...families cannot survive without both parents working leaving the child to their own devices. Females and males are different with how they react to situations and how they handle themselves. Females are more likely to involve their emotion when reacting to things where males tend to react and then think. Twenty Seven percent of young females made up the juvenile arrests in 1999 and only rose one percent in 2000. Young females are less likely to commit a crime that causes harm to others, yet they are more likely to commit a crime that causes harm to themselves. (Einstein Law, 2008). When a child is born they way they are treated and trained depends on their gender, boys are taught to be more dependent and leave the home when they get older to see the world, where girls are taught more of a dependency since they are more likely to be a victim of crime. Trying to keep a girl safe a parent may decide to keep the girl from experience the world as fast as they would a boy. Because of this, boys are more likely to commit a crime than a girl is. The way a child is socialized can determine the way they will react to things, as they get older. Girls are socialized to be feminine and more subdued where a boy is...
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...Feminism and Crime Name: Course: Instructor: Institution: Date of Submission: Introduction Feminism is the belief that men and women are of equal worth and should be treated equally despite the gender. Feminism has evolved from the years. The current generation, Generation Y has a different perspective of females than the former generations. There have been three major waves of feminism evolution. The first wave was in the 1800s, women were not allowed to vote or participate in any public or political opinions. During this time, women demanded their right to vote. The second wave of feminism developed in the 1960s where females of certain marginalized groups (working class women, blacks and prisoners) felt they weren't being treated equally and fairly like men and upper-class women. The civil rights activist fought very much for their rights during this time. However, not a lot resulted during this wave which led to the third wave of feminism evolution. The third wave developed to improve the second wave short comings. This is the new generation of feminists who know their rights and what gender equality is. Society generally favored men hence the need for social movements towards females rights to be heard. Feminism and Criminology Feminist criminology evolved during the time women were being judged on their gender rather than the type they committed. Gender inequality is basically due to men trying to control women and their sexuality. Feminists insist...
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...Female Offenders: is Chivalry Dead? Intro: In the last two decades, there has been a definite shift in the leniency of sentencing female offenders in the criminal justice system. It has been suggested the shift turning to harsher, more severe punishments is due to more female practitioners in the criminal justice system which subsequently reduced the chivalry hypothesis. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the literature and empirical research regarding past and present studies of female offenders, the chivalry hypothesis, the differences in male and female convictions, and to answer the enduring question: Is chivalry dead? While this paper does not incorporate all of the literature available, it does offer a good snap shot of many pertinent studies conducted regarding these topics and the issues pertaining to them. Female Offenders Then and Now Over the years, the empirical evidence supporting the position that women offenders are treated less harshly than their male counterparts has been at best inconsistent. (Burnett, 1994: Coombs, 1995: Denno, 1994: Johnson & Nagel, 1994: Klein & Kress, 2014). The writers of these studies used a variety of theses to explain the leniency. Some suggested women are treated with chivalry and thus given lighter sentences for similar offenses created by men. While others suggested the leniency was due to the majority of females in the court system are first time offenders. In 1994, Kathleen Davy published Gender...
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...Regina Woodford CJ 100: Preparing for a Career in Public Safety January 29, 2014 The three key social issues that contribute to the need for criminal justice practitioners are sex offenders, drug abuse, and gun control. The first key social issue is sex offenders. Sex offenders are required by state law to register in the system and allows the public to know where they live and what offense was made (Perlam 2006.). A sex offender is an adult, or child having consensual or nonconsensual sex with a minor. Having a sex offender in your neighborhood can prove not to be a good thing for schools or homes because of the children. When individuals register as they are supposed to, it allows people in the community to be aware of them. The second key social issue is drug abuse. This issue requires a need for criminal justice practitioner in for different reasons. Drug abuse is a social and physical problem. The physical problem is the pain that a person inflicts upon themselves intentionally and unintentionally while high. Drug abuse can lead to life threatening addictions and can also kill a person. Therefore, it contributes for a need of a criminal justice practitioner; the CJ practitioner can promote a lack of narcotics to prevent individuals from spending the rest of their lives jail. When a person abuses drugs, they do not see their problem as an issue. A criminal justice practitioner role would be to help drug abusers by, sending them to rehabilitation centers or locking...
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...Juvenile Crime Paper Rochelle Gordon CJS/200 December 1, 2012 Dave Ross Juvenile Crime Paper In the juvenile justice system believes in giving a juvenile a second chance, and protects their privacy. They also want to make sure they receive treatment and support services rather than just punishment. The juvenile system focuses more on their needs, and those goals are met with treatment and rehabilitation so they won’t become repeat offenders. After a juvenile completes their program their records can be sealed or destroyed once they reach 18. The juvenile system status in question is to determine delinquency, whether an act of was violated or not. The system also wants to make sure the best interest of the child is taken into consideration, regardless if they are guilty or innocent. For the most part when a child is in custody and pending the hearing, they may be released into the custody of a parent or guardian. Juveniles have closed hearings instead of a trial. The right to a jury does not exist. A juvenile is not arrested; they are taken into custody from an order by the judge or complaint. Usually juveniles are only incarcerated with other youth offenders and in juvenile facilities. In the adult court system the status question for adults is to determine guilt or innocence. The goal for adult proceedings is to determine offender’s guilt or innocence. Pending a trial, an adult can be released through bail, or on their own recognizance. Adult trials are...
