...Horizontal Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Table of Contents: Nomenclature. Pg. 3 Introduction and Background Pg. 4 Experimental Methodology Equipment and Apparatus Pg. 6 Experimental Procedures Pg. 7 Results Pg. 8 Analysis and Discussion……………………………………………………………………..Pg. 11 Summary and Conclusions Pg. 12 References Pg. 13 Appendices Pg. 14 Nomenclature Symbol | Term | Units | A | Heat transfer surface area for the tubes | Inches2 (in2) | Cp | Heat Capacity | J/(mol*K) | F | Correction Factor | __ | | Heat | W | c | Cold Side Heat Duty | W | H | Hot Side Heat Duty | W | Shell Side | Hot Side | __ | T | Temperature | Celsius | ∆T | Change in Temperature | Celsius | Tube Side | Cold Side | __ | ∆Tlm | Log mean temperature difference | Kelvin (K) | U | Heat Transfer Coefficient | W/(K*in2) | V | Volume | L | ṁH | Hot water flow rate | L/min | ṁC | Cold water flow rate | L/min | 1.0 Introduction and Background A heat exchanger is a device designed to efficiently transfer thermal energy from one fluid to another fluid, which can be a liquid or a gas [1]. These fluids do not mix or come into direct contact with each other. Even though all heat exchangers do the same job of passing heat from fluid to fluid, there are various types that work in many different ways. The two most common types of heat exchangers are the shell-and-tube...
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...Turbulence 10 References 13 Abstract The fires problem is one of the hazard pose a threat to life and property. Flames behave differently under various conditions which include: the oxygen available, combustible material, orientation of surfaces, etc. this a complex phenomena which is influenced by multiple factors that includes ignition, heat release rate, flame spread and the generation of different products of combustion like carbon IV oxide and carbon II oxide. The research was performed by studying various sources in the library and in the internet and also performing experiments to simulate a real life situation. Introduction The Fire Problem The flammability of a material is a complex event which is influenced by multiple factors that includes ignition, heat release rate, flame spread and the generation of different products of combustion like carbon IV oxide and carbon II oxide. In order to better protect the people and property from risk posed by the unwanted fires, it become necessary to understands all these factors under different conditions. Babrauskas and Vytenis 1992 suggested that heat release rate is the main variable in fire hazard; but Kashiwagi and Ito argued effectively that, the flame spread over the surface of combustible material such a wall and a floor is the main variable responsible for the growth of fire at the initial stages of fire. In addition, the angle of orientation of the combustible material has been found to contribute...
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...The Changes of Heat in Calorimetry Summary The purpose of this experiment is to learn how heat flows into and through an unknown substance while using a calorimeter to measure the temperature. In this set of experiments we will focus our attention upon one particular area of thermodynamics, calorimetry, a technique used to measure heat flow into and out of matter. This is really simple procedure. The unknown metal is placed into a container called a calorimeter that separates it from everything else. As changes occur, we can follow the movement of heat from one portion of the matter to another by the temperature changes. The container we use as a calorimeter should insulate the metal, it should prevent matter from entering or exiting once our measurement has begun, and it should allow for easy measurement of temperature changes. A reasonable calorimeter can be constructed from a pair Styrofoam cups with lid on top to limit heat transfers into and out of the cups. Introduction The amount of heat, Q, required to raise the temperature of a solid body at constant pressure depends on the change in temperature, ∆T, of the body, its mass, m, and a characteristic of the material forming the body called its specific heat, C. This relationship is expressed by the equation Q = mC∆T and the dimensions of C are thus heat per unit mass per unit temperature change. The values of C do depend on temperature with those of the unknown metal. Specific heat can be considered to be the amount...
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...Heat Transfer Course Paper Name Institution Date Introduction To explore and work in space, the astronauts must carry their environment because there is no oxygen and atmospheric pressure to sustain life. The spacesuit is more than clothes an astronaut puts on in space. It’s really a small spacecraft. Its main work is to protect the astronaut when in space. Astronauts needs to put on spacesuits at any time they leave a spacecraft and are exposed to the surrounding space. In space, air to breath and air pressure is not available. Space has dangerous radiation and is extremely cold so without protection, an astronaut would rapidly die in space. The design of spacesuits is such that it protect astronauts from the radiation, cold and low pressure in space and furthermore provide air to breathe. Wearing a spacesuit permits an astronaut to be able survive and work in space. They also keep the astronaut from getting hurt by the space dust. The space dust always travel at a very high speed and may cause hurt to the astronaut. Moreover the suits holds drinking water for the astronaut. The spacesuit is made up of many parts that perform different roles. One of the parts protect the chest, another part covers the arms and connects to gloves and the helmet protects the head. The last part of this suit covers the astronaut’s feet and legs. Other parts of this suits are made up of many layers of material. The layers each performs different roles; some protect the astronaut from space...
