...English Middle English Modern English Sociolinguists study the origins or the causes of language changes and explain how society and changes in speech communities influence language and generate sociolects . Eg. Spanish spoken by an upper class man/woman in Madrid and Spanish spoken by a working class man/woman in Andalucía. Language change is the phenomenon whereby phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features of language vary over time Language Change Causes * Economy The principle of least effort is one of the basic and most used explanations for many language changes . Eg. She + is = she's; we + have + been = we've been; clothes /kloʊðɪz/ - /kloʊz/; fifth /fifθs/ /fifs/. * Analogy A linguistic process that reduces words which are perceived as irregular by making them similar to other regular forms . Eg. Semantic historically “livid” meant “pale”, its similar sound with “vivid” has led to analogical semantic change. Morphological the verb “thrive” (thrive-throve-thriven) is on its way to becoming a regular verbs (thrive-thrived-thrived). Language contact Languages come into contact with each other. The most common way that languages influence each other is the exchange of words especially if there is lexical a gap in the language . Eg. “shushi” from Japanese. Or if the donant language is thought to sound more prestigious [3]. Eg....
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...COURSE SCHEDULE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE LIN 100/ANT 100-003 COURSE SCHEDULE – SPRING 2014 PROFESSOR SHARON AVNI Date/ lesson | Topic | Read/Watch | Assignment(s) due | 1 1/28 | Introduction Course overview | * Intro: * What is language What do we want to know about language? | | 2 1/31 | What is language? What do we know about language and society? | * Yule, Chapter 1 * Language truths http://rosinalippi.com/portfolio/docs/EWA-Intro.pdf | Study questions – Yule, Chapter 1 | 3 2/4 | Animal communication and human language | * Yule, Chapter 2 | Yule chapter 2 study questions | 4 2/7 | Human language | * Corballis, “From Hand to Mouth” (located in course materials) | Class discussion questions | 4 2/11 | Phonetics Phonology | * Language and Linguistics (located in course material) * Yule, Chapter 3 | Yule study questions -- Chapter 3 | 5 2/14 | Phonetics Phonology | * Yule, Chapter 4 * Esling, “Everyone has an accent but me” http://lrc.ohio.edu/lrcmedia/Streaming/lingCALL/ling270/myth20.pdf | Study questions – Yule, Chapter 4 | 6 2/18 | Morphology Grammar | * Yule, Chapter 6 & 7 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_y8aLt4kLcI | Yule Chapter 6 & 7 | 7 2/21 | Word formation | * Yule, Chapter 5 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ca0xFvMfcqo&feature=related | Classroom questions | 8 2/25 | Semantics | * Yule, Chapter 9 * Hooten, “Fighting...
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...Language contact situation directly give the way to linguistic changes. Millet, believed that grammatical loans can only occur when the source and receiving systems are very similar (1921:87), and according to Jakobson ‘a language accepts foreign structural elements only when they correspond to its own tendencies of development’ (1962 [1938]:241). These beliefs probably arose ultimately from a conviction that the Comparative Method would be threatened by the existence of extensive structural diffusion. Schuchardt, a major critic of what he saw as the ‘Neogrammarians’ intellectual rigidity in ignoring foreign interference, was the founder of pidgin/creole studies, because mixed languages like pidgins and creoles challenge...
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...Language Learner .......................................................... 7 Section One: How Does First Language Develop? .................................................... 7 Section Two: How Does Second Language Develop? ............................................... 9 Foundational Theories ............................................................................................ 9 Creative Construction ......................................................................................... 9 Error Analysis ................................................................................................... 10 Interlanguage..................................................................................................... 11 Linguistic...
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...Teaching and Teacher Education 36 (2013) 77e91 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Teaching and Teacher Education journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tate Grammar matters: How teachers’ grammatical knowledge impacts on the teaching of writing Debra Myhill a, b, *, Susan Jones a, Annabel Watson a a b University of Exeter, UK University of Wollongong, Australia h i g h l i g h t s Teachers’ grammatical knowledge influences what students learn about writing. Limitations in teachers’ grammatical content knowledge can generate student misconceptions. Teachers’ ‘applied’ knowledge is more significant than declarative knowledge. a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Received 27 June 2012 Received in revised form 17 July 2013 Accepted 19 July 2013 Teaching grammar has been mandated in statutory curriculum documents in England since 1988. Yet despite this, research evidence continues to suggest that metalinguistic knowledge is an area of challenge for many teachers. Drawing on data from a larger study, this paper considers the role of teachers’ grammatical knowledge, both content and pedagogical content knowledge, in mediating learning about writing in the classroom. It also illustrates how students’ learning about writing is influenced by teachers’ metalinguistic knowledge. The study highlights that grammatical pedagogical content knowledge is more significant than grammatical content knowledge in supporting meaningful...
