...The Evolution of Development Perspectives The Evolution of Development Perspectives The study below is a review of different articles and the evolution of development perspectives. The study reviews the work of different authors and their perceptions about the evolution of development. A brief summary of the developed economic models has also been included, as most journals have mentioned these theories in their reviews. Development has come a long way over the last sixty years as both a scholarly discipline and as an enterprise. It became very significant after the Second World War and was considered the same as industrialization. Its objective was very clear: to raise incomes and offer goods and services to poor people, who couldn’t have access to them before (Rapely, 2007, p. 1). Evolution can be defined as the self-transformation of a system under study (Witt, 2002, p. 9). Six decades ago, depression and political developments had made first world countries rely on Keynesian models in political and economic circles. This further influenced third world countries whose confidence was supported by the emergence of structural economics in a bid to enter the industrial age. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, those involved with development studies tried to answer the question relating to what it means for the economy to be developed...
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...TExES I Texas Examinations of Educator Standards Preparation Manual 133 History 8–12 Copyright © 2006 by the Texas Education Agency (TEA). All rights reserved. The Texas Education Agency logo and TEA are registered trademarks of the Texas Education Agency. Texas Examinations of Educator Standards, TExES, and the TExES logo are trademarks of the Texas Education Agency. This publication has been produced for the Texas Education Agency (TEA) by ETS. ETS is under contract to the Texas Education Agency to administer the Texas Examinations of Educator Standards (TExES) program and the Certification of Educators in Texas (ExCET) program. The TExES program and the Examination for the Certification of Educators in Texas (ExCET) program are administered under the authority of the Texas Education Agency; regulations and standards governing the program are subject to change at the discretion of the Texas Education Agency. The Texas Education Agency and ETS do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, or disability in the administration of the testing program or the provision of related services. PREFACE The State Board for Educator Certification (SBEC) has developed new standards for Texas educators that delineate what the beginning educator should know and be able to do. These standards, which are based on the state-required curriculum for students—the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS)—form the basis for new Texas Examinations...
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...INTRODUCTION "In the Marxian view, human history is like a river. From any given vantage point, a river looks much the same day after day. But actually it is constantly flowing and changing, crumbling its banks, widening and deepening its channel. The water seen one day is never the same as that seen the next. Some of it is constantly being evaporated and drawn up, to return as rain. From year to year these changes may be scarcely perceptible. But one day, when the banks are thoroughly weakened and the rains long and heavy, the river floods, bursts its banks, and may take a new course. This represents the dialectical part of Marx’s famous theory of dialectical (or historical) materialism." Historical materialism is a methodological approach to the study of society, economics, and history first articulated by Karl Marx (1818–1883) as the materialist conception of history. It is a theory of socioeconomic development according to which changes in material conditions (technology and productive capacity) are the primary influence on how society and the economy are organised. Historical materialism looks for the causes of developments and changes in human society in the means by which humans collectively produce the necessities of life. Social classes and the relationship between them, plus the political structures and ways of thinking in society, are founded on and reflect contemporary economic activity. Since Marx's time, the theory has been modified and expanded by thousands...
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...D. Analysis Reda Belmaachi Question: To what extent was economic development from 1815 – 1871 the most influential in causing the unification of Germany in January 1871? D. Analysis The German economy of 1815 was a disaster, lacking industry and urban areas. Throughout this time the states in Germany started industrializing. The state that played a great role in industrialization of German states was Prussia, its economic policy facilitated trade and economic expansion in Germany. Prussia was also in the main control of the Zollverin, who controlled most of German states. The zollverein was a custom union that involved all the Germans state economic involvement. This also caused a growth of German national consciousness, meaning German states could compare their status in the policy compared to other states, and reflect whether they would be stronger economically stronger or alone. Through the era of the 19Th century, German states developed communication and shipping, largely grew in capital and machine industry, and developed industrially. By the end of 1871 all the German states and especially Prussia, would make the greatest industrial nation of Europe if they combined, and all this economic increase also made nationalism increase. Throughout the summary of evidence, we learn that the economy and especially the industry were rapidly increasing from 1815 to 1871. This expansion formed a sort of bond with all the German states. The states knew if they could combine...
