...Contracts and licenses Contracts and licenses are not themselves intellectual property and are generally considered to be a distinct discipline, not part of the same area of law as intellectual property. Nevertheless, contracts are essential to our system of intellectual property. They are the means by which you share intellectual property. Contracts and licenses are the means by which people let their intellectual property out in a controlled way. Importance Normal people interact with contracts on a daily basis. There are contracts for cell phone service, contracts for parking your car, and contracts for starting a job. Each time you pay with a credit card, you are entering a contract. Contracts are also everywhere in the business world. Contracts are used to buy office supplies, arrange loans, sell assets, and enter partnerships. In one way of thinking, the only way for a corporation to interact with the world is through the language of contracts. That is because contracts are just agreements. People sometimes think of “contracts” as something official, whereas “agreements” are something less. This is not the case. Any binding arrangement is a contract under law and will be subject to the legal system. When dealing with intellectual property, we make agreements about how that IP can be used.These agreements, called licenses in this context, are contracts. You see these licenses all the time when you enter the world of software. For consumer-oriented or open...
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...Evolution of Health Care Information Systems Since the early 1980s, the U.S. health care system has experienced a rapid growth in the sector of health care information technology. This growth can be viewed as an attempt to standardize our fragmented health care system. The health care information technology is no longer an option but a necessity to be compliant with the mandated federal regulations. President George W. Bush in 2004 asked health care providers to implement Electronic Health Records (EHR) by 2014. The Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) also joined this initiative by asking health care providers to be compliant with the new legislation. Many community-based physician practices previously reluctant to embrace technology are realizing the benefits of the health care information systems, such as computerized physician order entry (CPOE), electronic medical records (EMR), tele-medicine, complex disease management, and automated billing systems. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast a contemporary health care facility with a health care facility of 20 years ago. Additionally, the paper will identify at least two major events and technological advantages that influenced the current health care information system (HCIS) practices. Definition of Health Care Information Systems Prior to discussing the evolution of HCIS in the last two decades, it would...
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...Running head: Evolution of Health Care Information Systems Evolution of Health Care Information Systems HCS 533 Health Information Systems Tana M. Daniel Steven Fowler January 31, 2011 Evolution of Health Care Information Systems Bridging the gap in health care information technology will promote safe, proficient, patient-focused, and effective patient care in a timely manner. In this paper the subject is to examine two contemporary health care organizations and compare and contrast several features that will include the type of information systems currently in use, analyze the transmission of data 20 years ago and how the exchange of data today. In addition, this paper will cover two major events and technology advances that have influenced current HCIS practices. Five information systems seen in health care organizations are (Wagner, 2009) 1) computerized provider order entry 2) medication administration 3) telemedicine 4) telehealth, and 5) personal health records (p. 121). Each system can provide quality improvement, improve patient safety, and be cost effective. Skilled Nursing Facilities have made significant changes over the last 20 years, in comparison to now. Looking at a skilled nursing facility present time versus a skilled nursing facility operation of Dunseith Community Nursing Home in North Dakota 20 years ago. With the implementation of new rules and regulations, this requires skilled nursing facilities to focus...
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...Evolution of Health Care Information Systems Looking back twenty 1990’s and now in 2010 health care has changed extremely. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) did not exist until 1996. HIPAA made it possible for everyone to qualify for health insurance and setting privacy and they established health information standards and regulation. Veterans Health Administration’s (VHA) had a reputation of poor quality of care and the 90’s were the beginning of a major transformation of VHA that was aimed at improving the efficiency and quality of care that was being provided to their patients. Capability to do data analysis in 1990 was impossible most of the data was collected and stored in a room untouched. Advanced in technology made it possible to do research and do data analysis. The advantages in technology are beneficent to health care information in providing electronic medical records, medical billing, telemedicine and teleradiology. Evolution of Health Care Information Systems Compare/contrast of either health care facility or physician’s office operation with the same 20 years prior To look back twenty years ago in the 1990’s and now in 2010 health care has changed tremendously. In the 1990’s Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) did not exist. Prior to HIPAA, which was passed in 1996, there were no regulations or standards for health care delivery in making it more efficient for patients. There...
