...History and Development of Hinduism * Hinduism is the oldest and perhaps the most complex of religious systems. It is difficult to provide adequate history of Hinduism because it has no specific founder or theology. * The earliest product of Indian literature, the Rig Veda, contains the songs of the Aryan invaders who were beginning to make a home in India. Thus, Hinduism is commonly regarded as the offspring of an Aryan religion, brought into India by invaders from the north and modified by contact with Dravidian civilization. (Elliot, 1921) * The literature of Vedic Aryans is relatively ancient and full and there is no available information about old Dravidians comparable with it. Yet, some argue that it is more correct to describe Indian religion as Dravidian religion modified by the ideas of the Aryan invaders. * This is accentuated by the fact that major deities of Hinduism (Siva, Krishna, Rama, Durga), and some of its core doctrines, are either totally unknown to the Veda or obscurely indicated in it. * The chief characteristics of mature Indian religion are characteristics of an area, not of a race, and they differ from those of other ancient religions in Persia, Greece, Egypt or other Aryan lands. (Mamandram.Org, 2011) * The word “Hindu” is an incorrect term given to a follower of the Vedas. The true name of the religion is “Sanatana Dharma”, meaning “the eternal religion”. * Ancient Arabians gave rise to the term as they were...
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...Development in Accounting Theory * General Scientific Period (1800-1955) * Normative Period (1957-1970) * Positive Era (1970s) * Behavioral Research (1980s) Evolution of Double-Entry Book Keeping * Early History of Accounting * 4500-3600 BC -Chaldean Babylonion -Assyrian and Sumerian Egyptian -Chinese( Chao Dynasty) -Greek -Roman * 11th to 13th century -Italian Renaissance * Luca Pacioli’s Contribution * Introduction of double-entry book keeping, Dr and Cr were used for entries to secure double entry. * Three book are used: -memorandum -journal -ledger * Development of double entry * 16th Century: a few changes are made in the book-keeping techniques. * 17th Century: separate inventory accountant for different types of goods. * 18th Century: Three methods of treating fixed assets * 19th Century: depreciating property was accounted for unsold merchandise 4 reasons generally advance to explain the role of double-entry in the economic expansion: * Double-entry contributed to a new attitude toward economic life. * The acquisition was aided and propelled by systematic organisation. * It permits a separation of ownership and promotes the growth of the large joint stock company. * The new rationalism was further and enhance by systematic organization. Capitalism and Accounting * the linked between accounting and capitalism become known as the Sambart thesis or argument that the tranformstion...
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... Write 2-3 pages outline the history and development of policing in Jamaica. In partial fulfillments of the requirements of the course CJUS115 Criminal Justice Instructor: Dr. Fay Williams By Sydoney Blackwood I.D # 15130115 Section A Date: 1st October, 2014 In 1671 a letter was written, sent and adhered to. This letter established change for Jamaica; a brighter and emancipated future. “We serve, we protect, we reassure with courtesy, integrity and proper respect for the rights of all,” a mission to uphold in this ‘change’. After Jamaica was captured by the English Colonists in 1655, law enforcement was conveyed. Seemingly during this period, the community recognized the need for an agency to maintain law and order. In 1716, night watchmen were appointed to serve various cities in Jamaica, after which in 1832 the first attempt was made in establishing a permanent police force. The Morant Bay Rebellion called for the strengthening of this force after their services were rendered. An improved force was established, the Jamaica Constabulary Force. This force had major responsibilities and so was a choice for individuals, as it was voluntarily that one may join the force. These responsibilities were and currently are based on the Jamaica panel code. Over a period of time in the Jamaican Constabulary Force, advancements such as ranks, uniforms and proper training were put in place. The first development of the Jamaica Constabulary force...
