...CJA/234 April 15, 2013 History of Corrections * In 2011, the United States had about 6,977,700 inmates in its correctional facilities. Correctional facilities can also be referred to as jails, state prisons, and federal prisons. There are also many different security levels within jails, state prisons, and federal prisons. Let’s start by discussing what jails are, as well as a brief history. * The term “jail” is used by counties and cities to house criminals for short periods of time. Jails normally house individuals who have been convicted to serve a short sentence, awaiting trial, people who have not yet posted bond and detainees who have been arrested on suspicion of committing a crime. * The first jail, also known as “gaol” was built in England by King Henry II in 1166. The gaol’s original purpose was to detain individuals awaiting trial, however, vagrancy had become a problem in the fourteenth and eighteenth century, and jails were used to house displaced persons, mentally ill, and the poor (Seiter, p. 72, 2011). Individuals housed in these early jails lived in deplorable conditions. They were filthy, had horrible food, and little medical care. John Howard, who became the sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1773, saw these horrible conditions and drafted the Penitentiary Act of 1779. The Penitentiary Act created four requirements for English prisons and jails: 1. Secure and sanitary structures, 2. Systematic inspections, 3. Abolition of fees charged...
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...Name Teacher Juvenile Justice 113 I1 Date History of Juvenile Correction Philosophies and Facilities To talk of the history of juvenile correction philosophies and different juvenile correction facilities, one should understand a brief juvenile justice history to bring us to a point where a correction philosophy or correction facility would be needed. Dealing with juveniles in criminal matters can be traced back as far as the beginning of time. However, early Europe in the fifth century A.D. is where we will start. What is considered a juvenile??? At this time in history the age was fixed at seven for determining whether youths would be exempted from criminal responsibility. With the onset of puberty, at the age of twelve for girls and fourteen for boys, youths were held totally responsibility for their socially unacceptable behaviors. English juvenile justice had some 160 to 200 capital offenses statutes listed for which children could be executed. In London in 1785 eighteen of twenty juveniles were executed. Executions of juveniles continued into the 1800s. (Bartollas, Miller, 2014, p. 4) Here in the United States during the colonial period juvenile justice was shaped by the culture and religious ideas of the Puritans. The family was expected to control their children and when juveniles were caught breaking laws they were sent back to their families for punishment. Of course the older the child got the greater the chances the juveniles would be dealt with by colonial...
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...The Purpose and History of Penitentiaries Would you be able to envision what it would be like if we lived in a world where there are no consequences for law and or rules that have been broken? Our current Criminal Justice System is the aftereffect of changes that have occurred over a period of time. Throughout the years, components have been created to uphold rules and regulations and laws as well as punish criminals. Throughout this paper I will discuss the history of punishment and how prisons were developed. The impact and involvement of prison labor overtime and the Pennsylvania and Auburn system. History of Punishment Penology the study of punishment evolved in the 1950s. During this rehabilitation replaced the punishment of offenders and became the main objective. Also during this time the term penology was replaced by the term corrections. Corrections is defined as the supervision and monitoring of offenders, the secure holdings of inmates in prisons, and the treatment of problems such as drug addiction, mental illness and other services (Seiter, 2014, “Chapter 1, The History of Crimes and Corrections, What is Corrections?”). In the eighteen century an Italian theorist founded the classical school of criminology. His first theory of crime causation was linked to appropriate punishments. “Beccaria suggested that the purpose of punishment is utility or the prevention of crime. Included in his principles are that crime is an injury to society, that prevention is more...