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...Health Care System Evolution Paper: Managed Care HCS/310 March 12, 2012 Shannon Packard Health Care System Evolution Paper: Managed Care The evolution of the heath care delivery system in the United States has led to the Managed care initiative. “Managed Care emerged at the early 20th century when the United States lacked private and public health insurance” (Rodwin,p. 653, 2010). Managed Care is defined as “any arrangement in which an organization, such as an HMO, another type of Doctor-Hospital network, or an insurance company, act as an intermediate between the person receiving care and the physician (“managed care,” n.d.). Managed care has influenced the current health care system many times over including spurring the creation of HMOs and PPOs. Managed care grew significantly partly in response to physicians and other health care providers charging more and more for services provided in a competition to control the medical market (Rodwin, 2010). These physicians had a serious conflict in interest between trying to sell medical services, in an effort to charge more, and doing what was in the best medical interest for the patient. Managed care has brought about significant change in the way the health care delivery system is handled. Often times, now, a doctor is reimbursed for what is considered, medically necessary, based on a patient’s diagnosis and the normal course of treatment for that diagnosis. They are also reimbursed at a pre-determined rate...
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...EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS PAPER EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS PAPER 2 THE PATIENT RELATIONSHIPS WITH HEALTH CARE TECHNOLOGY My grandfather would often share stories of the neighborhood Doctor coming to visit the family home and providing medical care or just stopping in to say hello. They were extremely thorough, knew the entire family's history and actually became a part of the family. Over the years, the Doctor's relationship has evolved from the family member/neighborhood doctor to the world of physicians make diagnosis based on the available CPT code and patient visits are conducted via tele-medical devices. Medical relationships first transitioned from the family physician to neighborhood Doctor offices, then to company doctors and now Insurance Companies who act as puppet masters for physicians. I spoke with a friend whom is a physician over the weekend and she said, Medical care is very different than what she pictured it to be. As a doctor, she is as concerned about the times outlined by insurance companies and CPT codes as she about the patient’s health. I am sure my grandfather could have never imagined this type of relationship with his family doctor. To bridge the gap between the physician patient relationship of yesterday and today, technology savvy healthcare providers are using personal digital assistants (PDA) to act as the provider memory bank. The advancement of PDAs is just one of the many revolutionary advances that...
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...1960s in a few health care providing institutions. In the 1970s and 1980s, a number of hospitals and clinics across the U.S. adopted the use of limited EMR technology (Carter, 2001) In the early 1990s, heeding recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) landmark study, the U.S. government set an ambitious goal for all physicians to computerize patient records by the year 2000 (Dick, R.S., Steen, E.B., & Detmer, D.E. 1997) Due to patients’ privacy issues, less streamlined and often conflicting software technologies, and multiple other barriers in EMR technology adoption, this goal could not be achieved. The adoption of EMR technology started to gather some momentum since 2004 when President George Bush outlined detailed plan to ensure access of electronic health records by all Americans by 2014 (Bush, Executive Order 13335) To achieve this goal, President George Bush created a new, sub-cabinet level National Health Information Technology Coordinator position at the Department of Health and Human Services to implement health IT infrastructure nationwide. The biggest push targeted towards promoting the adoption of EMR technology came with the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) 2009 by the U.S. Congress which appropriated $19 billion dollars government assistance to jump start the adoption of EMR technology by physicians, clinics, and hospitals. The healthcare reforms highlighted in the ARRA include an investment of $50 billion in health information...
