...like France, Spain, and England. How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power? Examine the centralizing efforts in countries like France, Spain, and England. How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power? Examine the centralizing efforts in countries like France, Spain, and England. How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power? Examine the centralizing efforts in countries like France, Spain, and England. How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power? Examine the centralizing efforts in countries like France, Spain, and England. How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power? Examine the centralizing efforts in countries like France, Spain, and England. How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power? Examine the centralizing efforts in countries like France, Spain, and England. How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power? Examine the centralizing...
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...Trough out history, differences on religions, and fight for dominance power and land has been the main cause of war. The 30 years war, named after its length of war during 1618 to 1648 is the only war that was solely fought for religious reasons between European powers of that era. The thirty years was is considered a religious war because the growth increase in religious intolerance and religious rivalries which led to be the sole cause of the war but as the war progressed it became less about religion and more about territory and dynastic issues. Previous to the 30 years’ war the Holy Roman Empire was facing a large hold of its catholic followers; the church had begun to decline due to scandals inside of the church. In 1555 peace of Augsburg became recognized as the first treaty indicating that the leader of the Holy Roman Empire could determine the religion of its people it ruled , this was a tactic to reestablish and re enforce the catholic church and weaken the protestant and Lutheran church. This lead to the 30 years’ war, a time where political differences and fight for religious freedom where fought. During the time of the 30 years war, it faced four different stages during its time. This four eras of the war where the...
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...changed not only borders on maps, it was also the death blow to the Counter Reformation, ushering in a new era of secularization. Though peace talks began in 1644 in Munster and Osnabruck, the actual signing of the Treaty of Westphalia occurred in 1648. The council was the largest assembly of Europeans since the council at Constance in 1414. The accomplishments of the treaty were that it divided the Holy Roman Empire in such a way that it existed in name only after negotiations. Borderlands of the Empire fell away as the Dutch and Swiss ceased to belong to it and the United Provinces and Swiss Cantons were recognized as independent. Other outlying areas were also acquired by the Empire’s French and Swedish neighbors. Another change was that both Catholics and Protestants were allowed to coexist within the new “Holy Roman Empire,” creating a polyglot community of independent, sovereign states. An overarching theme also emerged with the treaty, and it was a theme of balancing power. Surrounding countries knew that in order to maintain a balance of power, the Holy Roman Empire would have to be kept in a state of division. This was because if the 300 principalities ever unified as one country, that country would be unstoppable and could take over the world. In order to do this, the treaty stated that each province would have the right to conduct diplomacy and make treaties with foreign powers. However, the...
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...neighbouring states. Under Friedrich I Prussia emerged as one of the strongest military and economic powers in Europe proper. The strong economy and growing military reputation lay foundations for a strong, proud and militaristic culture. As a relatively new state it could learn from the mistakes of others and as a large state it could bully and manipulate its neighbours, but it was still a subordinate of Austria in the Holy Roman Empire and nowhere near powerful enough to contend Austria’s seat of dominance. The influence that Prussia gained allowed for a stronger Prussia later, the knowledge that Prussia was vastly superior to its neighbours aided in giving Prussians a sense of self-confidence that allowed them to make the exertive steps towards unifying Germany after 1815. From the 9th century until 1806, the Holy Roman Empire dominated the German states, a common language and a notably similar culture had developed and bound the member states together as the ‘Germanic states’ of central Europe. Prior to the dismantling of the Empire by Napoleon in 1806, the Empire had been stagnating and its ‘golden years’ had ended, modernisation was almost non-existent and the member states were growing ever more selfish. In addition to this the empire’s armies posed very little resistance to the advancing French army, regardless of having a larger population...
