...| Disparity of Healthcare for AIDS/HIV Patients | Lana Iris English 12312/15/14 | Disparity of Healthcare with Patients with AIDS/HIV For the last thirty years AIDS/HIV has been a controversial topic, but more recently, the disease itself has not been controversial but the disparity in receiving proper care both in prevention modalities and active treatment for the disease. While the Obama administration has taken steps toward the elimination of these disparities through the National HIV/AIDS Strategy and Implementation Plan, there is still much work to be done. This brief highlights underexplored explanations for these disparities and outlines possible solutions to begin addressing them. Oftentimes, popular culture has offered unfortunately erroneous explanations for the stark racial disparate impact of HIV/ AIDS. The mass media, for example, has suggested that black men “on the down low” infect black women by secretly sleeping with male partners, acting as a bisexual “bridge” between gay and straight communities. But public health scholars have found little support for this theory. Many may assume that black people suffer from greater HIV prevalence because they are considered less sexually responsible than whites. Yet several studies have shown that black women and black men who have sex with men—the two groups most severely impacted by HIV/AIDS—have similar numbers of sexual partners and use condoms as often as their white counterparts. Thus, behavioral risk factors...
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...Transitions of Time: Comparing Life now to Life Fifty Years Ago. On the edge of the 21st century, man had discovered more ways than one to make this world a better and safer environment for the future generations due to the increasingly advancements of technology and science, civil reform and medical breakthroughs. However, this does not seem so compliant between generations based on life views, beliefs and opinion differences as they continue to induce provocative dialogues such as comparing life now to that of 50 years ago. The conflict “time” between generation always have been a theme for deviating discussions, and as rule; elder generation tend to influence youth's opinion, pretending on the idea that life was coherently better in half of century ago and they passed more simulating and constructive time rather than doing what young generations think is the norm; squandering their youth on petty things such as aspiring to false values. On the other hand; energetic, smart and wise youth generations are disagree with these points of views, considering that they have freedom to gain their own experience, the right to act in a proper manner, and in the end, that is their own turn to save the world today. The following lines of reasoning will examine the ways these mechanisms has influenced the world. As Faith Baldwin once said “Time is a dressmaker specializing in alterations.” Technology advancement is amazing. In 1960, computers were not household items, nor were cell...
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...CUSTODIAL AND NON-CUSTODIAL MEASURES The Prison System Criminal justice assessment toolkit 1 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna CUSTODIAL AND NON-CUSTODIAL MEASURES The Prison System Criminal Justice Assessment Toolkit UNITED NATIONS New York, 2006 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations, the Secretariat and Institutions of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the Belgian 2006 OSCE Chairmanship concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE ISSUE ..................................................................................... 1 2. OVERVIEW: GENERAL AND STATISTICAL DATA ......................................................... 5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.2 OVERVIEW OF COUNTRY AND PRISON SYSTEM.............................................. 5 PRISON POPULATION ........................................................................................... 6 PROFILE OF PRISON POPULATION..................................................................... 6 QUALITY OF DATA ......................................
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...Francisco Lara CJR 240 March 1, 2011 History of the Prison System Prison is an institution for the confinement of persons convicted of criminal offenses. Throughout history, most societies have built places in which to hold persons accused of criminal acts pending some form of trial. The idea of confining persons after a trial as punishment for their crimes is relatively new. During the 15th century in Europe, the penalties for crimes were some form of corporal punishment like whippings for less serious crimes and execution or enslavement for more serious offenses. In early 16th century England, vagrants and petty offenders were committed to correctional institutions known as workhouses. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the government transported convicted felons to the English colonies. The punishment was thought of as the hard labor to which the prisoners were consigned. It wasn't until the 17th century that the idea that persons convicted of crimes could be punished by confinement and released after a period of time. During the 17th century, England and other European countries like Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands began imprisoning debtors, delinquent juveniles, minor misdemeanant, and felons. Early jails were mostly dark, overcrowded, and filthy. Prisoners were herded together indiscriminately, with no separation of men and women, the ...