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...HISTORY OF TRAINING AND ITS DEVELOPMENT It has been a way of life that, the trades of adults have been taught to children to prepare them to face the real world. During the course of time people have changed, become more intricate and along with them, the skills applied and the tools used to do the work have also transformed. In a situation to manage these changes in the production, and substance of operation, job training also evolved In olden times, the kind of work that people did was mainly unskilled or did not require expert knowledge. Older and experienced members of the group would usually pass their knowledge on to the young ones through direct instructions. This would usually take place while the job is going on. This was known as on the job training, it’s economical because there is no need for special tool other than what is normally used for the job. Most learning was done through observation. With the beginning of the Industrial Age, the training of the unskilful underwent a drastic change in which professional education and training developed to replace the out-dated system. The early 20th century witnessed the growth of training and development as a vocation, resulting in the establishment of training centres. Important moments in the 1900’s: • 1906: The National Society of Industrial Education is formed • 1911: Frederick Taylor publishes “The Principles of Scientific Management” • 1913: The first cars roll off the Ford Motor Company assembly line • 1914-1918:...
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...HISTORY OF ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT In the late 1960s organizational development was implemented in organizations via consultants, but was relatively unknown as a theory of practice and had no common definition among its practitioners. Richard Beckhard, an authority on organizational development and change management, defined organizational development as "an effort, planned, organization-wide, and managed from the top, to increase organization effectiveness and health through planned interventions in the organization's processes, using behavioral-science knowledge" (Beckhard 1969). Throughout the 1970s and 1980s organizational development became a more established field with courses and programs being offered in business, education, and administration curricula. In the 1990s and 2000s organizational development continued to grow and evolve and its influences could be seen in theories and strategies such as total quality management (TQM), team building, job enrichment, and reengineering. RATIONALE AND IMPLEMENTATION Organizational development takes into consideration how the organization and its constituents or employees function together. Does the organization meet the needs of its employees? Do the employees work effectively to make the organization a success? How can the symbiotic relationship between employee satisfaction and organizational success be optimized? Organizational development places emphasis on the human factors and data inherent in the organization-employee...
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...The complexity of today’s capitalistic economy did not come around by chance. Since the dawn of man, some form of economics has been in place whether the society acknowledged the system or not. Certain cultural norms and practices can directly influence an economy with out being noticed. Therefore, we will look at evolution of the economy, and how it can influence who we are as individuals. First and foremost, we must know that an economy provides a society with the means to live the lives that we want to live. The economy accounts for all the goods being sold, the regulation of those goods, and the means of how the goods are produced. In other words, the economic system accounts for production and provisioning. We take stuff, make stuff, and get it to each other. However, the economic system does not only deal with the market, it can account for the family as well as tradition. In order to fully understand how an economy works within a society one must recognize the institutions or cultural laws or norms that influence our behavior, whether it is constraining or enabling a behavior. There are four pieces to the institution that create the puzzle called the economy. These pieces are the economic institutions, social institutions, technological institutions, and ideological institutions. The economic institution describes how we acquire the things that we need. The social institution describes the relationships between the people that govern production and distribution. The...
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...History and Development of the Digital Computer Prior to the advent of digital computing, human clerks who calculated in accordance with effective methods we referred to as “computers.” Human computing has evolved greatly since that time; giving the need for computing and the advancement of technology an entirely new growth opportunity. A digital computer is “a device that processes numerical information; more generally, any device that manipulates symbolic information according to specified computational processes” (Digital Computer). Each computer is programmed with a basic set of instructions that are the identifiers of what capability that system has to perform functions. Computers are devices used to carry out a myriad of logical operations, and most often consist of at least one processing element. A computer most often contains a memory bank for information storage. Though the idea of computing has been around for a long while, it wasn’t until the mid-1900’s that “computers” came alive. The dinosaurs of the mid-1900 were mammoth machines housed in large buildings and warehouses and consumed more energy for one operating system than hundreds of today’s mini machine’s do. Today’s computers are miniscule in size in comparison to that of their ancestors and have the capability of far more computing power. As technology has evolved, the computer has taken the shape of laptops, music players, gaming systems and automobiles; each of these tangible items relies on some sort...
