...Research Paper HIV: Introspective Overview What is HIV? Figure 1 HIV 1 virus electron micrograph, (Goldsmith) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus of the lentivirus genus. HIV attacks the immune system by invading and destroying certain white blood cells such as helper T cells (mainly CD4+ T cells), dendritic cells, and macrophages. The infection and destruction of the CD4+ T cells takes place through three methods: The direct viral killing of the infected cells, the apoptosis (programmed cell death) of infected cells, and the killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. Once the CD4+ T cells are diminished to a certain critical level, the immunity catalyzed and mediated by these cells is lost, leaving the body vulnerable to infection from other viruses (Noble, AVERT). The last stage of HIV infection is AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). This stage is reached due to lack of treatment while in the earlier stage of HIV. Those who reach this stage commonly die due to infections associated with the progressive failure of the immune system. There are two known types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Both are transmitted by either sexual contact, through blood, or from mother to child, and they both appear to cause clinically indistinguishable AIDS. However, HIV-2 is less easily transmitted, and the period between initial infection and illness is longer in the case of HIV-2. The globally...
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...Epidemiology: HIV The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the world’s largest pandemics as well as one of the most known diseases. With HIV being so common amongst our population, in today’s world many people still lack the knowledge of what HIV really is and how it is transmitted. This paper will explain in depth of how HIV is spread and the impact it has on society. Let’s begin with the history of HIV, where did it come from? Although there is no actual evidence to support this theory scientist believed the disease came from Chimpanzee’s that were infected. Hunters would eat the contaminated meat and then they became infected. The first report of HIV contraction came from a man from Congo in 1959, but how he became HIV positive is unknown (Where did HIV come from?, 2011). In 2011 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that 49, 273 people were diagnosed with HIV in the United States. In the same year there were an estimated 1.1 million people with the disease and 1 out of 6 of those people might not know they are infected (HIV in The United States, 2011). HIV is transmitted through body fluids such as semen, pre- semen, rectal and vaginal fluids as well as through the sharing of needles. This makes the gay, lesbian and MSM population more susceptible to acquiring the disease due to their risky sexual practices (HIV Transmission, 2014). The populations of intravenous drug users are also at risk for catching HIV, many of them being homeless and not...
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...Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a disease that only infects humans, weakens the immune system, and like other viruses, reproduces itself by taking over cells within the body of its host. HIV is similar to other viruses such as those that cause the common cold or flu. The difference is that with most viruses, the body’s natural immune system is able to rid the body of it. With HIV, the body’s immune system cannot clear the virus and the reason behind this is still trying to be figured out by scientists (AIDS.gov, 2014). Scientists believe that the source of HIV came from a certain type of chimpanzee in Western Africa and was transmitted to humans when these infected animals were hunted and eaten. Studies have shown that HIV may have transmitted to humans as far back as the 1800s and slowly spread across Africa, eventually making its way to different parts of the world. HIV has existed here in the United States since the mid to late 1970s (CDC, 2014). So what causes HIV? How does one get infected with this non-curable disease? In this short essay we will explore this communicable disease in detail, discuss factors that contribute to the development of this disease, discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to HIV, and lastly explain the role that a community nurse has in regards to prevention. HIV is a non-curable disease and once you have it, you have it for life. HIV is found in bodily fluids such as, blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, breast milk, vaginal...
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... * ------------------------------------------------- SERVICE LOCATOR ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Search: Bottom of Form AIDS.gov Home * HIV/AIDS Basics * HIV/AIDS 101 * AWARENESS DAYS * Home / HIV/AIDS Basics / HIV/AIDS 101 : How Do You Get HIV or AIDS? SUBSCRIBE TRANSLATE TEXT SIZEPRINT ------------------------------------------------- HOW DO YOU GET HIV OR AIDS? ------------------------------------------------- HOW IS HIV SPREAD? You can get or transmit HIV only through specific activities. Most commonly, people get or transmit HIV through sexual behaviors and needle or syringe use. HIV is not spread easily. Only certain body fluids from a person who has HIV can transmit HIV: * Blood * Semen (cum) * Pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum) * Rectal fluids * Vaginal fluids * Breast milk These body fluids must come into contact with a mucous membrane or damaged tissue or be directly injected into your bloodstream (by a needle or syringe) for transmission to occur. Mucous membranes are found inside the rectum, vagina, penis, and mouth. If you think you may have been exposed to HIV, get tested. You can get tested at your healthcare provider’s office, a clinic, and other locations. You can also get a HIV home test kit from your local pharmacy. Use the...