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...Essay on History: Essay on Juvenile Detainees - The Duties of ... essayonhistory.blogspot.com/.../essay-on-juvenile-detainees-duties-of.ht... Sep 21, 2011 - Essay on Juvenile Detainees - The Duties of Juvenile Corrections Officials ... Juvenile corrections officials must always be reminded that there ... Design a Juvenile Correctional Facility - College Essay - Kitsang www.studymode.com › Essays › Computers & Internet Design a Juvenile Correctional Facility Building a juvenile facility is not an easy job. Juvenile facility is a place for youth criminals who have committed some type ... Adult vs Juvenile Corrections - Essays - Koochar - StudyMode.com www.studymode.com › Essays › Education › Correctional Read this essay and over 1200000 others like it now. Don't miss your chance to earn better grades and be a better writer! Juvenile Corrections - College Essay - Gpardue26 - StudyMode.com www.studymode.com › Essays › Education › Correctional Juvenile Corrections | The History, Recidivism Rates, and What Works | | Gina Pardue | Corrections - SPEA J331Dr. Robert Ramsey | 12/12/2012 | | Definition of ... Juvenile Justice Process And Corrections Free Essays 1 - 20 www.studymode.com/.../juvenile-justice-process-and-corrections-page1.... 20+ items - Free Essays on Juvenile Justice Process And Corrections for ... Systems CJA/374 Juvenile Justice Process and Corrections In Henderson NV ... following release from a juvenile correctional facility. In this paper we will...
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...Correction System The correction system is one of the umbrella sections of criminal justice that is mandated to deal with lawbreakers and offenders. Primarily, the correction system serves three main functions of punishing, protecting and correcting the criminal offender. In America, the government agencies work together with correction systems to ensure that these responsibilities are met. Also referred to as the penal system, the correctional system is charged with the duty of administering jurisdictions, especially to community based programs, parole and probation victims. This paper is a description of the history of correctional systems in America and discusses two needs that require to be fixed so that correction systems run more safely and efficiently. History of correction systems in America The history of the correctional system in the United States dates back to the 17th century during which imprisonment as a form of punishment had begun to become popular (Roth, 2006). The American Revolution largely contributed to the efforts of initializing a system that would deal with law offenders. During this period, prisons in the form of detention facilities and dungeons were commonly used in different parts of America. The efforts of building prisons in and around America began in three major waves were the first wave began during the infamous Jacksonian Era (Stanko et al, 2004). This era led to extensive use of imprisonment and heavy labor as a way of punishing penalty...
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...Corrections Ariel E. Rosado CJA/234 May 13, 2013 Mitchell W. Jessip, MS Corrections Corrections has been around for hundreds of years, to the times during and after the rain of King Hammurabi. Corrections is the treatment and rehabilitation of offenders through different programs. Corrections consist of counseling, treatment programs, and prisons, concrete and bars. Corrections is one of the final components in the criminal justice system. After a person get arrested and goes through the court process and has received a conviction then it’s off to the department of corrections. History of Punishment All throughout history there have different types of punishments. For example during the time of King Hammurabi, punishment for a crime was very strict. If a person stole something they would get a hand cut off to show everyone in the land that he or she was a thief. Another way of punishment in ancient time to have a person banished from the land. The banishments were temporary periods or permanently. The law of the land had a lot to do with the type of punishment that a person would receive. Historically punishment was painful and shameful. Offenders were placed in stocks and pillories as punishment in front of the townspeople. Today people here in the United States are place in prison, parole, or probation for the different crime that one commits. People at home punish their children by grounding them, taking away something, timeout,...
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...History of Corrections Abstract The following details the history of punishment, or known today as corrections, in the United States court system. The courts once housed inmates in penitentiary during the colonials’ period; where inmates do religious service and work to correct themselves, the correctional system has evolve in major ways since then. The differences of the Pennsylvania system and the Auburn system are discussed. One of these systems allows inmate interaction, while the other does not. Also, how the court systems expedite or increase labor force to deal with increase workload is elaborated. History of Corrections Corrections The United State court system is unique to other countries because of the way they deal with criminals. Non-violent criminals are given the opportunity to correct themselves and ingrate back into society; they are not just imprisoned or put to death like other countries such as China. Correction is defined as “the range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders.” (Seiter 2011) The United States prison/jail have been dealing with overpopulation issues for quite sometimes, it has come to the point where it is only possible to incarcerate violent offenders for a long period of time because of resource issues. The system had to develop alternative sentence or punishment for nonviolent offenders. The system developed correction programs to ensure...