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...Discussion Health IT Adoption Introducing change in health care is never easy, i.e, the Obama Healthcare, (universal healthcare system) budget and implementation. By year 2014, the government will oversee that all Americans should receive healthcare regardless of pre-existing conditions, but that also means longer lines and longer services. Even with the change of technologies, I am sure there is significant doubt and opposition. So it comes as no surprise that in the face of changes of the adoption of health IT adoption – even though it carries the promise of improving the nation’s health care – some hospitals and providers will want to push back. Why should we care? The American people should care because they deserve better health care than they are currently receiving, and they need it delivered more efficiently. Health IT Adoption Plan is part of our economic recovery plan. Every provider, every patient throughout our nation will benefit from the goals envisioned by Health IT Adoption. Yes, this will be a challenge. While large hospital networks and smaller providers may be stretched to meet national health IT goals, it is not beyond their capacity for growth. There are incentive programs that will encourage and provide reimbursement to providers who have achieved meaningful use. This will also providing patients with improved quality and safety, more efficient care and save more lives and reduce redundant procedures which will save revenue...
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...going to look at the three stages that a policy goes through before it is implemented. So let us get started we have a lot to cover. Formulation Stage A national health research policy should be formulated based on the national health policy, which in turn should conform to overall national development plans. The research policy system within which health research policies are formulated, is actually very broad. Three variants have been defined for general policy, although these rarely exist in a pure form4. These variants can also be applied to the health research policy system. * A unicentric health research policy system in which one authority (generally the government) is responsible. The result is a regulated system in which the government allocates funds and coordinates tasks. * A multicentre health research policy system, essentially a marketplace, in which many autonomous actors (research institutions and organizations) compete for the development of policy, which is attuned to the requirement of each research institution or organization. * The intermediate type of health research policy system is a pluricentric system in which the model is a network. A policy can be successfully implemented if there is widespread support among the important players in the network (Regional Health Reform, 2011). Now we are going to look at who may be involved the formulation process of the policy and they are but not...
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...THE PRIMARY CARE CLINIC Your name here Professor’s name here School name here Date The Primary Care Clinic Patients in today’s busy world demand convenience which has lead to the rise of local centralized primary care facilities. The purpose of this paper is to look at forces that have influenced the development of the clinic, a mission statement, key performance indicators to measure effectiveness, decisions regarding clinic expansion, the role of the clinic in the community, and influences of public healthcare policy on outpatient clinics. Discuss the key political, economic, and social forces that may have influenced the development of the clinic. Politics can hamper development of private healthcare organizations by compromising quality, limiting accessibility or feasibility, or increasing the cost of healthcare through laws, regulations, policies, requirements of private practice, and monitoring of services (Griffith & White, 2007). The primary care clinic must balance the requirements and regulations of private practice while creating a market for quality healthcare in the community marketplace. The clinic model has advantages over other models in that it allows practitioners a level of economy in sharing their medical facilities, equipment and staff with others, minimizing overhead and allowing them to keep the rising cost of healthcare lower by sharing equity. Improved patient quality is...
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...Developing the Health Promotion Strategy and Action Plan in Georgia In 2009 Oxford Policy Management (OPM) completed technical work to support the Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs, Georgia, in producing a comprehensive national Health Promotion Strategy (HPS) along with a prioritised Health Promotion Action Plan (HPAP). This work was commissioned as part of the European Union support to the Ministry, aimed at facilitating evolution of key evidence-based policies, and enabling the people of Georgia to increase control over their health and its determinants. This briefing note develops the case for giving support to the Georgian government in elaborating the HPS. It argues that transparent and participatory processes must be established to assure strong national ownership and consensus over the outputs. The process must also guarantee the skills transfer and capacity building of national stakeholders; and be flexible and highly responsive to the government needs while producing strategies effective, feasible and applicable to the local context. Georgian public health Over recent years Georgian efforts to adopt and nurture a democratic market oriented economy have been impressive (Chanturidze et al. 2009). On the down side however, the Georgian health sector still demonstrates system imbalances between curative services and O x f o r d • prevention, and between clinical services and primary health care (MoLHSA 2009b)...