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...Introduction For the purpose of studying combined radiation and free convection heat transfer, this experiment measured the surface temperature of two aluminum flat plates during heat-up. Both plates' lower surfaces were well insulated. For comparison, one plate was considered to be ideal blackbody, which is a perfect absorber and emits; the other one was polished, yielding different radiant properties. According to the procedure, both plates were heated under the lamp from room temperature; plates' temperature was measured with a thermocouple and recorded with LabView Program. To analyze the results, appropriate assumptions were made and correct conservations of energy were chosen. Results and Discussion Based on the data collected in the experiment, Temperature vs Time were plotted for both plates, as shown in figure 1 and figure 3. Our plates were exposed under the lamp for a longer time than claimed in the procedure to reach a relatively steady state, because the lamp we were using was weaker than normal ones. Figure 1, Temperature vs Time for Blackbody Plate Energy terms in the energy balance equation were also calculated and plotted as shown in figure 3 and figure 4. Equations that used to do all the calculations can be found in Appendix A and Appendix B. All the calculations were done using Microsoft Excel. Figure 2, Energy terms vs Time for Blackbody Plate Irradiation, Gtot was calculated to be 1456.95 W/m2. Since the initial temperature of plate surface...
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...ENGINEERING COLLEGE HEAT & MASS TRANSFER LAB MANUAL ENGINEERING SCIENCES DEPARTMENT HEAT & MASS TRANSFER LAB MANUAL ENGINEERING SCIENCES DEPARTMENT LAB INSTRUCTIONS 1. No late submissions 2. If you miss the submission time, you will be marked zero in that lab 3. If cheating or plagiarism is observed in the lab report, zero will be marked in that lab. 4. Detailed calculations should be shown. 5. Neat work will earn good marks. 6. Graphs should be made by hands. MS excel graphs will not be accepted. LAB MARKS DISTRIBUTION LAB REPORT/ ATTENDENCE | 50% | LAB PERFORMANCE | 10% | MID TERM ASSESMENT/QUIZES | 10% | FINAL LAB ASSESMENT | 30 % | TOTAL | 100% | TABLE OF CONTENTS S.NO | DATE | OBJECTIVE | PAGE NO | SIGNATURE | 1. | | To show that the intensity of radiation on a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the surface from the source of radiation | | | 2. | | To show the intensity of radiation various as fourth power of source. | | | 3. | | Determination of barrier temperature gradient between two different metals in end to end pressure contact. | | | 4. | | To perform energy balance on air flowing throw a duct heated by cylindrical rod | | | 5. | | To perform energy balance on air flowing throw a duct heated by cylindrical rod using DAQ | | | 6. | | Determination of a mean surface heat transfer coefficient for tubes in...
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...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The project ‘Heat Transfer Studies on a 7.5 Watt LED Lighting Load using Finite Element Analysis’ is mainly concerned with the heat generated by an LED lighting load and its dissipation to the surrounding such that the LED junction temperature is maintained low. The LED chosen for this project is 7.5 Watt, which has a maximum operating temperature of around 80°C, exceeding which the LED will fail. The LED is best operated at room temperature conditions and may be just above. The project implements a specific method of cooling or rather maintaining the LED junction temperature as low as possible by using a Thermo Electric Cooling device, more specifically known as the Peltier device. The project looks into the various methods by which a Peltier cooler can be implemented such as, with or without a fan or simply a fan would provide sufficient cooling for the LED module. A Heat sink is a necessary component which is always associated with cooling electronic components. Before getting into the depth of the project detailing we will look into the basic components that have been used in the project setup which include: a. LED Module b. Peltier Cooler c. Heat Sink d. Cooling Fan 1.1 Light Emitting Diode: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are small but powerful devices in terms of their diverse applications. LED lights assume greater significance in the context of need for electrical energy conservation and pollution control world over. LED is basically...
