...approach to new children and how the teacher’s role changes as the child starts to concentrate and focus on activities. At last, one will explain the impact of this change in the teacher’s role on the child’s growing normalisation and why the child might regress. The term ‘normalisation’ is first mentioned by Montessori in ‘The Absorbent Mind’. She describes ‘normalisation’ as a transition process from one stage to another (Montessori, 1949). The process of normalisation is closely linked to Montessori’s concept of deviation, whereby deviations disappear and normalisation occurs. She believed that a child is born ‘good’ and over the first three years- the period when the child is in the adult environment, where the child is not given enough independence and toys of the wrong type - the child develops ‘defects’ in character called deviations. Montessori states in The Secrete of Childhood, Chapter 21:’…Thus at the origin of life, in the small baby, errors are constantly being made, deforming the natural psychological type of man, and leading to an infinity of deviations…’. These deviations cause the child to turn away from normal and positive behaviour towards defects in character to compensate for the lack of fulfilment in their ‘sensitive period’ in a certain area (Montessori, 1936). Montessori identified two classifications of deviations linked to the character of the child (Montessori, 1949). When a child has a strong character, the deviations are described by adults as ‘difficult...
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...illness for my second assignment. The assignment must be informative and well researched. I am expected to cover the basics of the illness. I have decided to do my assignment on (ADHD) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, I have chosen this disorder as I have not got much knowledge or proper understanding of it and would like to educate myself more and file it in my brain with all the other illnesses/disorders I do know about. ADHD is a well known disorder yet there seems to be a lot of confusion on the topic also. Within the assignment I plan to research the topic to the best of my ability through media, books, magazine, internet and organisations where it is possible. I will cover the causes, symptoms, treatments, look into help groups and centres, my aim is to get a clearer understanding of how the disorder comes about basically live the life of an ADHD patient and see how life is through their eyes. I will finish my assignment with my own thoughts and evaluation on the knowledge I have gained and finally I will list the information sources I have used. What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? “ADHD – Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is...
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...about culture, norms and values of a society. This allows for integration and a sense of belonging. Each society has different values and norms which help to promote unity and coherence. Values are the things we regard as important, true and right. It may differ from individual to individual and also cultures and may be as a result of gender, beliefs and religion. In an African society, a male child is brought up to recognise he is a breadwinner and consequently taught the value of working hard to provide for his family, on the other hand education may be seen as wasted on a female child because she is meant to be provided for by her husband. In such a society education is not valued in females. Values change and evolve because today most societies have accepted the importance of education in both the male and female child. There are still some restrictions in some societies like in Saudi Arabia where women are not allowed to freely mix with men in the work place. Some of the change in values can occur from experiences in the secondary socialisation process. The change will allow for development, growth and modernisation. For instance a traditional Muslim male takes his wife to see a doctor for checkups will insist he wants a female doctor to attend to her. With time he begins to see the gap created by not allowing a female child get an education and as such will be more open to change. Values are important things to us like ethics, human life, privacy, love, religion, honesty...
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...automatic reactions in the body. This notion of involuntary reaction is the main point that differentiates the operant conditioning. It is a learning theory that states that a natural, mostly innate, unconditioned reflex can be added by learning a new conditioned reflex. The assumptions and techniques of classical conditioning can also be used to treat anxiety, compulsive behaviours or anxiety-like symptoms. From the classical conditioning, the concerns triggered behaviours that are instrumental and operant; conditioning to distinguish that affect spontaneous behaviour (Clark & Squire, 2008, pp. 77-81). Phenomena Associated With Classical Conditioning ← Generalization: The conditional response (CR) is not only obtained with a specific stimulus, but with elements that have some resemblance to the conditioned stimulus (CS). The behaviour is adopted or avoided in other circumstances some resemblance reinforced or punished behaviour (Staats & Staats, 2009, p. 37). ← Discrimination: The conditional response (CR) was obtained in a situation with very specific stimuli and is not similar in others. The behaviour is adopted or avoided in specific circumstances and is not in other having some resemblance reinforced or punished...
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...with Amelia and once her mum tried to pin her down and force the medicine into her mouth as she was so desperate for Amelia to get better. Now, Amelia associates the medicine with that experience and screams and shouts when she needs to take it. Her parents are at a loss on what to do. You now need to help the parents to understand what they can do to modify Amelia’s behaviour. How can you get Amelia to take the medicine using Operant Conditioning? You may even want to bring in some Classical Conditioning as well if you think you can? Describe the behaviour Amelia is exhibiting? Amelia is exhibiting this behaviour due to past experiences, in the past she has had a bad experience when taking this medication, therefore her mind associates the medication with something bad. She has been conditioned to link her being pinned down and fed to taking the medication, this is classical conditioning. The stimulus, the medication has been associated with a bad time and therefore will give off a response which is screaming and shouting. Explain what strategies can you use to positively reinforce Amelia’s behaviour? You can use operant conditioning to change her behaviour. She...
