. Not only that, but considering Sophie’s mother Martine’s case, the fact that she is raped by the notorious Ton-Ton Macoute makes being a woman there very disliked. Women in the area from where Sophie and Martine were from grew up by a set of moral rules in their lives. One of the biggest examples of this is being a virgin until marriage. The symbolism with that demonstrates that the family is very loyal and responsible in the sense that they can raise a family and carry on a tradition such as this one of purity. Daticant shows many examples of how being a woman in this society works and the difficulties that come with it when it comes to things such as being a pure woman all the way to the reputation of a Haitian family. Sophie’s Aunt Atie tells her “Your mother and I, when we were children we had no control over anything. Not even this body” (20). In a way, this was Atie’s way of telling Sophie to take control of the chance in life she has unlike her mother and aunt and their life in Haiti. Especially when Sophie’s mother and aunt were young they had even less control over their life choices because of the moral laws they went by for their...
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...In 1791 Toussaint Louverture emerged as the commander for the rebel army of black slaves that was led by Georges Biassou and Jean- Francois. Louverture himself was an educated slave that studied Julius Caesar’s military campaigns which made him out to be a strong leader and provided organizational ability that had been lacking in previous uprisings. Though he was originally allied with Spain to capture the northern part of Saint-Domingue but, then switch his allegiance to France in 1794 when Paris abolished slavery, he eventually rose to become the commander in chief of all republican forces in Saint-Domingue. From this position, Louverture once more rebelled against the French and make an effort to create a state free of European influence....
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...The Haitian Revolution was effective in attaining its main goals, which abolished slavery and removed French colonialism from Saint Domingue. This effectiveness was attained through the powerful military leaders who were ex-slaves as well as the armies rallied up in rebellion against the French colonists. “Slavery, the fundamental institution of colonial society, had been abolished and, with the defeat of the French army and the massacre of the remaining white colonists, the pre-revolutionary ruling class was completely replaced by a new group of rulers” (Popkin). After the new group of leaders were assigned and Haiti was split, then came civil war. The revolution was effective in getting what they required at the time, but after the revolution...
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...catches on you. Today Haiti is being considered one of the poorest countries in the world. This once country used to be one of the richest place on earth with resources and minerals. But due to the many factors that contributed to the state of not letting the country move on. The country progress towards a better sustainable position simply has been neglected. The glorious moments all started (1791) when Haitian slaves rose and rebel against their French slave masters. The country became the first Black republic nation in the world. Since then Haitians have been paying for it ever, since then their powerful and uncompromising rebuke of human genocide, denomination and slavery. Now for over a century and half, the western hemisphere only Black nation was isolated from the rest of the world. Mainly because of the white supremacist mentality of colonial power, the under mind thinking of rebellious set by the slaves was determined to let Haiti be punished. This was done by simply refusing to trade with them, impose an economic embargo that last nearly two hundred years. The Haitians didn’t have reliable access to medical aid, sufficient food, clean water, technology and contraceptives. That’s why there is a high rate of birth. By understanding all this, now we know why Haiti became most impoverished in the west and with others in the world. The French and their allies successfully extracted more than a half a billion...
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...in the text, students should also include a few words about the “historical relevance” of each term in their own words. 1. Gens de Couleur 2. Boukman 3. Toussiant L’Ouverture 4. Simon Bolivar 5. Junta 6. Gran Colombia 7. Jose de San Martin 8. Miguel de Hidalgo y Costilla 9. Grito de Dolores 10. Pedro I of Brazil Thematic Questions. These questions refer to examples in the reading of past historical themes that we have studied. Most of these questions can be answered in no more than two sentences. 1. What was voudun, why was it useful to the Haitian rebels, and how is it an example of a common social phenomenon that we have studied in the past? 2. How did the stages of the Haitian Revolution reflect a similar pattern when compared to the first two stages of the French Revolution? 3. What was the role of disease in the Haitian Revolution? How is this different than the role of disease in past conflicts such as the Spanish conquest of Mexico? 4. How did the conflict between criollo juntas and penninsulares in the Spanish new world demonstrate a similar the conflict as the dynamic between the French bourgeoisie and the French nobility? 5. Besides the military challenge of defeating the Spanish, what was the biggest challenge for Bolivar in creating a united Venezuela? 6. Why did Bolivar prefer a strong central government for newly independent South American states? 7. What were the differences between...