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...Convection Current Lab by: Kamil Ahmed Draft Title: The Effect of Convection Current on Plate Tectonics Problem: How Do Differences in Temperature Cause Convection Currents? Background Information: * The earth is made of up different layers (crust, mantle, outer core, inner core). Each of these layers has distinct properties. * The continents are part of large lithospheric plates that have moved over geological time and continue to move at a rate of a few centimeters per year. One theory is that convection currents within earth’s mantle drive this plate motion. * Convection currents are caused by the very hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rising, then cooling and sinking, and then heating and rising again. This cycle is repeated over and over. The movement from convection moves the crustal plates on top. Hypothesis: If two temperatures are together then the warmer temperature will rise because it is less dense thus it will cause convection to reaction. Variables: Independent variable – Temperature of h20 Dependant variable - Movement of the water (rising and falling.) Materials: Warm water, cold water, 2 plastic cups, 1 plastic syringe, 1 plastic cup with circular depression, 1 small vial with 2 holed cap, 1 bottle of red food coloring, paper towels, and/or a sponge. Procedure: 1) Fill two plastic cup one with warm water and the other with cold water. 2) Snap the small vial (cap-side up) into the base of the...
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...lean/rich MEA heat exchanger E-114. This heat exchanger is a counter flow shell and tube heat exchanger and is designed to heat up the rich MEA stream flowing from the CO2 absorber to the stripper. The principle that is applied is heat exchange between cold stream and hot stream which in this case the heat energy is transferred from the lean MEA stream to the rich MEA stream. Apart from this, the chemical engineering design for this heat exchanger includes the determination of its dimensions and heat exchange coefficient as well as pressure drop. The mechanical design covers the design of pressure vessel, head, supports and piping. In addition, the operating design which includes the commissioning, start-up, shutdown and maintenance procedures, process control, and HAZOP study is considered. 2.0 Process Description Figure 2.1 Schematic of rich/lean MEA heat exchange process flow sheet The lean/rich MEA heat exchange process is presented in Figure 2.1. The MEA-2 stream containing rich CO2 is flowing from CO2 absorber and enters the heat exchanger to be heated up from 61°C to 80°C by MEA-7 before entering the stripper. The MEA-7 is then cooled down from 105°C to 84°C when pass through the heat exchanger and recycle back to the CO2 absorber. The cold stream in this case is MEA-2 and MEA-3 while the hot stream is MEA-7 and MEA-8. 3.0 Chemical Engineering Design 3.1 Design Methodology The rich/lean MEA heat exchanger is a counter flow shell and tube heat exchanger. The...
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...ZECCHIN Dott. Ing. Michele DE CARLI Dott. Ing. Dietrich SCHMIDT Laureando: Alessio PULLIERO Anno accademico 2003-2004 To my parents …. ABSTRACT The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate different control strategies for the heating and cooling system of the ZUB (Centre for Sustainable Building), situated in Kassel, Germany. It is an experimental office building, with a very detailed monitoring system for studying low-energy and low-exergy building technologies. The conditioning system is a TABS (Thermally Activated Building System), with water pipes embedded in the centre of a structural concrete slab, thus resulting in a ceiling radiant system. The high thermal capacity of the slab offers great opportunities to store heat, to dampen temperature fluctuations or to shift the peak-load; but, on the other hand, it implies a slow response of the system, which requires an accurate regulation strategy to front the variability of several factors, and to achieve the desired indoor temperature. A TRNSYS model of an office room has been developed, thus allowing to implement several regulations in the software and to test their performance. The main conclusion, carried out from the simulations, is that the implementation of a Feed-forward controller gives appreciable advantages in the temperature control, achieving both a more precise control of thermal conditions and a reduction of the energy consumption. The parameters taken into account by the controller are more than...
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...Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy and heat between physical systems. As such, heat transfer is involved in almost every sector of the economy.[1] Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species, either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur simultaneously in the same system. Heat conduction, also called diffusion, is the direct microscopic exchange of kinetic energy of particles through the boundary between two systems. When an object is at a different temperature from another body or its surroundings, heat flows so that the body and the surroundings reach the same temperature, at which point they are in thermal equilibrium. Such spontaneous heat transfer always occurs from a region of high temperature to another region of lower temperature, as described by the second law of thermodynamics. Heat convection occurs when bulk flow of a fluid (gas or liquid) carries heat along with the flow of matter in the fluid. The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational fields) by buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire plume), thus influencing its own transfer...