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...Psychology Assignment 4 Task 44: Define the principles of Classical conditioning. The study undertaken by Ivan Pavlov is still today the most well known example of classical conditioning. After studying the digestive system of dogs in 1927, Ivan noticed that his dogs would salivate at the sight of the lab assistant bringing them food. Through the process of classical conditioning, soon the sight of the lab assistant alone was enough for the dogs to salivate. Pavlov believed that the dogs had learnt to expect food from the assistant by association; he then investigated his theory further by beginning to experiment with a neutral stimulus, in this case the sound of a bell. Pavlov sounded a bell as food was placed in front of the dogs, it did not take long for the dogs to produce saliva at the mere sound of the bell. The process of Classical Conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning as it is also known as works as follows: Stage 1 – Food in this experiment is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). The UCS equals salivation which is the unconditioned response (UCR). Salivation is an involuntary automatic response to a certain stimulus. This is a reflex controlled by the lower part of the brain; no learning is required to produce this response. At this stage before learning has taken place, the sound of a bell will cause no response or an irrelevant response from the dogs. Stage 2 – Acquisition is the initial stage of learning, after repeatedly pairing food with the sound of...
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...processes; his research is still highly influential today for studies carried out on cognitive development in children. Piaget believed intelligence is the balance which a person achieves between themselves and the environment and that this was achieved by the actions on the world of a young person who is developing. Piaget constructed several concepts to define the stages of child development; he was fascinated by the way that all children seemed to go through the same stages of discovering the world at the same time. Piaget’s research suggested a stage theory on each stage the children had a distinct type of thinking. The first stage of four which Piaget defines is the sensorimotor stage (0-2 years). The baby is able to understand the world by using its senses and motor actions. They are able to pretend to play and use single words towards the end of its sensorimotor stage. An important feature of the sensory motor stage is object permanence and the development of this. Learning that objects do not disappear when they are out of sight. However there are problems with Piaget’s research on this stage of development, this has been discovered by other researchers carrying out studies using heart-rate, rate of sucking and habituation technique. Bower (1982) discovered that a child of three and a half months were more shocked when they did not see the object than when they did see the object when the screen was removed; he discovered this by looking at the heart rate of the child. Another...
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...of psychology, whether a person’s behaviors is part of their genetics or if a person’s behavior is taught, this is known as the nature vs. nurture debate. I believe that a person’s behaviors is integrate into their mind when they were a child by how they were nurtured by their parents. Childhood is a significant time of a person’s life. During this time children absorb in all the information they receive from their surrounding environment which mold the personality/behavior they will have once they grow up. Fairy tales is one of the effective strategies utilize by many adults in order to inform and educate the children, which assist in shaping of the personalities a child may have in the future. With...
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...Section on freud:’examine the contribution made by at least one thinker to the study of religion’. Freud, a psychologist and the father of psychoanalysis saw himself as part of the 19th century scientific, traditional and adopted the materialistic approach to the study of the human mind. His views on religion can only be understood from the point of view of his physiological theories, and in particular the Oedipus complex and the primal crime/horde theory. According to Freud religious belief can be explained by the Oedipus complex this is the theory that the sex drive represent the body’s subconius desire for satisfaction, when the libido for food as a baby is transferred to the child there is jealousy and hatred for the father as the respect an fear that was previously there has gone as there is now a derive to possess the mother. So god is idolised as the father figure which we project on to the world (we fear and reverse him in the Oedipus complex. Therefore the function of religious belief is that it is a neurotic illness shown by symptoms of ritualization cleaning and following strict rules and a dangerous illusion that needs to be over thrown. The primal horde theory suggests that the alpha male is killed by the jealous younger rivals for access to the females of the horde however they are then overcome by guilt that they put a totem pole for the alpha male so that he can be worshiped. Therefore explains, Freud maintained that the worship for god is due to the guilt...
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...At the time of Rome’s ‘banishment’ because of him killing Paris leads him to go to Friar Laurence in order to not only get advice but to calm down however, the friar to do everything in his power and still be unable to ‘reverse a prince’s doom’, Romeo quickly becomes aggravated as to him ‘there is no world without Verona walls’. In the same way as Romeo, Juliet impatiently waiting for Romeo to come at night for him to ‘hood [her] unmanned blood’, then the nurse telling Juliet about Romeo about what he did to her cousin and that resulting in his ‘banishment’; Juliet reacted similarly to Romeo by wishing the Nurses tongue to be ‘blistered’. Another example of childish actions includes when Juliet could not get out of the marriage between her and County Paris and resorted to killing herself in order to “call [her] resolution wise’ meaning that she would rather die than to be unfaithful to Romeo. Adding to that reason, Romeo also contemplates suicide when he can’t be in Verona where ‘heaven is where Juliet lives’. All these unthought-of actions of Romeo and Juliet convey that when things or people don’t go...