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... * Historical Events Economic Development: a Comparison of Rostow and Gerschenkron In: Historical Events Economic Development: a Comparison of Rostow and Gerschenkron “Rostow’s pattern of thought of economic development is often compared and contrasted with that of Alexander Gerschenkron, though the two are more or less compatible and complementary.” Critically discuss this statement. The theory of economic development throughout history has been of significant discussion especially in regard to the works of Rostow and Gerschenkron. The differentiation between the pattern of thoughts and ideals is a hotly debated topic within economics. The ideals the two theorists create, each substantially creditable in their own right, entail degrees of correlation and variation. Leaving the conclusion, do the to patterns of economic thought complement one another or is there distinct disparity between the two. Applied examples will be used below to analyse the extent of segregation or association between the works of Rostow and Gerschenkron. The two theories of work are mainly discussed with Asian development as it is more relevant, timely and there is significantly more information available than previous developed countries such as Great Britain. Walt Whitman Rostow developed one of the major historical models of economic growth in 1960, The Stages of Economic Growth: A non-communist manifesto. This piece portrays the process of economic development in a previously unseen approach...
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...Economic Terms & Healthcare History Economic Terms & Healthcare History This paper will entail the history as well as the development of healthcare economics, and health care funding. The significance and how it affects the world today. I will address how the history and development of health care economics and the timeline of health care funding has changed over the past years in the United States. What is the Meaning of Evolution of Health Care Economics? Development of health care economics, it is a changing system within the United States. It has become multifaceted and in the past two decades, the upheaval in health care in is largely in lieu of rising health care cost. It is a discipline that deals with the conception, distribution, and all intakes of goods and services. Over the past years, it has dealt with pricing of products and the structure of the economy, as the price-cost relationship of a whole medical firm. It relates to an uncaring conversion, when a demand fails to increase or decrease in percentage to a decrease or increase in price. The adjustment involves the total health care market price of all the goods and services created within the form of a country during an identified time ("Gross domestic Product, " 2014). However, the evolution of health care economics deals with a broad and general aspect of an economy income and investments of the United States as a whole. The history and development of health care economics have...
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...A Short History and Summary of the Current Conditions in Chile and Its Geographical Situation Stephanie McFearin HUMN 305-Q3WW A Short History and Summary of the Current Conditions in Chile and Its Geographical Situation Geography and Background Chile is a country situated on the west coast of South America. It is also known as The Republic of Chile. The size of Chile is 289,112 square miles with a width of less than 100 miles. It is basically a little larger than Texas. Chile is divided into three main parts, mainland and two territorial islands named Isla Sala y Gomez and Easter. Chile has an interesting history and it has seen many ups and downs in its economic development (Hudson, 1994). A description of the history of the 20th century of Chile and its current economic and political situation is presented below. The history of the 20th century of Chile is mainly focused on its entrance to the parliamentary system and thus it saw the changes in its political situation. In the beginning of the 20th century, Chile was stable despite of having lesser power in the hands of presidents. During this time, congress selected the president for the country. The presidents of this century mainly includes: Germán Riesco Errazuriz, Pedro Montt, Ramón Barros Luco, and Juan Luis Sanfuentes. During the 1920’s, there was an increasing gap between the middle class and lower class of society (Bizzarro, 1987). Due to this gap, the masses were dissatisfied and they called a new leader...
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...Austrians celebrated by many people around the world. However, culture has also been influenced by many countries like Italy and Poland and it was in the most popular form (Austria CultureGrams Culture). There are many similar aspects to culture in Argentina. For example, music is really big in Argentina like the tango. The tango originated in Argentina which has been very popular over the years. Some musical instruments like the guitar, the violin, and the bandoneón are very popular. The tango was something very sacred to the Argentine culture and through the years it spread to other countries. In Argentina, the sense of folk culture still exists through Argentines celebrating religious holidays more than national holiday. However, due to economic and political change in these two countries it is hard for people to stick with their culture because these changes are not in their favor....