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...identity in language and sexuality research M A R Y B U C H O L T Z Department of Linguistics 3607 South Hall University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3100 bucholtz@linguistics.ucsb.edu K I R A H A L L Department of Linguistics Campus Box 295 University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, CO 80309-0295 kira.hall@colorado.edu A B S T R A C T The field of language and sexuality has gained importance within socioculturally oriented linguistic scholarship. Much current work in this area emphasizes identity as one key aspect of sexuality. However, recent critiques of identity-based research advocate instead a desire-centered view of sexuality. Such an approach artificially restricts the scope of the field by overlooking the close relationship between identity and desire. This connection emerges clearly in queer linguistics, an approach to language and sexuality that incorporates insights from feminist, queer, and sociolinguistic theories to analyze sexuality as a broad sociocultural phenomenon. These intellectual approaches have shown that research on identity, sexual or otherwise, is most productive when the concept is understood as the outcome of intersubjectively negotiated practices and ideologies. To this end, an analytic framework for the semiotic study of social intersubjectivity is presented. (Sexuality, feminism, identity, desire, queer linguistics.)* I N T R O D U C T I O N Within the past decade the field of language and sexuality...
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...be conducive to language teaching or do harm to it. The relationship between oral English testing and teaching is also the same case. The aim of oral English teaching is to enable the students to obtain the flexible communicative abilities and to deal with all kinds of circumstances involved in using oral English. Oral English testing is a scientific measuring tool. On one hand, it can give the students an objective, accurate and justice judgment of their oral English abilities and on the other hand it can check the effect of oral English teaching and provide the teachers with feedback information, acting as a commanding baton for language teaching. 1. An Overview of Washback Effect As we all know, language testing influences teaching and learning, this is the very phenomenon what we call “washback” in applied linguistics. 1.1 What is Washback Effect Different scholars hold various opinions on this...
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...cognition, and research on spatial perception, orientation, referencing, and reasoning addresses core questions in most of the disciplines that make up the cognitive sciences. Consequently, space represents one of those domains for which various disciplinary interests overlap to a substantial extent. For instance, the question of whether and how spatial cognition and language interact has been one of the core questions since early on (e.g., Clark, 1973; Miller & Johnson-Laird, 1976), and yet, consensus between psychologists and linguists is difficult to achieve (e.g., Li & Gleitman, 2002, vs. Levinson et al., 2002). Perhaps most controversial in this dispute is the extent to which spatial cognition is culturally variable (for linguistic variability, see also Evans & Levinson, 2009, and comments there-in). Expanding the space of cognitive science research to ‘nonstandard’ cultures (Henrich et al., 2010; Medin et al., 2010) is thus crucial for the advancement of cognitive science. For this very reason, cross-disciplinary...
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...Hammouda Salhi University of Carthage, Tunisia hammouda_s@hotmail.com Abstract: This article investigates a topic at the interface between translation studies, lexical semantics and corpus linguistics. Its general aim is to show how translation studies could profit from the work done in both lexical semantics and corpus linguistics in an attempt to help ‘endear’ linguists to translators (Malmkjær, 1998). The specific objective is to capture the semantic and pragmatic behavior of the noun ‘destruction’ from its different translations into Arabic. The data are taken from an English-Arabic parallel corpus collected from UN texts and their translations (hereafter EAPCOUNT). While it seems that ‘destruction’ is monosemous, it turns out, after exploring its occurrences, to be highly polysemous and shows a case of complementary polysemy, where a number of alternations can be captured. These findings are broadly in line with the results reached in recent developments in lexical semantics, and more particularly the Generative Lexicon (GL) theory developed by James Pustejovsky. Some concrete suggestions are made at the end on how to enhance the relation between linguists and translators and their mutual cooperation. Key words: Lexical semantics, corpus linguistics, translation studies, complementary polysemy, coercion, parallel corpora, lexical ambiguities Résumé: Le présent article aborde un sujet à la croisée des études de traduction, de la sémantique...
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...Writing a Critical Review Education Development Unit, University of New South Wales What criteria can be used for evaluating an article? The following criteria are useful: • the timeliness of the article • the degree to which the article makes an original contribution • the logic of the view put forward • the validity of the evidence put forward • the theoretical framework used Is the framework valid? Has the framework been applied appropriately? • the methodology used Is the methodology appropriate? Is the methodological approach explained clearly? Does the methodological approach have any weaknesses? Is the study sufficiently comprehensive and thorough? Is anything important omitted in the research? • the findings Are the findings presented and described clearly and fully? Do the findings seem sound? Could the data be interpreted in another way? Do/does the author(s) account for everything in the data or do they ignore something that might be important? • the validity of the conclusions • the thoroughness with which the article treats the topic • its value compared to that of other articles on the topic • the appropriateness of the article for the intended audience • the extent to which it might satisfy the specific needs of a specific user. Centre for Academic and Professional Literacies, Institute of Education, University of London http://caplitswritingcentre.ioe.ac.uk/criticalreviews.html Evaluation ...
