...solidarity, social class, topic, affection, and persuasion in motivating switching codes. I will use different approaches and case-studies conducted by researchers from inside and outside Lebanon to back up my discussion. Why do People Code-switch 3 Why do People Code-switch: A Sociolinguistic Approach 1. Introduction: A person is said to be multilingual if he or she is competent in more than one language. Multilingualism is usually the result of many factors, such as colonisation, intercultural marriage, cultural interaction, education, and many other reasons. The applied linguist Del Hymes defines communicative linguistic competence as, '[a person] acquires competence as to when to speak, when not, and as to what to talk about with whom, when, where, in what manner' (Hymes, 1979). In this way, a person who is capable of using appropriately two languages or more is said to be multilingual. Usually, bilinguals and multilinguals tend to switch languages within the same utterance. This phenomenon is referred to as code-switching. Eyamba Bokamba, a professor of Second Language Acquisition at the University of Illinois defines code-switching as, ' [...] the mixing of words, phrases and sentences from two distinct grammatical (sub) systems across sentence boundaries within the same speech event' (Bokamba, 1989)....
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...Language Situation in Bangladesh Abstract This paper charts the state of language situation that exists in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has been known as a monolingual country since its independence in 1971, Bangla (or Bengali) being its only national and official language. Therefore multilingualism has not been a political issue in Bangladesh, though a situation beyond the monolingualism can be observed in the language situation of Bangladesh, if the three different scenes— a) distribution of regional varieties of Bangla, b) distribution of indigenous languages and c) trend of foreign language use in different social settings— are taken into consideration. Keywords Bangladesh, Language situation, Regional varieties of Bangla, Minority languages, Foreign language use Introduction The aim of this paper is to chart the present state of language situation beyond monolingualism that exists in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has been known as a monolingual country with the population of 150 million (approximately), Bangla (or Bengali) being its only national and official language since its independence in 1971. However, before the independence, the region now known as Bangladesh had been existed as a multilingual country for centuries throughout its social and political development. In the early period of history, there were various aboriginal speech communities including mainly the speakers of Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages distributed throughout the different regions...
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... body language and hand gestures. When using this form of communication you can have a positive or a negative effects for the sender and the receiver while communicating. It can also be either very effective or very ineffective for the sender and the receiver. Demonstrative communication is nonverbal it still involves responding and paying attention. Nonverbal communication and have positive and negative effects for the sender and the receiver. It can act as a side kick for your verbal communication. Let’s say you are having a large group of employees that you are trying to go over some issues that the company is having. You are trying to trouble shoot and come up with some possible solutions to these problems working in a team situation. You are using your verbal communication to point out these issues and let your team know the issues you are trying to fix. Using your demonstrative communication with your tone of voice you are giving your team positive encouragement to get them all involved. You are wanting them to participate to their fullest extent. When you are using your eye contact and hand gestures you are letting your fellow teammates how urgent the meeting is and what kind of feedback you are looking for. This will also let the receiver know how they are supposed to participate and what is expected of them. Also if you are with your employee that is not preforming to their fullest extent and there job is in jeopardy using your body language and eye contact will let...
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...American Sign Language, or ASL has long been associated with the deaf community, and for good reason, as it was created for those who are deaf, hard of hearing and hearing impaired. After officially being recognized as a language in 1817, it has been the standard used in most of the United States of America, as well as most of Canada. In recent years, however it has been used to teach infants how to speak, and as a tool for nonverbal autistic people to communicate. There are major differences between the ways ASL is used in these situations. Because it is now being used differently, like any language it is evolving to fit the needs and culture of different people groups. Nonverbal people and deaf people experience different challenges in their day to day life they use Sign Language Differently Because most nonverbal people can hear, the function of ASL in their daily life is much different than that of a deaf person. The three most important differences between sign languages in the deaf community and the nonverbal community are the...
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...Andrea Beachum Effective Listening Strategies Paper BSHS 385 October 12, 2015 Audra Stinson Effective Listening Strategies Paper The understanding of what effective listening is and what it means is a vital part of the role of human service provider. Effective listening means more than just hearing what your client is saying to you when they are in a session. Effective listening means that you as the provider are able to understand their body language and other nonverbal cues. By using effective learning skills the human service provider can help the client by providing the right tools and resources to help them gain control over their situation and to help them find a way to a solution. What is effective listening? Effective listening is defined as the ability to actively understand and listen to what the client is saying and to show interest into what is being discussed. Effective listening also means that you are providing the client/individual with reflective feedback that demonstrates that you not only heard what they were saying but that you understand as well. (Effective Listening Skills, 2004-2015) Ways to demonstrate attentive/effective listening skills There are many different ways to show your client and others around you that you are actively listening to what they are saying. Some of these skills come naturally while others tend to need some practice. Listed below are some of the skills that are important when communicating...