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...The FBI had reported that the second most violent crime in the United States, after murder, is rape (Byers 47). As defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary rape is unlawful sexual intercourse carried out by force. Despite rape being an abominable crime more than half of all victims do not report their rape to authority (Byers 47). Of those victims who do report ninety percent are women (“Scope of”). Among those women, one in five are victims of sexual assault in college (Kutner 31). However, colleges are not doing enough to protect their female student body. The Center for Public Integrity has reported that only ten to twenty-five percent of these campus rapist will be expelled from school in fear that the school's reputation would be tarnish...
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...1) PSYCHOLOGY OF INTERROGATION Interrogation- questioning a suspect or witness by law enforcement authorities. Once a person being questioned is arrested, he/she is entitled to be informed of his/her legal rights, and in no case may the interrogation violate rules of due process. * Interrogation may be considered as accusatory, which differentiates it from interviewing. * Context of interrogation is always coercive. Although police powers may be small, psychological powers are very great * Some interrogation tactics use physical coercion, as evidenced in US with Afghanistan non-combatants e.g. water boarding. * Generally, interrogation tactics are based on psychological techniques or deceptive tactics. These techniques are designed to play on the emotions of the suspect- in the case of water boarding the fear of drowning. 1.1 The Reid Technique * Most extensively used and promoted ‘interrogation system’ * Developed by the FBI * Works on the principle of escape- * Make the interrogation as uncomfortable as possible * Suspects extricate themselves by confessing Strategy includes * Make context anxiety inducing * Use interrogation tactics to induce anxiety * Help suspects confess 1.2 The Physical Environment Of The Interrogation Characteristics which induce dependence and submission to authority, anxiety, anger and/or fear. * Isolation in cell, in an interview room (no distractions) * Inability to make choices- tea, coffee, going...
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...In addition, the prosecutor may guarantee a softer sentence or may change a negative label like sex offender to a more “socially acceptable” label like assault. All four options require a guilty plea from the defendant and the prosecutor must follow through on the deal by law. Although not available to ever offender, plea-bargaining is widely used and has thus been a focus for many critics. Plea-bargaining, a quick process used to avoid lengthy criminal trials and high costs, encompasses several key figures of the criminal court, and the system in it of itself has several pros and cons as well as legal issues and those that oppose such process have fore fronted reform efforts that go as far as abolishing the process...
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...observed that there are numerous researches conducted on youth crime particularly in the United Kingdom which gave the emphasis on young individuals as offenders instead of victims of crime. Moreover, media reporting depicts young individuals as criminals rather than victims of crime, additional investigation accessible in this segment has pointed to the opposing. During the progression of the Youth Justice System in the UK, certain incidents were observed when it appeared that the reintegration of the offender was not of significance nonetheless rather their penalty. In addition, it has occupied extremely extended period for the Youth Justice System to influence its existing level these days and it was noticed that this has occupied...
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...Special Populations Ann M. Morris ~ Arft University of Phoenix BSHS 402 April 30th, 2012 Jason Pepodila Special Populations Groups of people considered to have or be at a disadvantage are thought to be part of a special population. Different states and jurisdictions within will have varying definitions, and the populations who are served by the definition vary. The term can refer to disabled individuals, which under federal law means “an individual with any disability as defined in section 3 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990” (U.S. Legal Definitions, para. 1, 2001-2012). Those considered to be in special populations are sometimes visible and other times they fit in with the rest of the world’s population, but still require special needs. “Ethnic minorities, veterans, disabled people, prison inmates, refugees and immigrants, children, and the elderly all face complex challenges as they strive to attain the advantages that other groups enjoy” (NORC at the University of Chicago, para.1. n.d.). Because of the recent wars being fought overseas, returning veterans may return the states with special needs requiring specialized help. At the same time as the wars are being fought, the economy has become less stable therefore hurting what could be considered traditional sources of help putting some of the special populations at risk for more hardships (NORC at the University of Chicago, para. 3, n.d.). The basics of this paper will include populations reviewed and...