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...was a. his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church. b. the sale of indulgences. c. his time spent in England during the English Reformation. d. the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism. e. the influence of John Calvin. 2. The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was a. John Calvin. b. Erasmus. c. Voltaire. d. Martin Luther. e. Henry VIII. 3. The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the a. need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire. b. threat posed by Islam. c. need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt. d. expense associated with translating original Greek classics. e. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter’s basilica. 4. Which one of the following was not one of Luther’s problems with the Roman Catholic church? a. the selling of indulgences b. pluralism c. absenteeism d. the immense wealth of the Catholic church e. the church’s decision to translate the Bible into vernacular languages 5. Who said, “I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one’s conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other.”? a. Martin Luther b. Jesus c. John Calvin d. Sima Qian e. Henry VIII 6. In the centuries following the fall of Rome, the only unifying force for all of Europe was a. the Byzantine empire. b. the Holy Roman empire. c. the Catholic church. d. the...
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...RISE OF THE NATION STATE State, Nation, and Nation-state The present-day layout of the world’s political map is a product of humanities endless politico-geographic accommodations and adjustments. A mosaic of more than 200 states and territories separated by boundaries makes the world looks like a jigsaw puzzle. Human territoriality refers to a country’s (or more local community’s) sense of property and attachment toward its territory, expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and defended. A state is a politically organized territory, administered by a government, and recognized by the international community. A state must also contain a permanent population, an organized economy, and a functioning internal circulation system (infrastructure). Since certain countries have internal divisions, the solution is to capitalize “State” (e.g. State of Florida, State of Uttar Pradesh India)). When used for the formally independent political units, the term country and state are interchangeable. A nation, by contrast, is a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, religion, ethnicity, and/or other shared cultural attributes. Theoretically, a nation-state is a recognized country possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by a people who see themselves as a single, united nation. In only a handful of countries do state territories largely coincide with the distribution of people who feel they are part of one nation. Iceland, Portugal, Denmark, and Poland are...
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...heavily dependent on many events, but several historical factors were very influential in this time period such as; Charlemagne being crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, church participation in feudalism, lay investiture, simony, and finally the Concordat of Worms. These topics are the major factors that outline the evolution of church and state relations so their effects will be discussed in great detail throughout this paper. Charles Augustus being crowned emperor by Pope Leo III most definitely marks the beginning of church relations in the given time period. Charles Augustus along with many previous Frankish rulers had constantly fought for the Christian church, preserving it throughout its many vulnerable time periods. Charles Martel held back the Muslim invasion while Peppin had succeeded in subduing the Lombards. Charles Augustus only continued the French’s support of the Christian church by conquering many German tribes, and then converting them to Christianity. All the while Augustus also had enforced a tithe, or 10% tax on the income of all Christians to benefit church properties and support them materially. Pope Leo III crowning Augustus also showed the Rome's independence from the Greeks in Constantinople. Since the days of Constantine things had changed extremely, the eastern part of the Roman Empire had greatly increased...
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...leading Italian intellectuals (D) scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome (E) non-Christian themes that became prominent in Italian art and literature 3. Which of the following beliefs was central to Martin Luther's religious philosophy? (A) Salvation by faith alone (B) Saints as intermediaries between the individual Christian and God (C) The sacrament of penance (D) The priesthood defined as distinct from the laity (E) The equality of men and women 4. During the Thirty Years' War, France pursued a policy of: (A) supporting the Hapsburgs against the Protestant princes and rulers (B) allowing French Protestants to fight for the Protestants even though the monarchy supported the Roman Catholics (C) supporting the Protestant princes and rulers against the Hapsburgs (D) remaining neutral (E) opposing England in order to recapture Normandy 5. Which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the Dutch republic of the seventeenth century? (A) Popular democracy (B) Rule by an absolute monarch (C) Rule by wealthy merchants (D) Control by feudal lords (E) Rule by yeoman farmers 6 The enclosure movement in eighteenth-century England did...