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...Criminal Justice Trends: Corrections CJA 484 Criminal Justice Trends: Corrections Criminal justice can be considered a system of practices and institutions. The government directed system is intended for maintaining control socially, mitigating and deterring crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. The criminal justice system is made up of three sections: (1) Legislative (create laws); (2) adjudication (courts); and (3) corrections (jails, prisons, probation and parole) (Ariestechsoft, 2013). In criminal justice, particularly in North America, correction, corrections, and correctional, are umbrella terms describing a variety of functions typically carried out by government agencies, and involving the punishment, treatment, and supervision of persons who have been convicted of crimes (Carson & Sabol, 2012) . These functions commonly include imprisonment, parole and probation. In this paper, the writer will evaluate past, present, and future trends of corrections. Discuss the budgetary and managerial impact that future trends will likely have not only on corrections, but also the other components of the criminal justice system. Evaluate In the past corrections used to be vastly different than it is today. Corrections were merely just a place to store individuals who have broken the laws of the land. This place had no regard to the age, sex, or the nature of the law broken. The corrections facility could be considered...
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...Jails and Prisons Matthew Holbrook May 28, 2015 University of Phoenix CJA/234 Brenda Barney Jails and Prisons The criminal justice system is made up of three components which are police, courts, and corrections. Corrections are potentially the largest cog in this machine by volume of employees. Corrections are also often considered the most important, because the other two would have nowhere to send offenders if it were not for the correctional sector. The largest portion of corrections can be seen in the operation of jails and prisons in the United States. These two separate entities, which are often confused by the layman, do share similarities, but along with these similarities also come key differences. In order to understand and appreciate the broad level of care that these types of facilities provide, it is paramount to explore their histories, their differences, and common issues that are faced within them. Jails have the longest history of any other penal institution. They have typically served, and still do to this day, as an area where the accused go to trial and the minor criminals serve their time. Early jails in the United States were fairly direct copies of gaols, which were used to detain individuals awaiting either trial or punishment. This was combined fairly early on with the concept of punishing minor criminals as well. Shortly after their introduction, jails experienced reforms at the hands of the figures that sought to remove unsanitary and inhumane...
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...Correctional systems Essay topics * Winston Church once said: “We shape buildings, and then the buildings shape us.” Compare the architecture and management styles engendered by Jeremy Bentham and the Panopticon and modern campus style prisons * Should the same “Duty of Care” obligations for a Prison Officer be imposed on a Community Corrections Officer managing an offender in the community? Defend your answer. * Is there a case for the re-introduction of Capital Punishment? Defend your answer. * Should Prison Officers have greater disciplinary powers to control prisoner Behaviour? Defend your answer * Should prisoner classification be based on categories of crime, or is placement by individual case merit more effective? Defend your stance by argument and example. * Is there a case for privately run prisons, or should the government re-claim those prisons currently in private hands. Analyze and defend your position. * Is there a case for the number of categories of offences eligible for a home detention sentence to be increased? Analyze and defend your answer. * Should prisoners be forced to pay for their time in custody? Should there be a sliding scale of repayment? Defend your answer. Reading List Attached is a sample of materials “out there.” I encourage you to look at the range of e-books now available though Sage publications and Blackwell’s which you can access through the Library for 2012 editions Criminal...
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...providers shall: History & Physical 1. A complete history and physical examination shall, in all cases be done no more than 7 days before or 24 hours after the admission of a patient. Physical examinations may be used from the previous hospitalization if the examination was within 30 days. A physical examination may be accepted from a physician’s office if the examination was within 30 days and meets the standards as defined by hospital policy and procedure. If the patient was transferred from another hospital, the physical examination may be accepted if the examination was done within 30 days, provided they are updated within 24 hours of admission or registration by the attending physician. In the above three cases, the attending physician must validate the examination in the medical record (on the physical exam) by noting that there are no significant findings or changes and signs and dates the report. Guidelines for contents of a complete History & Physical include: a. The Emergency Room documentation form may not be used as a History and Physical. b. A complete history and physical examination shall be recorded before the time stated for operation or the operation shall be canceled unless the attending surgeon indicates it is an emergency procedure. c. If the complete history and physical was dictated shortly before the operation, but not yet transcribed, the surgeon/physician will document that the history and physical has been dictated. A short History & Physical...