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...Australia’s fear for communism was in 2 forms: fear of communism spreading to Australia and fear of its emergence from within Australian society. During the 1950s and 1960s events such as the Korean and Malayan Emergency, the Petrov Affair and the Vietnam War all contributed and spurred on this nation-wide fear. Two theories also developed in this time: the domino theory and the concept of forward defence. After WW2 people doubted that the subsequent peace and security would not last, it was a period of fear and tension. WW2 had justified Australia’s long-standing fear for its vast Asian neighbours, especially Japan. So when the revolutionary communism dominated China in October 1949, propagandas changed their target, portraying communism as a disease; Australia’s original fear of invasion by its Asian neighbours changed to fear of communism. The phrase ‘reds under the beds’ originated in this period, meaning that there were people that saw communists everywhere. Australia under the Menzies government ardently sought to expose communism within Australia. Menzies tried to pass the Communist Party Dissolution Bill in 1950 and was determined even after its rejection to ban the Party. He pushed for a referendum in September 1951 but that was also unsuccessful. There were many alleged communist plots, but in April 1954 came the most notable one of all: the Petrov Affair. The Petrov Affair was basically the exposure of the third secretary of the Soviet Embassy in Canberra...
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...Reflection Paper Your name Institutional Affiliations History has been in existence since the formation of the earth and existence of mankind. The life and form of human beings have evolved over the years. While all human beings have same origin historically, evolution and development of human life and their living conditions led to inequality among different groups of people and different parts of the world. As a result, there are many pieces of literature including books, journals, among others, which explain different historical events (Diamond, 1999). However, some historical books or articles do not address historical issues fully especially historical factors that led to high development in some areas while leaving others highly underdeveloped. However, Guns, germs and steel: The fates of human societies, a book written by Jared diamond is totally different and unique historical book in contrast to other historical books. This is because in his book Gun, germs and steel: The fates of human societies, Jared examined all historical events that happened in the last 13,000 years. However, unlike other historical books, Jared applied different methods and materials including scientific ones so as to ensure that he covers all necessary information and that every reader understands him properly. Another unique feature of this book is that unlike others, which focus on specific place, people or event, this book is focused on...
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...nineteenth century, the German thinker Hegel, in his original Lectures on the Philosophy of History, pronounced that Africa is no verifiable part of the world; it has no development or improvement to show. Over 100 years after the fact, in 1965, then the Oxford University educator Hugh Trevor-Roper reverberated Hegel's notion. He pronounced that maybe, later on, there will be some African history to instruct. However, at present there is none, or next to know: there is just the historical backdrop of the Europeans in Africa. The rest is to a great extent murkiness, and obscurity is not a subject of history. Such assumptions are demonstrative of a bigot perspective and a general doubt of African accomplishments. Other than prejudice, in any case, explanations denying that Africa has a history are established in an essential origination of legitimate verifiable sources. It was trusted that social orders' advancements towards change and advance should have been recorded in composing structure at the general time that they happened. It was this emphasis on composing archives that rendered Africa's past imperceptible to the history specialist specifically and the more extensive open when all is said in done. Most African people groups did not create composing frameworks until the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years. Subsequently, there was a scarcity of composing records that students of history could attract on to study Africa's past. The few composed records originated from outside...
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...language and reason in history. History as the area of knowledge is virtually indivisible from language and reasoning. Language is one of the most potent means of interpreting and reporting historical information that is derived from the sources pertinent to the events and occurrences. The sources themselves, in their turn, are frequently presented by the written documents, recorded anecdotal experiences, and works of art, archeology, anthropology and photography which, yet again, are interpreted through the language in conjunction with the context of a historical event. It appears to be an endless loop, where language is the alpha and omega, the main vehicle of conveying history. However, to arrive to the valid interpretation of a certain historical event or development, historians frequently use reasoning to connect the factual data of the tangible sources since the latter ones often come in the form of fragments, related to a particular aspect of the happening. Ideally, reasoning, applied to the interpretation of historical data, should be impersonal, unaffected by predominant views and opinions and completely untainted by political agenda. Yet, it is hard to imagine that throughout the centuries those who held power would willingly allow the contemporary historians relate to the masses the adequate information on the details of their governing techniques and actions. As Winston Churchill pointed out, “History will be kind to me for...