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...Reflections Important Questions Q.1 Why is it insular for European historians to term the centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire “The Dark Ages”? Ans. Although the term “The Dark Ages” is generally applied to the early medieval period of Western European history, specifically, it refers to the time (476-800) when there was no Holy Roman Emperor, or the time (500-1500) when there were frequent warfare and a virtual disappearance of urban life. In either case, it was only the Christened Europe which was going through a period of intellectual darkness and barbarity. The Muslim world, as well as Spain, and the Chinese Empire were both culturally brilliant and geographically extensive. Thus, Bertrand Russell in the chapter ‘Reflections of the Re-awakening East’ says that it is the narrow outlook of the Europeans to term this period “The Dark Ages”. Q.2 On what grounds does the author argue that Communism is the “most modern and virulent form of Western Imperialism”? Ans. In the chapter ‘Reflections on the Re-awakening East’ Bertrand Russell argues that Communism is the most modern and bitterly hostile form of Western policy to establish their political and economic hegemony over other nations. He says that although Communism is not widely recognized in either the East or the West, it is wiping out the ancient and glorious traditions of civilization in Asia. He also says that China has been greatly affected by it and advises the other Asian countries that re-awakening...
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...the hands of a hereditary ruling class of nobility 5. Democracy- A government in which decisions are based upon either directly from the people or through representatives 6. Monarchy- A government in which one person, or monarch, is in power 7. Republic- A form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by citizens who have the right to vote 8. 12 Tables- Basis for Roman Law written on tablets and established the idea that all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law 9. Consul-One of the two powerful officials is elected each year to command the army and direct a government 10. Tribunes- An official elected by the plebeians to protect their right, themselves were patricians 11. Social Contract theory- The agreement by which people define and limit their own individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government 12. Justinian- Responsible for the Byzantine Empire, the emperor, who also moved the capital to Byzantine 13. Hagia Sophia- the greatest Christian building in the Byzantine empire The Middle Ages 1. Carolingian Dynasty- Frankish rulers who held power near present day Germany and France, originated by Charlemagne and later Charles Martel, 2/3 major C’s of the time- Clovis was the 3rd 2. Charlemagne- Crowned emperor by pope Leo III on Christmas Day because of his actions to protect Italy from Lombard and to drive the Muslims out of Spain 3. Canon law- Church law 4. Lay...
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...destroyed by the British at the Battle of the Nile. France now faced a new coalition - Austria and Russia had allied with Britain. Napoleon returned to Paris where the government was in crisis. In a coup d'etat in November 1799, Napoleon became first consul. In 1802, he was made consul for life and two years later, emperor. He oversaw the centralisation of government, the creation of the Bank of France, the reinstatement of Roman Catholicism as the state religion and law reform with the Code Napoleon. In 1800, he defeated the Austrians at Marengo. He then negotiated a general European peace which established French power on the continent. In 1803, Britain resumed war with France, later joined by Russia and Austria. Britain inflicted a naval defeat on the French at Trafalgar (1805) so Napoleon abandoned plans to invade England and turned on the Austro-Russian forces, defeating them at Austerlitz later the same year. He gained much new territory, including annexation of Prussian lands which ostensibly gave him control of Europe. The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, Holland and Westphalia created, and over the next five years, Napoleon's relatives and loyalists were installed as leaders (in Holland, Westphalia, Italy, Naples, Spain and Sweden). In 1810, he had his childless marriage to Josephine de Beauharnais annulled and married the daughter of the Austrian emperor in the hope of having an heir. A son, Napoleon, was born a year...
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...2014 Task 2 Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a Catholic Monk and German patriot who challenged the Catholic Church and brought about significant social and political change. He was a powerful individual that changed the course of history without politics or government affiliation (Wilson, 2007, p. 34). Luther believed that anyone who possessed a bible should be able to read it and guide his own religion. He thought the Church corrupt for selling absolution, thereby releasing sinners from punishment in the afterlife. This took power away from the church. He was so convicted in this thought that he translated the Bible into German and had the New Testament printed in 1522 and the Old Testament in 1534. By challenging the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire, he in fact challenged political authority. By giving lay people access to the Bible, learning became something they could treasure. In 1524 Luther urged authorities in Germany to establish schools for all children. This social change became evident in 1580 when half the parishes in Electoral Saxony had elementary schools for boys. Ten percent had even made similar provisions for girls (Wilson, 2007, p. 37). “Indeed, no one more than Martin Luther resembles the flawed hero of which the sacred text affords so many examples”(Wilson, 2007, p. 39). Martin Luther was a significant mechanism in social and political changes in the 16th Century and beyond. Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906) was an American teacher, activist and lecturer. She...