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...Free Download A History Of Zimbabwe Book A History Of Zimbabwe is writen by Alois S. Mlambo in English language. Release on 2014-04-07, this book has 304 page count that consist of valuable information with lovely reading experience. The book was publish by Cambridge University Press, it is one of best history book genre that gave you everything love about reading. You can find A History Of Zimbabwe book with ISBN 9781107021709. The first single-volume history of Zimbabwe with detailed coverage from pre-colonial times to the present, this book examines Zimbabwe's pre-colonial, colonial and postcolonial social, economic and political history and relates historical factors and trends to recent developments in the country. Zimbabwe is a country with a rich history, dating from the early San hunter-gatherer societies. The arrival of British imperial rule in 1890 impacted the country tremendously, as the European rulers exploited Zimbabwe's resources, giving rise to a movement of African nationalism and demands for independence. This culminated in the armed conflict of the 1960s and 1970s and independence in 1980. The 1990s were marked by economic decline and the rise of opposition politics. In 1999, Mugabe embarked on a violent land reform program that plunged the nation's economy into a downward spiral, with political violence and human rights violations making Zimbabwe an international pariah state. This book will be useful to those studying Zimbabwean history and those unfamiliar...
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...AS LEVEL Specification HISTORY A H105 For first assessment in 2016 ocr.org.uk/alevelhistorya We will inform centres about any changes to the specification. We will also publish changes on our website. The latest version of our specification will always be the one on our website (ocr.org.uk) and this may differ from printed versions. Copyright © 2014 OCR. All rights reserved. Copyright OCR retains the copyright on all its publications, including the specifications. However, registered centres for OCR are permitted to copy material from this specification booklet for their own internal use. Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations is a Company Limited by Guarantee. Registered in England. Registered company number 3484466. Registered office: Hills Road 1 Cambridge CB1 2EU. OCR is an exempt charity. Contents Introducing… AS Level History A (from September 2015) Teaching and learning resources iv Why choose an OCR AS Level in History A? 1 1a. Why choose an OCR qualification? 1 1b. Why choose an OCR AS Level in History A? 2 1c. What are the key features of this specification? 3 1d. 2 iii Professional Development 1 ii How do I find out more information? 3 4 2a. Overview of AS Level in History A (H105) 4 2b. Content of AS Level in History A (H105) 5 2c. Content of unit group 1: British period study and enquiry (Units Y131 to Y143) 8 2c. ...
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...COHORT GLOBAL ECONOMICS FOR MANAGERS Wade C. Roberts, Ph.D. Peng Chapter 2 Understanding Formal Institutions: Politics, Laws, and Economics Wade C. Roberts, Ph.D. Education: Economics Doctorate, University of Utah Expert Fields: Development, Labor, Public, Health, Gender, Forensic Economics Current Research: Microfinance, Poverty & Socioeconomics in Cambodia “The Success and failure of firms around the globe are determined by firms’ ability to understand and take advantage of the different rules of the game”. Understanding Institutions… • What is an institution? • “The humanly devised constraints that structure human interaction” • Douglass North (Nobel Laureate) Understanding Institutions… • Institutional Framework • Formal and informal institutions governing individual/firm behavior. • Supported by three pillars: • Regulatory • Normative • Cognitive Understanding Institutions… • Regulatory Pillar (formal) • Coercive power of governments • Laws, regulations, rules • Normative Pillar (informal) • The values, beliefs and actions of a group (emotions) • Cognitive Pillar (informal) • Internalized values and beliefs that guide behavior • Culture & Ethics (logic) • How do these pillars shape behavior? Understanding Institutions… • What is the KEY ROLE of an institution? • Reduce Uncertainty! • Institutions constrain the range of acceptable actions. • Uncertainty surrounding economic transactions can...
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...Introduction Understanding of the economic growth process and it connection to institutions is highly important for explaining why certain countries are less developed than the other ones. Economic growth is defined as “An increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to another. Economic growth can be measured in nominal terms, which include inflation, or in real terms, which are adjusted for inflation. For comparing one country's economic growth to another, GDP or GNP per capita should be used as these take into account population differences between countries. (http://www.investopedia.com/). The role of institutions in economic growth was first proposed in writings of Adam Smith in 1776. Later in 1993 Douglass North received a Nobel Prize for his work on connection between institutions and economic growth. By studying history, analyzing data and statistics we can see that high quality institution have positive effect on economic growth and therefore on income in a long and short runs. In order to prove it we are going to find out what economic institutions are, why they are matte, what are the reasons behind different institutions in different countries and finally support it with historical facts. 1 Links between economic growth and economic institution What are institutions? The term “Economic institutions” can be defined in mach different way and have multiple meanings. On the one hand North (1990, p...