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...spirit medium. She is claimed by the Earth spirit, Sakpata, and is thought to be dead; she lies for three days without food or water. The villagers prepare for her to be reborn; they spread of path of cornmeal to rid it of evil. “To signal the pass from the world of the dead to the world of the spirit, the body must come feet first into the village.” The villagers touch her with open palms which invoke the spirit inviting it to return and touch her with a chicken with purifies the body. When she awakens from the world of the dead she now has the spirit in her. She will now be able to communicate with the Spirits which will still take much practice. She will be able to heal those that are ill and help with other problems like money. In “Haitian Voodoo” spirit possession occurs to heal people and to guide believers. Haiti is a Catholic dominant country but Voodoo is practiced with some Catholic traditions incorporated in it. The local Voodoo priest must become possessed to help a relative who recently began acting and speaking strange. He is possessed with not an ancestor’s spirit but with the feared “Baron Samedi” Lord of the dead. This spirit finds the problem and expresses his anger towards the boy’s father, who he blames for his son’s problems....
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...In order to fully understand the educational aspect of the Voodoo religion it is important to know where Voodoo is popular. Voodoo is practiced in three main regions throughout the world, those including: Louisiana, Haiti and West Africa. Louisiana is located in the United States and the city where Voodoo is most popular is New Orleans. Though New Orleans’ poverty issue is diminishing, 39% of children still live in poverty (Catalanello). The poverty does not affect the number of New Orleans children from attending school. In Haiti, where Voodoo is very popular, Haitians who are 25 years old and older have reportedly received an average of 4.9 years of education (“Education”). This number clearly reflects the outstanding number of individuals...
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...Trouillot’s An Unthinkable History, presents the argument that Haitian revolution becomes a non-event in all aspects of history because it was never perceived as ‘thinkable’ event, therefore, dismissing the movement at its origin. The Haitian Revolution as a non-event was further cemented by the Western ontological framework that prevented even conceiving a rebellion led by black slaves, but also by the explicit dismissal of the Haitian Revolution by the academia itself. Thus, the ‘cancellation’ of the Haitian revolution only creates further implications for the study of social movements. The Haitian Revolution is a monumental anti-slavery, social movement led by both free and enslaved blacks, that successfully challenged and overcame the...
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...THE CAUSES AND EFFECT OF THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION The Haitian Revolution represents the most thorough case study of revolutionary change anywhere in the history of the modern world. In ten years of sustained internal and international warfare, a colony populated predominantly by plantation slaves overthrew both its colonial status and its economic system and established a new political state of entirely free individuals—with some ex-slaves constituting the new political authority. As only the second state to declare its independence in the Americas, Haiti had no viable administrative models to follow. The British North Americans who declared their independence in 1776 left slavery intact, and theirs was more a political revolution than a social and economic one. The success of Haiti against all odds made social revolutions a sensitive issue among the leaders of political revolt elsewhere in the Americas during the final years of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth century. Yet the genesis of the Haitian Revolution cannot be separated from the wider concomitant events of the later eighteenth-century Atlantic world. Indeed, the period between 1750 and 1850 represented an age of spontaneous, interrelated revolutions, and events in Saint Domingue/Haiti constitute an integral—though often overlooked—part of the history of that larger sphere. These multi-faceted revolutions combined to alter the way individuals and groups saw themselves and their place in...
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...Teacher: Mrs. P. Meikle Year of Examination: 2015 Name: Mikhail Farquharson Subject: Caribbean History School: Glenmuir High School Candidate Number: Teacher: Mrs. P. Meikle Year of Examination: 2015 SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT Theme 3: Resistance and revolt The economic effects of the Haitian Revolution on Haiti The Haitian Revolution was a great triumph in that it granted a large population of Africans freedom earlier than any other territory in the Caribbean, How true is it to say that early freedom was not worth the destruction of the entire Haitian Economy by the early 19th century? Rationale The condition of the Haitian economy today is far less than satisfactory, poverty and disease is rife and it seems there is no growth to be made in the near future. Battered by natural disasters, the Haitian economy is at an all-time low. One might wonder how this could be, Haiti or what it was, the great St.Domingue was among the richest and most successful places on the planet! This researcher decided to do research on this topic because as a historian I am curious to know why and when the Haitian economy started cascading to the point it is now. Historians who are curious to know more about the history of Haiti’s economy and those connected to Haiti by either residence or family may benefit from this research. Introduction The French colony St Domingue was formed when French settlers persistently...
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