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...Bisht et al. Globalization and Health 2012, 8:32 http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/8/1/32 REVIEW Open Access Understanding India, globalisation and health care systems: a mapping of research in the social sciences Ramila Bisht1*, Emma Pitchforth2 and Susan F Murray3 Abstract National and transnational health care systems are rapidly evolving with current processes of globalisation. What is the contribution of the social sciences to an understanding of this field? A structured scoping exercise was conducted to identify relevant literature using the lens of India – a ‘rising power’ with a rapidly expanding healthcare economy. A five step search and analysis method was employed in order to capture as wide a range of material as possible. Documents published in English that met criteria for a social science contribution were included for review. Via electronic bibliographic databases, websites and hand searches conducted in India, 113 relevant articles, books and reports were identified. These were classified according to topic area, publication date, disciplinary perspective, genre, and theoretical and methodological approaches. Topic areas were identified initially through an inductive approach, then rationalised into seven broad themes. Transnational consumption of health services; the transnational healthcare workforce; the production, consumption and trade in specific health-related commodities, and transnational diffusion of ideas and knowledge...
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...Case report: Paediatric Orthopaedic Clinic 1- What is capacity utilization at every step in the process? What is the direct resource utilization? Using the data provided in the case, we are able to compile all data necessary to compute the capacity utilization at the clinic. Activity | # of Staff | Available time | Activity time | Number of Patients | Time needed | Utilization10 | | | /Staff | Total | N | F | N | F | N | F | Total | | 1. Front Desk | | | | | | | | | | | | a. Registration | 3 | 180 | 540 | 5 | 5 | 32 | 48 | 160 | 240 | 400 | 74 % | b. Verification | 3 | 255 | 765 | 9 | 4 | 32 | 48 | 288 | 192 | 480 | 63 % | 2. Radiology Department | | | | | | | | | | | | a. X-ray imaging | 6 | 240 | 9603 | 11 | 11 | 32 | 40.8 | 352 | 448.8 | 800.8 | 83 % | b. Development of X-rat | -1 | 240 | 9604 | 7 | 7 | 32 | 40.8 | 224 | 285.6 | 509.6 | 53%8 | c. Diagnostic reading and comments | 3 | 240 | 4805 | 5 | 5 | 32 | 40.8 | 160 | 204 | 364 | 76% | 3. Hand-off X-ray to Clinic | | | | | | | | | | | | a. Collection of X-ray | 3 | 2556 | 7657 | 2 | 2 | 32 | 40.8 | 64 | 81.6 | 145.6 | 19% 9 | b. Filing/exam room prep | 1 | 255 | 255 | 2 | 2 | 32 | 48 | 64 | 96 | 160 | 63% | 4. Examination Room | | | | | | | | | | | | a. Surgeon | 1 | 255 | 255 | 7 | 4 | 32 | 14.4 | 224 | 57.6 | 281.6 | 110% | b. Resident | 1(2)2 | 255 | 255 | - | 7 | - | 33.6 | - | 235.2 | 235.2 | 92% | c. Cast technician...
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...Nevertheless, starting a clinic may not be simple as it takes numerous procedures that may include; sourcing supplies, legal arrangements, recruiting of volunteers, identifying viable funding raising mechanisms and identifying a reliable consultancy team that will help in accounting, insurance and legal matters. This however depends on whether the clinic will be individually owned or collaboration with organizations such as Volunteers in Health Care (VIH) and Volunteers in Medicine that assist societies to start free clinics. Economic status and its effect on health care: Low socioeconomic status (SES) has its links to low income. People with low income lack medical insurance covers, have poor quality health care and seek health care less often or when they do it’s an emergency (Swartz, 1994). Taken together, current research suggests that, although numerous issues affect patient gratification of the healthcare system, SES is among the most significant factor simply because it commands a great deal of the health care system where people receive care. Research also shows that while...
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...Obligations and Responsibilities of Kachia Local Government and Areas where Kachia LGA has failed in fulfilling its obligations and responsibilities. Obligations and Responsibilities of Communities and Areas where Communities have failed in fulfilling their obligations and responsibilities Obligations and Responsibilities of Tulsi Chanrai Foundation and Areas where TCF has failed in fulfilling its obligations and responsibilities. • On Project Activities to meet Objectives Page 20 Organization of health services Staff disposition Range of services provided at health facility Ward Health System Project Map Major health problems Essential Drugs Exemptions and Deferments Referral programme. (including Ambulance Service) Essential Equipment Health...
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