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... INTRODUCTION While HIV and AIDS continue to spread rapidly throughout America. Intervening factors about adolescent with HIV and AIDS is explosive and agonizing. There are important issues and concerns about this topic. For instance, education, health care, disproportion of death rate, and sexual risk behavior seems to play a major part in why Adolescents are getting HIV and AIDS at a rapid rate. According to (CDC) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “the statistics on HIV/AIDS for American Adolescent clearly show that teens are particularly severely affected by the virus. The latest Centers for Disease Control report on the US epidemic shows that in 2007, 73% of people diagnosed with AIDS were males. With 73% being males. Within the African American population, males represented 64% of AIDS cases” (CDC). With all of the statistics outlined. It is apparent That African American males are the ethnic group worst affected by HIV/AIDS. This issue is highly alarming, making it one of the most destructive pandemics in world history. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of what is known about the issues of HIV infection in Scott 3 Adolescents and young adults in the U.S. I hope to chip away at this issue and get closer to understanding why rates of HIV infection are so high among adolescents...
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...HIV Cause, Treatment, Mortality, Morbidity, Incidence, and Prevalence HIV Causes and Mode of Transmission Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an acquired disease that infects white blood cells in humans, specifically Killer T cells, which destroys the chances of fighting off common colds and common infections in individuals. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been known to have first erupted from chimpanzees and monkeys in Africa. When hunting for food, humans would come in contact with infected blood, which is believed to be the leading cause of the communicable disease. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can be transmitted through sexually active individuals, blood transfusions, sharing of needles, through pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Infections may be transmitted through semen, infected blood, or vaginal secretions, which also has a possibility to become Acquire Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in some individuals (Mayo Clinic, 2014). HIV Symptoms and Treatment Patients who are infected with Human Immunodeficiency Transmission (HIV), may not experience symptoms for up to ten years. With susceptibility to the disease, individuals are able to spread the disease without realizing they have acquired the illness. Symptoms developed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) include: Diarrhea, fatigue, fever, vaginal yeast infections, headaches, mouth sores, muscle stiffness, rashes, sore throats, and swollen lymph glands (New York Times, 2014). In order to test for patients...
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...Magnitude and perceived impact of child fosterage on HIV/AIDS orphaned children: A case study of Mathare a suburb of Nairobi BY JAMES NYANJWA SW/02/10 A research proposal submitted to the department of sociology and psychology for the requirements of the Bachelor of Arts degree in Social Work MOI UNIVERSITY 4TH NOVEMBER, 2013 DECLARATION AND RECOMMENDATION Declaration by candidate I hereby declare that the work presented in this research proposal is my own work Citation from other information sources is given where applicable. No part of this document is to be reproduced in any other form, be it print or electronic without permission from the copyright holder Name……………………….Sig……………….date…………………. Recommendation by Supervisor This proposal has been submitted with my approval as the Departmental supervisor Name………………….Sig……………….Date…………… DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my beloved brothers Victor Onyuka and Philip Ogola without whose caring and financial support it would not have been possible and I would also like to dedicate this work to the memory of my parents, my loving dad Joseph Onyuka and caring moms Pamela Anyango and BeldineAoko who passed on the love of reading and respect for education. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Masinde for impacting us with knowledge on research proposal. I want to thank most profoundly Mrs. Adeli for her guidance on the relevance materials needed in writing research proposal...
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... Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a devastating virus that a person can acquire if they are not careful with their bodies. HIV has a history of fear, illnesses and even death but the technology we have now has improved a person’s quality of life and also has prolonged their life throughout the years. In the AIDS.gov site it cited CDC stating “Over the past decade, the number of people living with HIV has increased, while the annual number of new HIV infections has remained relatively stable. Still, the pace of new infections continues at far too high a level—particularly among certain groups” (HIV, 2014). This paper will be talking about the description of HIV, describing the determinants of health and factors that contribute to the development of HIV. It will also be discussing the epidemiologic triangle of HIV, explaining the role of the community health nurse and will identify at least one national organization that addresses HIV. Causes and mode of transmission of HIV are sharing drug needles with someone who is infected with HIV as well as having unprotected sexual intercourse (oral, anal, vaginal), contact with semen, infected blood (blood transfusions), pregnancy, childbirth and or breastfeeding. You cannot get infected with HIV by consensual contact such as holding or shaking hands, hugging, kissing, breathing the same air or using the same water or being bitten by the same insect. Symptoms vary but most of the people with HIV will have flu-like symptoms in about...