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... 2.2.1 Plea Bargaining 6 2.2.2 Motions 6 2.2.3 Court Time 7 2.2.4 Lawyer 7 2.2.5 Investigators and Expert Testimony 8 2.2.6 Opportunity Cost. 8 2.2.7 Cost-effectiveness. 9 2.3.0 Social Aspect # 2.3.1.0 Deterrent Effect # 2.3.1.1 Ineffectiveness # 2.3.1.2 Counteract as an Incitement # 2.3.1.3 Lack of Viability # 2.3.2 Discrimination # 2.3.2 Overcrowding Problems # 2.4.0 Ethical Aspect # 2.4.1.0 Human Rights # 2.4.1.1 The Universal Declaration # 2.4.1.2 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights # 2.4.2 Rights of Criminal’s Family # 2.4.3 The Pain of Capital Death # 3.0 Alternative Solutions # 3.1 Life Imprisonment # 3.2 Rehabilitation or Reformatories # 3.3.0 Cases of Sex Offenders # 3.3.1 Use of GPS Device # 3.3.2 Revelation of Identities # 3.3.3 Chemical Castration # Appendix # Reference # 1.0 Introduction On September 21, 2011, Alireza Molla-Soltani was hanged to death after stabbing Iran’s most well-known athlete. Alireza was only 17 years-old at the time he was executed. Hassiba Sahraoui, Amnesty International’s Deputy Director, quote “The fact that Iran has decided to execute a 17-year old shows how little respect the authorities have for international human rights standards.” end quote. According to international law of justice, juveniles are strictly prohibited in receiving any capital punishments. Therefore, do we have to consider this case a justice? Among many nations worldwide, there...
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...from believing in the value of punishment to seeking the importance of rehabilitation. Without taking away punishment altogether, I believe that society should have a stronger focus on rehabilitation. Contributing factors such as psychiatric evaluation, therapy, work options, community volunteering, and education can help the dynamics of handling juvenile delinquency. Without those things, our society would not be deterring crime for the future but rather we are focused on just the simple solution for the ‘right now’. The cost that is needed to incarcerate anyone is expensive enough as it is. Why would we make society pay more to keep juveniles incarcerated rather than just use that money to help them become the normal outstanding citizens that can in turn help society? Not to mention the overcrowded problem that we have within the jails and the prisons. The proper program given to the appropriate youth can help cut the cost that is spent on incarceration. An article that has mention the proper using of rehabilitation for juvenile delinquents stated, “Developmental issues are also likely to influence the types of problems juvenile offenders experience. Younger adolescents facing the transition to high school and the onset of puberty, for example, have different developmental needs to older adolescents facing the transition from school to work. Relationships with, and dependency on, family and caregivers are also likely to change with age. Disentangling the...
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...Red flashing lights behind a driver, does this mean a regular traffic stop, or is the driver on the run from the police. Will he or she stop, or panic and decide to avoid the police lights and speed off. This is the making of a dangerous high speed chase, if the driver decides not to stop. When this happens, the officer is going to begin the chase, because he does not know whether the driver has committed some terrible crime, like robbery or, if he is a dangerous drug dealer, or perhaps a wanted sex offender. You never know when a high speed pursuit will start. They can sometimes start in a local area and continue into another jurisdiction. Although these chases are dangerous, neither the driver nor the police know what might be ahead of them. Although police chases are dangerous, police who allows suspects to flee run the risk that offenders will do even greater harm to citizens, says Michael Crivello, president of the Milwaukee Police Association and a city police detective. “They’re fleeing because they may be wanted for sexual assaults, shootings, homicides,” he says. “there are pursuits that are successfully concluded all the time, but you never hear about those.” Milwaukee changed its policy on pursuits last month after four people were killed by drivers fleeing police in three separate incidents in a two-month period. Police there now must have probable cause that a violent felony has occurred instead of reasonable suspicion before initiating a chase. ...
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...their fellow heterosexual or cisgender prison mates. Even further, trans people and individuals find themselves in a unique situation because they are often assigned to a prison based upon their birth sex, but not their gender identity. While homosexual inmates have been found to statistically be already at a higher risk for sexual violence and sexual abuse while in prison, transgender inmates have even higher risks when assigned by their birth sex; a trans woman who had undergone sexual reassignment surgery being placed in a men’s prison, for example, can face an extreme amount of sexual violence compared to if she was, instead, assigned to an all female prison. There is a need for action to be done for LGBT youth, but also inwards by the prison system to improve its rules, standards and practices when dealing with LGBT prisoners and homosexuality in general. To begin, one must look at the state of how lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans inmates hold up against their heterosexual inmates. Due to homosexuality being considered an illegal act, punishable by imprisonment, in over eighty countries in the world currently (Becker 2013), it seems significant to focus on the state of homosexuality in the American prison system. As researchers believe, the amount of same-sex rape and sex abuse that happens between both heterosexual and homosexual prisoners can occur due to many reasons, some being especially...
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...punishments given by the legal system due to public pressure, the ill execution of the grievance reporting procedures, and the confinement of juveniles in adult prisons. These problems cause degradation of the child’s mental and physical health which is explained along each of the issue. At the end, some suggestions are given along with useful tips on how to bring reform and betterment to the system. The conclusion stresses the need to realize the plight of such children and do something about their situation. Keywords: juvenile, detention, sexual abuse INTRODUCTION Juvenile refers to a person who is not yet an adult. The law defines a juvenile to be a person who cannot be held responsible for a crime and cannot be subjected to the sentences reserved for adults. They have separate courts for trials called the Juvenile courts. All the countries have different age definitions for adulthood, but on average we can set the general threshold at 18 years of age. Detentions can be handed to juveniles in juvenile courts over a variety of offenses but these detention terms are different and more lenient as compared to the normal detentions handed out to adults for the same offenses (Krisberg, 2004). There are some...
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