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...That history contains errors, will not come as news to a person who has reflected on the topic. The very first history, a Greek one, History of Herodotus, written around 450 BC, likely had quite a number of fictional details so as to effect its purpose.1 Those parts of our history which are suspected to be fiction are, at least, through research and comparison, salvageable. What, however, is possibly more disturbing than the realization that, in general and throughout, our history is wrong (a sub-topic which I shall treat to a greater extent further on, herein) is the realization that there are great gaps in it. We have failed to record and gather together the little human events which make up the fabric of history: it is little events, strung together and accumulated over time, which account for our place in history. Though it may have been, in certain of its parts, reconstructed incorrectly and small shards are missing here and there, history, by a well-read and descriptive author, like a Grecian urn, is a spectacle to behold; like man himself -- fascinating, seductive, intriguing, and spectacular. Maybe most are like me, I enjoy observing, at a safe distance, the follies and misfortunes2 of my fellow men. An author of history must adopt a method to gratify the natural curiosity that most of us have about the bloody events of times past. History, like all literature, must be written in a lively and descriptive manner. This is necessary, so to grip and hold the reader, in an...
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...Accounting history is important because it is the most important professions in economic, business and cultural development. It sum of all the events--that have happened in accounting field. This sum guides our actions in the present in accounting profession. Accountants invented writing, involved development of money and banking, innovated the double entry bookkeeping system that fueled the Italian Renaissance, saved many Industrial Revolution inventors and entrepreneurs survive, participated in the development of the capital markets necessary for western capitalism. In the 20th century, accounting had changed into a profession that brought credibility for complex business practices that sparked the economic, and as a platform to the information revolution that is transforming the global economy . Most of us don’t know the names of accounting innovators; in reality, there are no names were known before the Italian Renaissance. The early history and scholars from many fields showed the importance of accounting to so many aspects of economics and culture in the past. Archaeologists discover the interpretations of the artifacts of the ancient accountants, and it is developed over 5,000 years. Accounting was main factor to the success of Italian merchants, necessary to the birth of the Renaissance and Industrial Revolution firms. Nowadays, a global economy integrated information system is a reality, creating new accounting paradigms. Understanding accounting history is needed...
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...academic discipline. For a general history of human beings, see History of the world. For other uses, see History (disambiguation). Page semi-protected Historia by Nikolaos Gysis (1892) Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.[1] —George Santayana History (from Greek ἱστορία - historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation"[2]) is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians. It is a field of research which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of events, and it sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine events.[3][4] Historians debate the nature of history and its usefulness. This includes discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing "perspective" on the problems of the present.[3][5][6][7] The stories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the legends surrounding King Arthur) are usually classified as cultural heritage rather than the "disinterested investigation" needed by the discipline of history.[8][9] Events of the past prior to written record are considered prehistory. Amongst scholars, the 5th-century BC Greek historian Herodotus is considered to be the "father of history", and, along with his contemporary...
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...We don’t learn from History, we repeat it? By dhara on November 17, 2010 in Articles I think its agreeable that if we don’t learn from history we would repeat it again.For example: If a person like Hitler borns back then now we will not ignore his acts may be we will take persistent actions to get rid off from him and his actions. History is proof that has examples of people repeating the mistakes of the past. Many of those mistakes are being repeated in the world today. This “law” is true whether it be on an international level, or a personal one. This is one of the things which is annoyable when said “We must let the kids learn from their own mistakes”. Bull. If you love your children, you will hope to teach them to avoid that which is harmful to them by trying to let them learn from YOUR mistakes. Learning by one’s own mistake can often be too late, and you can be too dead to learn anything from it. Insanity is repeating the same mistakes of the past and expecting a different outcome. But—— What if Orville and Wilbur Wright had paid attention to the history of attempts at flight? Would you be using the Internet if Gordon Moore had spent more time building a computer “the historically correct way” rather than designing the ridiculously tiny processor he developed? How many of you would prefer the good old days of medicine to what we have now? With all of the History majors the colleges crank out you would think that there wouldn’t be any more war, crime, or poverty...
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