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...International Business of Africa 1-18-14 South Africa South Africa is currently the most advanced nation on the entire continent of Africa. By exploring the rich history of South Africa, including its most prominent historical figure Nelson Mandela; as well as the geography, government, demographics and the economic and financial sectors; one can understand why South Africa is the most advanced nation on the continent. South Africa has been populated for millions of years. In one of South Africa’s provinces, Gauteng, there is a complex of limestone caves where fossilized evidence of humans dating back to three and half million years ago has been found which gives this area the nickname the, “Cradle of Humankind.” The indigenous people of South Africa were hunter gatherers or farmers and by 300 AD the Bantu speaking majority began to settle south of the Limpopo River joining the Khoikoi and San people who had been living there for thousands of years. By the 1400s, the Zulu and Xhosa tribes established large and powerful kingdoms in the South Africa region. In the 1480s, European explorers began to arrive in the area to collect supplies. The arrival of the Europeans and their eventual system of Apartheid is what spawned the rise of Nelson Mandela. Apartheid’s roots begin with the arrival of the English and the Dutch in the sixteenth century. The Europeans had come to South Africa to establish a new home and way of life. With them, they brought weapons, technology...
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...Running head: TESTING WITH A POSSIBLE DEATH SENTENCE Testing With a Possible Death Sentence (An analysis of American mal-practice stemming from the Henrietta Lacks story) Testing with possible death sentence We can perceive past and future medical advancement through two very different lenses. One lens is clean and colorful and paints an innovative and hopeful picture of the present and future, and therefore many folks enjoy looking through it and broadcasting it. The second is foggy, dirty and colorless, and depicts a sad and appalling look at a frightening past. This perception threatens us, as the haunting past often does. Needless to say, most people choose not to look the old lens and is rather kept occult. This is probably the reason that aside from bits and pieces of unethical experiments in our part of the world, I was simply not well-educated on the subject and never expected to hear about so many terrible incidents catalyzed by one patient’s cells. The historic lens shows us that “historically, the health care institution has failed, humiliated and ruined lives in the effort to improve medicine” (Robbennolt, 2009) , and it is important for us as social workers to look through that gloomy, grim lens and envision interventions that would have prevented it from becoming so. In a twisted irony of life, one woman’s ill fate, gave way to many discoveries that have saved many lives, but unfortunately at a heavy price for others...
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...Graduate School of Development Studies A Research Paper presented by: Joreen Nkole Mwelwa (ZAMBIA) In partial fulfilment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Specialization: Public Policy and Management (PPM) Members of the examining committee: Prof. Dr Michael Grimm (Supervisor) Dr Bridget O’Laughlin (Reader) The Hague, The Netherlands November, 2009 Disclaimer: This document represents part of the author’s study programme while at the Institute of Social Studies. The views stated therein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Institute. Research papers are not made available for circulation outside of the Institute. Inquiries: Postal address: Institute of Social Studies P.O. Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Location: Kortenaerkade 12 2518 AX The Hague The Netherlands Telephone: +31 70 426 0460 Fax: +31 70 426 0799 Acknowledgements I give my sincere gratitude to Jehovah God for his love and care throughout my life and the fifteen months I have been here. With much honour I sincerely thank my Supervisor, Prof M.Grimm, truth be told it was a blessing to have a supervisor like him, I am short of words to describe him, I would simply say he has been...
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...doubt when you were with [Nelson Mandela] that he had what we call in our language 'shadow'—substance, presence. He was regal.”—Desmond Tutu A herd boy from an isolated mountainous area who did not wear shoes until age 16, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela rose against overwhelming odds to be president of the richest, most culturally diverse country in Africa. He endured more than 27 years in jail for trying to overthrow a white police state, becoming the world's most famous political prisoner. He led voteless black South Africans from the racist apartheid period into a democratic era in 1994. (Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning apartness or separateness. It is a system of segregation based on race that favors whites and restricts blacks to labor reserves.) Celebrated as an international hero upon his release from prison in 1990, Mandela will be remembered as one of the twentieth century's towering leaders. Mandela will also be remembered as the precedent-setting African head of state who announced his retirement at the peak of his power after only one five-year term in office. By retiring, he passed "the baton" to a new generation, leaving behind a reputation untarnished by corruption and brutality that besmirched so many long-term African leaders. More than anyone else, Mandela bridged African and European cultures--taking the best from each. He was an educated man, a lawyer, a democrat, a shrewd observer of human behavior, a conservative politician who led a military uprising against...