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...UNIT 4 Objectives UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR Indian Environment: The Changing Scenario After going through this unit you should be able to understand: • importance of understanding human behaviour. Structure 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 Introduction Models to Understand Human Behaviour Implications for the Organisation Personality Determinants of Personality Type and Trait Approaches to Personality Theories of Personality Importance of Personality Attitudes Attitudes and Organisation Values Socialisation's Influence on Personality, Values and Attitudes Schein Socialisation Model Summary Self-Assessment Questions Further Readings 4.1 INTRODUCTION It is very essential to understand human behaviour in today's world as the existence of the organisation depends op the employees/individuals. Without understanding human behaviour it is very difficult to work in an organisation. In order to understand human behaviour let us see how the perception of human being has changed from time to time. All organisations are composed of individuals, with different personality, attitudes, values, perception, motives, aspirations and abilities. The main reason to understand behaviour is that individuals are different. No two individuals are similar. In the early studies, theories of organisation and management treated people as though they were the same; scientific management was based on the similarities among workers, not the differences...
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...UNIT 4 Objectives UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR Indian Environment: The Changing Scenario After going through this unit you should be able to understand: • importance of understanding human behaviour. Structure 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 Introduction Models to Understand Human Behaviour Implications for the Organisation Personality Determinants of Personality Type and Trait Approaches to Personality Theories of Personality Importance of Personality Attitudes Attitudes and Organisation Values Socialisation's Influence on Personality, Values and Attitudes Schein Socialisation Model Summary Self-Assessment Questions Further Readings 4.1 INTRODUCTION It is very essential to understand human behaviour in today's world as the existence of the organisation depends op the employees/individuals. Without understanding human behaviour it is very difficult to work in an organisation. In order to understand human behaviour let us see how the perception of human being has changed from time to time. All organisations are composed of individuals, with different personality, attitudes, values, perception, motives, aspirations and abilities. The main reason to understand behaviour is that individuals are different. No two individuals are similar. In the early studies, theories of organisation and management treated people as though they were the same; scientific management was based on the similarities among workers, not the differences...
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...3 Consumer and organisational buyer behaviour OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Understand the different motivations of consumer and organisational buyers 2. Formulate strategies for approaching consumer and organisational buyers 3. Recognise the importance of relationship management KEY CONCEPTS • • • • • • • • • • • • ACORN brand personality buy class buy phase buying centre centralised purchasing choice criteria consumer decision-making process creeping commitment decision-making unit (DMU) financial lease interaction approach • • • • • • • • • • • just-in-time (JIT) delivery/purchasing life-cycle costs lockout criteria operating lease organisational buying behaviour reference group relationship management reverse marketing strategic partners total quality management (TQM) value analysis 78 Sales environment 3.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONSUMER AND ORGANISATIONAL BUYING There are a number of important differences in emphasis between consumer and organisational buying that have important implications for the marketing of goods and services in general and the personal selling function in particular. Fewer organisational buyers Generally, a company marketing industrial products will have fewer potential buyers than one marketing in consumer markets. Often 80 per cent of output, in the former case, will be sold to perhaps 10–15 organisations, meaning that the importance of one customer to the business to business marketer is far in excess...
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...and this determines the behaviour of the individual. Every person’s behaviour is a product of their personality and this is what differentiates the individual from others. Many scholars have studied personality on an individual bases and therefore devised theories that has helped us understand different personalities. Personality traits are those patterns of behaviour that people display normally. These traits can be noticed in terms of thoughts, emotions etc; and they are constant in every individual which makes them different from every other person. Research conducted on personality has given birth to numerous theories which try to explain the come about of personality traits. The way we act and carry out our different tasks are determined by characteristics of our personality. The reasons behind our behaviour in different ways can be explained with some theories e.g. the nature personality theory which states that we act the way we do due to characteristics inherited genetically. Also there is the nurture theory that states that we behave the way we do because of the environment we find our self in. i.e. these are traits we adopt from people around us as we grow up. The last but not the least is the humanist theory that says we behave and act the way we do at free will. It is a well known belief in every organisation that an individual’s personality traits affect their job performance and success in their career. There are traits that help an individual achieve high...
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...PSYCHOLOGY AQA A – UNIT 1 Attachment is an emotional bond between two people, it is a 2 way process that endures over time, serving the function of protecting the infant and leading to certain behaviours (seeking proximity, distress on separation, pleasure on reunion and general orientation of behaviour) There is a Primary attachment figure (PAF) EXPLANATIONS OF ATTACHMENT: LEARNING THEORY Learnt rather than inborn Classical: Association Proposes that food (UCS) naturally produces a feeling of pleasure (UCR). The feeder (NS) becomes associated with the food (UCS) when the infant is fed. The mother eventually produces the sense of pleasure associated with the food. Pleasure is now a Conditioned Response which causes attachment Operant: Reinforcement (DOLLARD AND MILLER 1950) When an infant if hungry, they feel uncomfortable and I drive is produced to reduce this discomfort. When the infant in fed, the drive is reduced and this produces a feeling of pleasure. The infant learns that the food is rewarding (Primary Reinforcer) and begins to recognise the person that provided the food (Secondary reinforcer). Attachment occurs because the infants seeks to be around the person that supplied the award. Evaluating learning theory Research by Harlow (1959) suggests attachment may not totally based upon the provision of food. Harlow removed baby rhesus monkeys from their mothers, and placed them into a cage. In the cage there were 2 wire mesh cylinders. One covered in towelling...
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