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...Unit-I Economic Geography Economics: Economics is the social science which studies optimum utilization of scarce resources. It basically studies economic activities, markets, allocation, money, capital, competition, resources, development, growth, welfare, well-being, poverty, deliberate, purposeful, rational, optimal, efficient, and many more. We can also define the economics as "Economics is the study of purposeful human activities in pursuit of satisfying individual or collective wants" "Economics is the study of principles governing the allocation of scarce means among competing ends" Geography: When we think of Geography, we often use the following words or concepts: location, site, place, access, spatial, regional, distance, separation, proximity, speed, mobility, transportation, resources, communication, agglomeration etc. Economic Geography: What are the major factors that explain the recent growth of the Chinese economy and the relative decline of the United States economy? What explains persistent poverty in pockets of global cities such as New York, London and Tokyo, and what prompted the emergence of vast urban slums in Calcutta? What are the impacts of globalization on people’s jobs and livelihoods in different parts of the world? Explaining the causes and consequences of uneven development within and between regions is a central concern for economic geographers. The discipline’s goal has long been to offer multi-faceted explanations for economic processes...
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...CATANDUANES STATE COLLEGES COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Virac, Catanduanes INTERNATIONAL BANKING: HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS OF THE BASIC PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENTS OF THE MONETARY AND CREDIT SYSTEMS DURING THE 19th AND 20th CENTURIES A requirement in English 2 ( Writing in Discipline ) Second Semester SY : 2012 – 2013 TF 7:00 – 8:30 am PRINCE JOHN A. ARCILLA AB – Economics 1 DR. YOLANDA T. TARIMAN PROFESSOR - ENGLISH II FEBRUARY 8, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE PRELIMINARY PAGE Title Page Table of Contents Outline CHAPTERS 1 Introduction Overview of the Topic 2 Discussion 3 Conclusion BIBLIOGPAPHY CURRICULUM VITAE ii INTERNATIONAL BANKING: HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS OF THE BASIC PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENTS OF THE MONETARY AND CREDIT SYSTEMS DURING THE 19th AND 20th CENTURIES Thesis Statement: Our historical synthesis focuses on the economic and political aspects of banking, with questions of industrial management and the credit economy taking second place. OUTLINE I CURRENCY AND MONETARY HISTORY IN THE 19th CENTURY 1 From Silver and Bimetal Currency to Gold Standard 2 The Development of the Bank Note into a Legal Tender A Bank Notes and Issuing Banks in England until Mid-19th Century B Peel’s Bank Charter Act C The Banque de France in the 19th Century D Overcoming the Federal System of German Issuing Banks E The United States’ Arduous Journey Towards the Federal System II BANKS AND BANKING...
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...“Rostow’s pattern of thought of economic development is often compared and contrasted with that of Alexander Gerschenkron, though the two are more or less compatible and complementary.” Critically discuss this statement. The theory of economic development throughout history has been of significant discussion especially in regard to the works of Rostow and Gerschenkron. The differentiation between the pattern of thoughts and ideals is a hotly debated topic within economics. The ideals the two theorists create, each substantially creditable in their own right, entail degrees of correlation and variation. Leaving the conclusion, do the to patterns of economic thought complement one another or is there distinct disparity between the two. Applied examples will be used below to analyse the extent of segregation or association between the works of Rostow and Gerschenkron. The two theories of work are mainly discussed with Asian development as it is more relevant, timely and there is significantly more information available than previous developed countries such as Great Britain. Walt Whitman Rostow developed one of the major historical models of economic growth in 1960, The Stages of Economic Growth: A non-communist manifesto. This piece portrays the process of economic development in a previously unseen approach, evidently forging it as a milestone in economic literature. Rostow's Stages of Growth model, The five stages are (1) the traditional society, (2) the preconditions...
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