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...1. RUKUN NEGARA: THE NATIONAL IDEOLOGY 4.1.1 The Background of Rukun Negara |Date |Incidence/Instrument |Notes | |13 May 1969 |Racial clash erupted |a local quarrel flared into a racial clash | |16 May 1969 |The Yang di-Pertuan Agong(YDA) declared a state of |Special Ordinance (Special powers) Emergency, 1969 | | |emergency. Parliament was suspended. NOC was formed. |Curfew enforced | | | |Assemblies banned | | | |Security controls tightened | |August-Dec 1969 |Special Peace and Development bodies formed: |Later combined to form the Ministry of National Unity | | |National Muhibah Committee | | | |National Unity Department | | |29 Jan 1970 |National Consultative/Unity Council was formed |Advisory body for National...
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...Definition of Diversity It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along. the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies. P1 Racism First of all racism is a criminal offence that is extremely offensive and can be taken up for some serious jail time, racism is where someone has a form of hatred towards someone for the colour of their skin, they can show this by all kinds of ways. One of the many ways that people use nowadays is by telling jokes, although some people might find these quite ‘funny’ people can take extreme offence to this, they have a right to. Also they could assault someone because of their race, some are singled out, bullied because of it, which also leading the person to think they have something wrong with them and they could see themselves as different, therefore if they see themselves as different they’re whole family. Racist Getting off the subject of Racism, although Racism sounds quite similar to the word Racist they are quite different. A racist is someone who uses racism fairly often, if someone was a racist you would know about it, a racist isn’t someone who tells a racist joke every now and then a racist would probably have tattoo’s to show what they think they are superior against, such as someone who uses Racist words in most sentences. However the...
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...Lesotho Case Study “Market and Mountain Kingdom” Bob Terry 10/8/2012 Wk 7Assignment Globalization & Regionalization Globalization is international integration of cultures, people, products, beliefs, and much more. Globalization makes goods and services available to locations that originally wouldn’t have them. Some of my favorite restaurants are Brazilian Steakhouses like Texas de Brazil and Fogo de Ciao. These restaurants would not be offered in Denver Colorado without globalization. Globalization has increased greatly over the past century due to advancements in technology, particularly in transportation and knowledge sharing (internet). These technologies have ingrained globalization in the modern era. Regionalization is the economic integration of countries. Some good examples of these are the North Atlantic Free Trade Organization (NAFTA) and the European Union (EU). Both of these agreements take countries that are in similar regions and in certain economic ways. All countries in the EU have the same currency which creates certain benefits but has also created economic disaster for many countries involved. The goal of regionalization is to benefit all countries involved and become stronger globally as a whole. These two forces have had tremendous impact on the small African nation of Lesotho. Foreign influences have shaped Lesotho throughout history and currently determine their economic factors today. Most recently trade agreements have made Lesotho...