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...Foreign Language Annals Á vol. 43, No. 1 27 Language-Learning Motivation During Short-Term Study Abroad: An Activity Theory Perspective Heather Willis Allen University of Miami Abstract: This study investigated the development of language-learning motivation during short-term study abroad (SA) for six intermediate-level students of French. Taking an activity theory perspective, findings demonstrated that one of two orientations motivated participants to study or continue studying French at the college level: linguistic motives or career-oriented motives. The choice to study abroad was seen as either a critical step to achieving fluency or a means of travel and cultural learning. Enhanced language-learning motivation emerged to varying degrees for participants with linguistically oriented motives for learning French who viewed SA as a languagelearning experience but not for participants with primarily pragmatic reasons for learning French and participating in SA. Implications of the study include the need for curricular intervention in student learning abroad. Key words: French, activity theory, learning motivation, second language learning, self-regulation, study abroad Introduction From the 1960s through the mid-1990s, research on study abroad (SA) largely supported the notion that it is an ideal means of learning a foreign language. Moreover, foreign language professionals often impart this view to students, typically based on their own successful if not life-transforming...
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...e-learning creating an innovative teaching-learning methodology. A new innovation that increases the effectiveness of the teaching situation and offers new opportunities of interactive learning situation. Blended Learning and CALL Historical background The use of computer in language learning has started actually in the sixties of the twentieth century. With the advent of the eighties of the century, CALL have been gained considerable space in language learning systems especially, in the advanced countries, in association with great developments in language learning programs. Computer-assisted language teaching and learning development can be categorized into three stages associated with changes and developments in the linguistic and psycho-linguistic fields. The first was started in the sixties. It was established on the principles of the behaviorist theory, which considers the computer as an optimal tool for learning; that it allows repetition, which enables learning. Therefore, the implementation in this period was restricted into extensive drills, teaching grammar and conducting translation tests. The second stage was started in the 1970’s and 1980’s with the appearance of the cognitive theory. The proponents of this theory rejected the behaviorist principles theoretically and pedagogically. Their rejection in turn extended to CALL applications and they introduced new sights in the domain. They suggest that concentration has to be on...
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...misused) methodology, while at the same time providing badly needed guidelines for a methodology that lacks them. A corpus of ‘birthmother letters’ is used to illustrate the approach. Biber et al. (2007) explore how discourse structure and organization can be investigated using corpus analysis; they offer a structured, seven-step corpusbased approach to discourse analysis that results in generalizable descriptions of discourse structure. This article draws on the themes in this book, but focuses in particular on analyses that use theories on communicative or functional purposes of text as the starting point for understanding why texts in a corpus are structured the way they are, before moving to a closer examination and description of the linguistic characteristics and overall organizational tendencies reflective of the corpus. Biber et al. (2007) refer to this as a ‘top-down approach’ to the analysis of discourse structure. (In a bottom-up approach, the lexical and/ or form-focused corpus analysis comes first, and the discourse unit types emerge from the corpus patterns. See Biber et al., 2007, for discussion.) The primary...
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...Cambridge University Press 0521534968 - Study Writing: A Course in Writing Skills for Academic Purposes, Second Edition Liz Hamp-Lyons and Ben Heasley Excerpt More information UNIT The academic writing process This unit aims to improve writing skills by: 1 e introducing the idea that writing is a set of processes r showing how to distinguish between academic and personal styles of writing t looking at the grammar of academic discourse u practising visualising text as a pre-writing step. Introduction You will already be capable of writing in English and so this course is intended to extend that skill to include the different types of written English essential for studying. In this unit, we will show you examples of both personal and formal writing and help you distinguish between them. A number of texts will be used as examples of the writing process, and you will be asked to identify the elements of grammar that indicate formal writing. In later units, we will study the processes of writing in more detail. All the later units will include opportunities to learn and practise at least one of the key grammatical elements identified here. Thinking about writing processes People set about the writing process in many different ways. They require all kinds of different situations in which to feel ‘comfortable’ when writing. Use the following short questionnaire to help you think about your own writing processes. • When you write an important text, do you make more...
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...METHODS OF TEACHING LINGUISTICALLY DIVERSE STUDENTS LEDU 341/ SEED 541 SPRING 2015 ------------------------------------------------- PROFESSOR/CLASS INFORMATION Jenna Canillas Stein M.A. Course: LEDU 341/ SEED 541 Methods for Teaching Culturally & Linguistically Diverse Students Term: Spring 2015 Credit Hours/Units: 3 hours Class Time: Location: Section 01 – Thur. 4:30 -7:15 PM (Multiple Subject) ROOD 57 Section 02 – Thur. 7:20 - 9:50 PM (Single Subject) ROOD 57 E-Mail: Jennifer.stein@biola.edu Office Hours: T-12:45-4:15 PM; Office Location: SOE #20 W- 2:30-4 PM; TH 1-4 PM Meetings with Professor: Email or via SOE (Flora) Office Phone: x5651 School Website: www.biola.edu Dept. Website: http://education.biola.edu ------------------------------------------------- BIOLA UNIVERSITY MISSION STATEMENT TRUTH~TRANSFORMATION~TESTIMONY PATTERNS OF THOUGHT, HEART, AND ACTION The mission of Biola University is biblically centered education, scholarship, and service; equipping men and women in mind and character to impact the world for the Lord Jesus Christ. ------------------------------------------------- SCHOOL OF EDUCATION MISSION/VISION STATEMENT The mission of the School of Education is to equip Christian educators to impact, public, private, mission and homeschools through biblically centered education, scholarship, and service. The vision of the School of Education is to equip a generation...
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