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...that is HIV or AIDS. It has been plaguing this country for years and other parts of the world for even longer. Scientist believes that the HIV virus came from a chimpanzee from Western Africa. They think the virus most likely jumped to humans when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contacted with their infected blood (What is HIV / AIDS?, 2012) . After years the virus spread and infected multiple parts of African and then spread to other parts of the world. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus only affects human beings and what it does is weakens the immune system by destroying important cells. The cells it attacks are the T-cells or CD4 cells (What is HIV / AIDS?, 2012) . The human body has these cells to fight infections and disease. Therefore when it encounters the HIV virus the T-cells try to attack it but instead the HIV virus ends up invading those cells and uses them to make more copies of itself. Then when it is done it destroys them (What is HIV / AIDS?, 2012) . This process does not happen overnight. The HIV virus can lay dormant for a long period of time before an individual might know that they have contracted it. Even when HIV is dormant it can still be spread to other human beings because HIV lives in semen, vaginal fluids, blood, and breast milk (Krantzler, PhD, MPH, 2007). There are specific ways one can contract the HIV virus. The most common way is by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has HIV. Other ways...
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...HIV and AIDS in the Phils. HUMAN IMMUNO-DEFICIENCY VIRUS ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME What is HIV and AIDS ? Are they the same? What similarities they have? What differences they have? HIV * An infected person may look healthy and feel well. * Without proper treatment and after continued attacks by the HIV virus on the immune system, the person may develop other illnesses and symptoms. * Infection will progressed into the stage called AIDS. * Nevertheless, people living with HIV (PLWHIV) may live a normal life as long as the infection do not progress to AIDS. AIDS * Infected person is prone to many illnesses and diseases. * Very low immune system * Shows symptoms ( change skin color, rapid weight loss) Blisters HIV and AIDS are two different terms; HIV is the virus while AIDS is the condition. Both are FATAL and POSES threat to any gender and age. Modes of Transmission HIV can be transmitted through any of the following: * Direct sexual contact * Injecting needles (sharing) * Breastmilk * Blood Transfusion * Infected mother to her unborn child An overview of the latest HIV and AIDS in the Philippines * DOH said that from one case in every three days in 2000, HIV cases have increased to one case a day in 2007, four on 2010, seven in 2011 and nine in 2012, and a recent case is every two hours in 2013. * Males having sex with other males were the predominant type of sexual transmission through...
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...chronic, life-threatening conditions caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV interferes with the body’s ability to fight off viruses, bacteria, and fungi that cause disease. HIV makes the infected person more susceptible to certain types of cancers and to infections the body normally would resist, such as pneumonia and meningitis. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the name given to the later stages of an HIV infection (Do Something, n.d.). HIV is transmitted from person to person via exchange of bodily fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk, HIV can be spread by sexual contact with an infected person, by sharing needles/syringes with someone who is infected, through breastfeeding, during vaginal birth or less commonly through transfusions with infected blood. HIV has been found in saliva and tears in very low quantities and concentrations in some AIDS patients. However, contact with saliva, tears, or sweat has never been shown to result in HIV transmission (Wellness, 2012). Individuals who test positive for HIV do not necessarily have AIDS. Many individuals are HIV positive but do not show symptoms of illness for years. Individuals who do get AIDS can get very sick and die from infectious diseases and cancers that usually do not cause problems for other individuals. There is currently no cure for AIDS (Office of AIDS Administration, 2011). People with HIV show signs of AIDS when their immune system is seriously damaged. Individuals...