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...Table of Contents CHAPTER I 3 FIGURE PROFILE 3 1.1. Early Life 3 1.2 Marriage and family 5 1.2.1 First marriage 5 1.2.2 Second marriage 6 1.2.3 Third marriage 6 1.3 Retirement 7 1.3.1 Post-retirement health 8 1.3.2 Elders 9 CHAPTER II 10 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKS 10 2.1 Definition of Leadership 10 2.2 Type of Leadership 10 2.2.1 Autocratic Leadership 10 2.2.2 Bureaucratic Leadership 10 2.2.3 Charismatic Leadership 10 2.2.4 Democratic Leadership or Participative Leadership 11 2.2.5 Laissez-Faire Leadership 11 2.2.6 People-Oriented Leadership or Relations-Oriented Leadership 11 2.2.7 Servant Leadership 12 2.2.8 Task-Oriented Leadership 12 2.2.9 Transactional Leadership 12 2.2.10 Transformational Leadership 13 2.3 Using the Right Style Situational Leadership 13 2.4 Three Classic Leadership Styles 14 2.4.1 The Laissez Faire Leadership Style 14 2.4.2 The Autocratic Leadership Style 14 2.4.3 The Participative Leadership Style 14 CHAPTER III 15 FINDING AND RESULT 15 2.1 Political Activity 15 3.1.1 Armed anti-apartheid activities 16 3.1.2 Arrest and Rivonia trial 17 3.1.3 Imprisonment 19 3.1.4 Release 21 3.1.5 Negotiations 22 3.1.6 Presidency of South Africa 23 3.1.7 Lockerbie trial 26 CHAPTER IV 28 CONCLUSION 28 BIBLIOGRAPHY 32 CHAPTER I FIGURE PROFILE Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; born 18 July 1918) is a South African politician who...
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...Globalization Name: Institutional affiliations: This paper focuses on highlighting how the processes of globalization have changed the experiences of growing up and being educated in for the adolescent children aged 12 to 15 in Australia. Globalization is the process by which organizations and businesses establish international relations through the exchange of world business views and ideas, culture and products with other nations of the world. These businesses and organizations then start to operate and trade on an international scale. Globalization can be attributed to advances in the industrial sector, changes in the transportation and telecommunication systems, infrastructural changes, and the rise in the internet culture and development. The interplay of these forces in politics, religion and economies influence the economic trends of each country. Some of the social effects of globalization to the world economy include: poverty reduction due to increase in the wages and employment rate in the participative developing countries, improved healthcare provision due to the registered decline in the maternal and infant mortality rates, the provision of better educational standards, in line with the global millennium developmental goals. However globalization has also been viewed as a key in increasing the unemployment rates in the third world countries due to massive sacking of workers, high poverty rates and low income generation among the working...
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...1 Introduction The mapping which follows was conducted over a period of six weeks during February and March 2003, including one week of preparation and one week of report writing. Regional working group members of Save the Children Sweden - Denmark (SCSD) in the respective countries took the responsibility for identifying and contacting organisations and individuals who are working to combat CSA, particularly those providing psychosocial support to children affected by abuse. A total of 34 organisations and individuals were met. Six days were spent in each country, except in Afghanistan, where only three days were spent. The six locations were Peshawar, Islamabad and Karachi. Organisations met included those working on child sexual exploitation and sexual health, and those working with communities of street children, MSM (men who have sex with men), and trafficked women and girls. Many groups could not be visited due to time limitations. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs), university psychology departments, community-based organisations (CBOs), international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) and donor agencies, as well as independent research consultants and a theatre animator | | | were amongst the contacts met. Interviews were held | | | with those at management level, heads of organisations, | | | coordinators of child protection units, trainers, | | | programme officers, field workers, therapists and | | | counsellors. Wherever possible...
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...ABSTRACT There are close to five thousand prisoners in custody in Queensland prisons and this number is on the increase. Prisoners have complex health needs and it is the role of the correctional health nurse to care for prisoner-patients and their health needs. Yet there is a paucity of research surrounding this topic. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the lived experience of nurses caring for prisoner-patients. Five registered nurses, employed in correctional centres in Southeast Queensland were interviewed to illuminate the experience of caring for prisoner-patients. Data was analyzed using Colaizzi’s (1978) method of phenomenology. Textual analysis revealed two themes with five corresponding sub-themes that depicted the meaning of nurses’ caring for prisonerpatients. The experience of nurses caring for prisoner-patients was described by nurse participants as ‘obstructive practices’ from the custodial officers, ‘decreased standards of care’ by nursing staff, ‘prejudice’ towards to prisoners, ‘increased level of mentally ill prisoners’ and a ‘lack of recognition’ for nurses working in the prisons. Amidst all these difficulties, nurses who cared for prisoner-patients demonstrated courage in the work they did and persevered for the sake of the their prisoner-patients and the specialty that is correctional health nursing. Communication must continue between prison and health care administrators in order to identify conflicting issues that impact...
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