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... Michelle Hicks EDF 2085 Professor Blaine November 14, 2012 History The most important facts that can be found about Germany are connected to wars. The World Wars were a disaster for Germany. It led to the divide of Germany. One of the major theme of German history, according to William Spencer (1994) is division. This seems to be a common occurrence but doesn’t represent a departure from German history. Spencer noted that Germany has had difficulty during its 2000 year history in becoming a nation-state and maintaining that form, even with the development of a strong ethnic and national identity. The Holy Roman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire have been apart of Germany. Germany in its early history resisted being taken over by the Roman Empire. In 1871, a separate German Empire was created but not until Bismarck. The German state remained even after losing in World War I. Germany became two separate entities after World War II including the representation of the opposite hegemonies which was directed by the United States and the Soviet Union. (Germany then and now, 1994) Politics Germany started out as tribes but now has the third largest economy in the world and the largest in Europe. The country went through several rulers or ruling parties. Germany has become a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic. Germany follows the 1949 constitutional document called the...
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...The name Kazmaier is most certainly derived from an estate or a grange which either directly was named Kazmaier but more likely Kast(n)maier. It is likely that this farm was a so called "Maierhof" or "Mayerhof" (from Latin: maiores villae), a farm, estate, grange or building which was occupied or had been occupied by the administrator (the "Maier") of a noble or ecclesiastical estate, belonging to the "Hofkastenamt", collecting and administrating the revenue of the territorial lord. In the centuries after 1600 the name Kazmaier occurs very frequently in the German country of Württemberg. Before 1600 the name mostly appears, although in different spellings, in Bavaria. In Munich the Katzmairs are detectable from 1318 being members of the council. Most famous Georg Katzmair as the author of "Muenchen unter der Vierherzog-Regierung 1397-1403". With Georg III. Katzmair (son of Niklas Katzmair 1480-1523) in 1533 the house Katzmair in Munich dies off. A 1506 born illegitimate son of Jacob II. Katzmair (Niklas' younger brother) did not leave traces. He might have kept the name and carried it forward. In 1607 the first German-speaking immigrant to America, Dr. Johannes Fleischer, arrived in Jamestown, Virginia. Five glassmakers and three carpenters or house builders from Germany followed him in 1608. Germantown in Pennsylvania, founded on October 6, 1683 became the first permanent German settlement. In the ensuing centuries, nearly 7 million of Fleischer's compatriots would follow...
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...Duke and his court musicians. He was also the secretary for the Duke. He was appointed honorary prior of the Ringelheim Monastery near Goslar. The year before his death, Michael’s health started to decline rapidly and he was dismissed from his position as Kappellmeister because the quality of music was going down. Michael died on February 15, 1621, his 50th birthday in Wolfenbuttel, Germany and left his fortune to charity. His final resting place after his death is beneath the St. Mary’s church in Wofenbuttel, Germany. He had become famous as a composer of Church music. His first composition was in 1602-1603 while he was in his early thirties. Michael started writing some of them when Regenburg was the parliament seat for the Holy Roman Empire. Taking after his father and grandfather’s Lutheran religious believes, he wrote over 1000 songs used in the Lutheran services. Michael wrote three volumes about the art of music named “Syntagma Musician.” This large collection of music had detailed information on instruments and their performing practice which is of great value. Michael was passionate for advancements in music. He admired Italian music and had a liking for rich and various...
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