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...2011, the country reports that a total of 14,000 people died from AIDs, at the same time, 12,073 new HIV infections were recorded. In 2011, Ghana had an HIV population of 225,487 with 30,397 of those being children. Perhaps the most sad and shocking fact is that an estimated 172,000 children in Ghana were turned into orphans by AIDS when their parents died. These facts were reported by by Dr Richard Amenyah, Director of Technical Services at the Ghana AIDS Commission (GAC), when he presented a paper on the “Overview of the National HIV Response: Achievements and Challenges”, at the opening of a three-day media training workshop organised by the GAC. The workshop was attended by about 50 journalists in the Central Region to help them improve upon their reporting skills on issues concerning HIV and AIDS. Another shocking fact is that according to UNAIDS Global Epidemic Report for 2011, although the numbers for 2011 were very high, Ghana had reduced new HIV infections by 66 per cent from 2001 and 2011. Those kinds of numbers of people being infected are shocking in this modern world. However, the good news is that with careful attention to education and healthcare, the country has been able to make such significant reductions. Still, Dr Amenyah said a total of 221,202 males checked their HIV status with 14,090 of the number testing positive for HIV and 42,801 females testing HIV positive. Obviously, the programme is still facing many challenges. Dr Amenyah said Ghana still relied...
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...HIV Epidemiology HIV Epidemiology For the epidemiology paper I chose to write about HIV. HIV is growing concern in the community and too many people are uneducated about the seriousness of this disease. HIV is terminal illness; it will eventually consume your life at some point. There are treatment options out there but being compliant with the medication regimen is crucial to the maintenance and management of this disease. HIV also known as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus; with HIV the virus replicates and attacks our immune system causing it to go haywire. With the suppression of our immune systems it puts people with HIV at a bigger risk for infection and other common illnesses. People with HIV the common cold can be very critical because their bodies are unable to fight off the virus. The virus attacks our WBC (white blood cells) and they are what are used to fight off infection. The cells that are affected the most are WBC that is called CD4+ cells. If these cells begin to malfunction then the body loses its ability defend itself against infection. HIV is spread when blood, semen, or vaginal fluids from an infected person enter another person's body, usually through sexual contact, from sharing needles when injecting drugs, or from mother to baby during birth (WebMD, 2014). When we deal with patients who have this disease we need to be sure to educate them on the importance of safe sex practices and the importance of refraining from drug use especially when dealing...
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...Title: Infectious Disease paper on HIV/AIDS By: Susan Rhine Date: June 17, 2012 Class: Health and Diseases Teacher: Alexis Deavenport Infectious diseases are rampant throughout the world and only seem to be getting worse. Some of these diseases are treatable, but some are still untreatable even with many years of research. Some of these diseases include: Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Influenza, Chickenpox, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus(MRSA), Clostridium difficle, Hepatitis B, and Rotavirus. Any of these diseases if contracted, can cause death. The one disease that I would like to discuss today is HIV/AIDS. This is one of the most deadly diseases in the world today. If a person has HIV does not necessarily mean that the person will also have the AIDS virus; it just means that they have the virus that causes AIDS. However; if a person has AIDS, then they will also have HIV because it is the virus that causes AIDS to be brought on. Unfortunately, the spread of AIDS has been great since the year 1981, with over 980,000 cases reported in the United States alone. It is important to know that HIV and AIDS are not the same disease. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and is a virus that can be caught on contact. HIV can eventually turn into the AIDS virus even though it takes time varying in length from a couple months to years. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. When the HIV virus ends up attacking a person’s immune system...
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...HIV/AIDS: An Overview Jennifer Hill June 10, 2011 In the current day world HIV and AIDS might seem to have disappeared. After the way AIDS exploded its way in to our realities in the 1980’s as time passed we heard less and less about it. The truth is that by the end of 2007 the number of persons living with HIV worldwide was approximately 33.2 million (Department of Health and Human Services Center for Disease Control, 2008). Furthermore, closer to home, an approximate a million of people in the United States have been living with this disease at the end of 2003. If these numbers were not alarming enough and indicative that HIV and AIDS remains a serious epidemic consider the Department of Health and Human Services Center for Disease Control (2008), one of the largest global campaign groups to help the fight against the spread of HIV, report that “As many as 25% of infected persons are unaware of their infection” (para.4). Between the United States and the District of Columbia, from 1981 through 2006, nearly 1 million people received a diagnosis of full blown AIDS and more than 50% of those cases have resulted in death (Department of Health and Human Services Center for Disease Control, 2008). These numbers should be alarming; they should also instill a feeling of urgency to every person inhabiting the planet to gain better understanding of the HIV virus and AIDS. The first thing important to understand is that HIV and AIDS are not the same...
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