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...show that I was able to be confident. Non-verbal communication skills I used such as body language includes my posture and facial expressions, I maintained eye contact to remain confident and sat upright to also look confident. I was said to have calm body language which meant that I remained professional throughout the interview. Language Language that I used had to be formal but also understandable by the interviewers meaning that I had to not use any slang that could be seen as unprofessional. I had to make sure that the language skills I was using got what I wanted to say across while still being understood. I made sure that when I was communicating I was using language that could be understood by everyone within the room. If I was using slang then a barrier would’ve formed because I would’ve been misunderstood and therefore had to repeat myself looking less formal and confident meaning that the two interviewers could’ve marked me down for my general interview. Appropriate environment The environment that we were situated in was a small interview room, it remained quiet throughout meaning that there weren’t any distractions to stop one another hearing each other. This avoided barriers such as background noise that would interrupt the interview; the lighting within the room was good so that we could see each other’s facial expressions which helped to assess the other’s body language. The temperature and proximity within the room was also just...
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...Kalajdzic Bojan 212200694 kala6467@uni-landau.de The book I am about to review is written by Peter Trudgill and is called „Sociolinguistics - An Introduction to language and society (4th Edition)“. Product Details * Paperback: 240 pages * Publisher: Penguin Books; Fourth Edition edition (August 1, 2001) * Language: English * ISBN-10: 0140289216 About the Author Peter Trudgill is professor of English linguistics at Fribourg, Switzerland. An author of many books and articles on sociolinguistics and dialectology, he has carried out linguistic fieldwork in most countries. Book description This is a classic book on a fascinating subject. Peter Trudgill examines the close link between language and society and the many factors that influence the way we speak. These range from gender, environment, age, race, class, region and politics. Trudgill's book surveys languages and societies from all over the world drawing on examples from Afrikaans to Yiddish. He has added a fascinating chapter on the development of a language as a result of a non-native speaker's use of it. Compelling and authoritative, this new edition of a bestselling book is set to redraw the boundaries of the study of sociolinguistics. Introduction The way we talk is deeply influenced by our class, sex and ethnic background. It can also have a profound effect on how we are perceived by others. In this fully updated edition of a classic text, Peter Trudgill explores the evidence –...
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...receiver of the message sent.” One type of communication is verbal and written. Another type of communication uses nonverbal and unwritten language is called demonstrative communication. Demonstrative communication focuses on nonverbal and unwritten communication. Typically, people focus on verbal communication but as people are speaking they are including demonstrative communication whether people know it or not, which can be effective and ineffective for the sender and receiver, and involves listening and responding. Some examples of demonstrative communication are facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice. Demonstrative communication is used to enhance our verbal communication or to convey a message alone, which can be just as powerful as verbal communication. In a sense, demonstrative communication is action that speaks louder than words. For example, in a job interview, one of the first impressions an interviewer will receive about an individual is based on the appearance of the individual. It conveys the level of professionalism that the individual may have. If the individual proceeds to introduce themself and shake the interviewer’s hand with a smile, this could show the interviewer that the individual is self-confident and has a friendly demeanor. Throughout the interview the amount of eye contact and the type of body language used could tell the interviewer that he or she is a good listener, show how interested he or she is, demonstrates positive energy, and...
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...undercover by the Health authority to report on effective communication and interpersonal interaction. |Type: Effective |Log 1: | | |I entered the doctor’s room and sat down on a chair; he looked up to greet me whilst asking me how I was| | |doing. I replied by telling him how I was feeling, I told him about the pain in my head, and how it was | | |effecting my sleep and my daily routine. Whilst I was telling the doctor my problem he was looking | | |straight at me making eye contact, he would nod his head at times to show his understanding. After I’d | | |finished he asked me a few questions whilst listening to me answers the doctor was taking notes and | | |typing on his computer. He turned to face me and prescribed me some tablets and told me make another | | |appointment in a week if I didn’t feel any better. | |Interaction: |...
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...Sociolinguistics is the study of how language serves and is shaped by the social nature of human beings. In its broadest conception, sociolinguistics analyzes the many and diverse ways in which language and society entwine. This vast field of inquiry requires and combines insights from a number of disciplines, including linguistics, sociology, psychology and anthropology. Sociolinguistics examines the interplay of language and society, with language as the starting point. Variation is the key concept, applied to language itself and to its use. The basic premise of sociolinguistics is that language is variable and changing. As a result, language is not homogeneous — not for the individual user and not within or among groups of speakers who use the same language. By studying written records, sociolinguists also examine how language and society have interacted in the past. For example, they have tabulated the frequency of the singular pronoun thou and its replacement you in dated hand-written or printed documents and correlated changes in frequency with changes in class structure in 16th and 17th century England. This is historical sociolinguistics: the study of relationship between changes in society and changes in language over a period of time. What is dialect? Sociolinguists also study dialect — any regional, social or ethnic variety of a language. By that definition, the English taught in school as correct and used in non-personal writing is only one dialect of contemporary...