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... University of Phoenix® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft®, Windows®, and Windows NT® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix® editorial standards and practices. ------------------------------------------------- Course Description This course is an introductory overview of the organization and jurisdictions of local, state, and federal law enforcement, judicial and corrections agencies, and processes involved in the criminal justice systems. It examines the historical aspects of the police, the courts, and the correctional system, as well as the philosophy. Additionally, career opportunities and qualifying requirements, terminology, and constitutional limitations of the system will also be covered. ------------------------------------------------- Course Topics and Objectives Week One: The Criminal Justice System 1 * Define crime and its relationship to law. * Describe the two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal. * Identify choice theories of crime and their underlying assumptions. * Identify instruments for measuring crime. Week Two: The...
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...Future of the Juvenile Justice System Proposal Gina Tompkins, Marcus Hall, Terri Washington, Victor Jones CJA 374 November 24, 2013 Bruce Clingan Future of the Juvenile Justice System Proposal The juvenile justice system is designed to correct and change the behavior of juvenile offenders. Change in behavior is an indication the system is working. If there is no change, the system is deemed ineffective and a team of juvenile justice consultants are called in to make corrections. In reality, this team is composed of four state officials whose sole purpose is to develop a proposal to present to the state legislature for recommendations of adjustments to the juvenile justice system. This team of consultants is creating these recommendations including all aspects of community, law enforcement, courts, corrections, and the private sector or privatization involvement. The community should be involved in the future of the juvenile justice system along with funding, awareness, and assistance from the state. Characteristics of the Golden Program and the Reclaiming Futures Program The recommendation to the state legislature is to improve the juvenile justice system by introducing proven ways of enhancing community involvement through community-based programs such as the Golden Program and the Reclaiming Futures Program. One proven way to improve effectiveness according to Nissen (2007), is a program named Golden (the integrated care network) that involves court personnel...
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...There are still 37 states have no policy against hiring discrimination for the ex-offenders. Most states that have "ban the box" policies exclude private employers. For those states that extend the policy to private employers make exemptions for small businesses. In conclusion, providing education to inmates in prison to meet job requirement and adopting "ban the box" policies are means of improving the health of vulnerable populations and decreasing health inequities. Greater attention should be devoted to studying the health status of individuals with criminal histories and their families. Without providing education to the inmates and fair hiring policies for ex-offenders, we will continue to see health disparities widen and communities destroyed by the epidemic of mass...
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...| A NEW CONCEPT FOR THE MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS | MISSOURI REENTY PROCESs | 1004,433 and counting. The Missouri Department of Corrections continues to grow by leaps and bounds. The Missouri Prison population as of 08-2009 consists of 104,433 inmates. This includes both male and female inmates. Missouri seeks to stem the tide of inmates, by using a new concept called the Missouri Reentry Process. At this time, there are approximately 104,433 inmates being supervised by the Missouri Department Of Corrections. There are 53,437 on Probation, 30,608 incarcerated, 17,663 on Parole, and 2,725 on Interstate compact. There are also many Inmates supervised by Community and Institutional Programs. There are 681 in Community Release Centers, 235 in Residential Facilities, 988 on Electronic Monitoring, 4,328 in Community Treatment Centers, and 2,491 in Drug Court. While the number of Inmates continue to grow in Missouri, there is a solution in site. The solution is a new concept called the Missouri Reentry Process. Prior to the Missouri Reentry Process, inmates were pretty much on their own when they were released. If the inmate was released on Probation or Parole, they were expected to comply with any and all stipulations assigned to them by the Probation and Parole Board. The stipulation were in place to keep track of their progress when returning to society. Some inmates that had been sentenced to short term incarceration, like a 120 day call back or shock...
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