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...Heat Transfer Conduction When we place one end of an iron rod in a fire, the other end also heats up after a while. We say heat has been conducted along the rod from the hot end. Conduction is the process by which heat is transmitted through a medium from one particle to another. The heat is transmitted from the hot to the cold end. Most metals are good thermal conductors. A metal surface feels colder than a cement surface although they are both at the same temperature. This is because e metal conducts heat away form the hand more quickly than cement which is a poor conductor. Generally, substances which are liquids at ordinary temperatures are poor conductors. One exception is mercury which is a good conductor. Mercury is a metal in the liquid state at room temperature and pressure. The thermal conductivity of gases is even lower than that of liquids. How conduction works Conduction takes place when heat energy is transferred from one particle to the next. When one end of a rod is heated, the particles at this end of the rod gain energy and vibrate more vigorously. These particles collide with their less energetic neighbours. Some of their energy is transferred to these neighbouring particles which in turn gain kinetic energy. In this way, heat energy is passed along the rod by the vibrating particles. Conduction of heat in metals is far better than in other solids. The ‘free’ electrons in a metal are responsible for its superior thermal conductivity....
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...Title: Forced Convection Objective: To demonstrate the use of extended surface such as fin and pin to improve the heat transfer in forced convection. Introduction: Convection is the study of conduction in a fluid as enhanced by its "convective transport", that is, its velocity with respect to a solid surface. It thus combines the energy equation, or first law of thermodynamics, with the continuity and momentum relations of fluid mechanics. The causes of convection are generally described as one of either natural or forced. However the distinction between natural and forced convection is particularly important for convective heat transfer. Forced convection or also known as heat advection studies the heat transfer between a moving fluid and a solid surface. There are various types of forced convection, such as flow in a tube or across a flat plate and so on. In forced convection, the fluid has a nonzero streaming motion in the field away from the body surface, caused perhaps by a pump or fan or other driving force independent of the presence of the body. Also in this class are bodies moving through a still fluid, since fluid velocities are forced and may be large, heat transfer via forced convection will usually be significantly larger. It should be considered as one of the main methods of useful heat transfer as significant amounts of heat energy can be transported very efficiently and this mechanism is found very commonly in everyday life, including central heating, air...
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...needed to be optimized in building envelop. Extended Research Task Temperature Control in Homes ---- Windows Extended Research Task Temperature Control in Homes ---- Windows Temperature Control in Homes --- Windows 1. Abstract: The window insulation always plays an important role in building design and thermal comfort, it is one of the main parts needed to be optimized in building envelop. Window insulation is a basic element which can decide the insulation capacity. The large heat loss from the window is the main part of wasting energy, and simultaneously, there is also difficult to explore the new energy source and to improve the current heat generation device efficiency. Therefore, building a proper insulated window system is a good approach to keep an acceptable indoor climate as well as to reduce energy use and negative climate effects. The aim of this extended research task is to introduce readers to different ways of windows insulation that can efficiently reduce heat loss in an average household during Tasmanian winter. 2. Introduction Tasmania has cold temperature climate with four distinct seasons, with the most distinctive season during the winter month between June and July. During the winter season Tasmania become the wettest and coolest state in Australia with most high lying areas receiving considerable snowfall. Winter maximums are 12 °C (54 °F) on average along coastal areas and 3 °C (37 °F) on the Central Plateau, thanks to a series of...
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...Individual assignment DMAIC Triple Mock Up Green Building I am Anas Bin Razali with my team of team 16 are doing research at date of 15/03/2015, our group had went to British Malaysian Institute (BMI) to do our research on the Triple Mock Up Green Building. This experiment is essential as to compare with the green building and the conventional house build by typical material. For the individual assignment, I have to compare roof/walls/ambient/floor/windows temperature between M1, M2, and M4. M3 is yet under construction so it is not yet reliable to measure. Devine Chart Data I choose building M1 because of its material and structure are different than M2 and M4. M1 is made up of wood wool plus cement and it is a material produced using more than 80 years of European research and technology comprising entirely natural and non toxic materials. It is a building material made from wood fibers that are chemically impregnated and cleverly bonded under pressure with cement to form a light weight building material that produces great durability and versatility. The temperature exceeds the tropical thermal comfort line 11.30a.m onwards up to 32.8 C. It decrease a little but still up high from the tropical thermal comfort line. But from data that I collect with my friend and do different part to calculate the temperature, we confirm that in M1 there a leakage of temperature because of the structure in the roof. Measure Thermal camera The thermal camera we use it to measure...
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