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...role play of a situation that took place in an elderly home, in the interaction the role alternated and me and my partner was able to get a feel and understanding of what it was like to be in that situation, in the interaction our speaking and listen skills were assessed by our teacher and our partner so we were able to see what we did wrong so that we were improve our skills and understand what skills are needed in a health and social care setting, my speaking was strong when I did the interaction, but I was hesitant at times and my body language wasn’t showing that I was very comfortable with the situation that I was In, when I was acting as the care worker it had to deal with someone’s son the thought that his mother’s bag had been stolen, in this situation I had to be careful with the way that I dealt with the person, in the conversation I had to use my body language, tone of voice, touch, proper language, proximity and good listen skills, these skills were used to hap defuse the situation and the anger that the person was feeling, in the situation my I had to be very understanding and listen carefully to what was being said so that I could respond in an appropriate way, when I was trying to calm the individual it had to use eye contact and positive and open body language to show that I was trying to be nice and help with the problem, as I used these methods to deal with the situation It was said that my non-verbal communication were good at helping the situation, the other skills...
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...effective communication as we all know that communication within this particular setting is a major important factor when dealing with many different inmates in order to achieve productivity, obedience, order and also to maintain healthy relationships with each other in the institute. Not only that but it is also important to note how communication is used and expressed in different situations and different people. For example, an inmate might be able to communicate differently towards a prison staff than to their own relative. If poor communication is present within the institute it may lead to a lack of motivation, not only to the prison staff but also to the inmates as well, then would lead to a decrease of productivity, trust and general organisation. In Prison Feltham it is essential for the prison staff to understand that there are different types of communication that may be presented in order to learn and manage how to deal with any type of future problems and situations; Verbal communication and Non-verbal communication. Firstly, the use of Verbal communication involves the use of spoken language, involving tone, pitch, pace… as well as the correct word pronunciation, grammar and fluency…all in which to convey the right message to the inmates. There are things to consider when applying effective verbal communication; such as structuring communication to give a logical progression of ideas, such as sequencing information, applying grammatical skill to avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding...
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...A02-B In this section of my coursework I will explain how practitioners apply early years care values using communication skills to show service users value and support. I will use a range of examples to explain each care value in depth. For the each care value I will emphasise on how a nursery manager and nursery use their communication skills to apply the care value, which will cause the children, staff and parents to feel valued and supported. The early years care values I will be focusing on are: • Fostering equality of opportunity • Working in partnership with families • Being a reflective practitioner • Keeping children safe • Working in partnership with other professionals • Encouraging children’s learning development • Maintaining confidentiality • Making welfare of child paramount • Valuing diversity • Ensuring anti-discrimination Care value 1 - Fostering equality of opportunity This suggests that all children should be offered equal access and opportunities to learn and develop, therefore children should be able to make progress with their time in the nursery. Equal opportunity can be achieved, through the fairness of the staff working with the children at the nursery, and also through communication skills which should be consistent so all children have an equal opportunity of advancing within learning. Tone of voice: The nursery nurse should speak at an appropriate pace (i.e. slowly) so the children can understand clearly and respond, talking at...
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...demonstrative. The features of nonverbal communication are limitless (Bull, 2001). Nonverbal messages interact with verbal messages. Sometimes this occurs without one’s knowledge or effort and becomes part of the message sent. Accurate interpretation of messages is made easier when verbal and nonverbal communication compliments each other. Nonverbal cues can be used to elaborate on and reinforce the information sent. When the nonverbal cues affirm the verbal message it permits better interpretation and understanding of the message. On the other hand, conflicting verbal and nonverbal messages can send disparate and confusing messages. For example, a person who is expressing the truth but is restless, has increased blinking and avoids eye contact conveys a mixed message. Dishonesty is often thought when these cues are sent. When mixed messages occur, nonverbal communication becomes the primary tool people use to clarify the issue and in this example, would create an incorrect conclusion (Rogoff, Paradise, Arauz, Correa-Chavez, &...
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...Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Sistema de Información Científica Miranda Montenegro, Iván Ricardo Insights on Bilingualism and Bilingual Education: A Sociolinguistic Perspective Íkala, revista de lenguaje y cultura, vol. 17, núm. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2012, pp. 263-272 Universidad de Antioquia Medellín, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=255025411004 Íkala, revista de lenguaje y cultura, ISSN (Printed Version): 0123-3432 ikala@quimbaya.udea.edu.co Universidad de Antioquia Colombia How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage www.redalyc.org Non-Profit Academic Project, developed under the Open Acces Initiative InsIghts on BIlIngualIsm and BIlIngual EducatIon: a socIolInguIstIc PErsPEctIvE [Percepciones sobre el bilingüismo y la educación bilingüe: una perspectiva sociolingüística] Iván Ricardo Miranda Montenegro holds a Master’s degree in Applied Linguistics to EFL Teaching from Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. Colombia. He currently works as assistant professor at Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. Mailing address: Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Instituto Internacional de Idiomas, Calle 4 sur No 15-134 Sogamoso, Boyacá, Colombia. E-mail: ivan.miranda@uptc.edu.co Abstract This paper is primarily intended to present some major considerations about bilingualism and bilingual education...
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