...Maritime Code was introduced in 1672 and a Commercial Code in 1673. C. To enforce his rule, Louis needed a large army. By the time of his death in 1715, the army of France stood at 350,000. Not only was it large in size, but it was also a modern army completely controlled by the state. Such an army ensured that the people were well controlled within France. Any hint of rebellion could be suitably dealt with. The army was answerable to the Secretary of State for War and the Intendants who worked for him. D. The credit for finding the modern French Navy went to Jean-Baptiste Colbert. In 1643, at the start of Louis’s reign, France had about three serviceable naval boats. For Colbert, this represented a weakness that other nations might exploit. Therefore, a great deal of time and effort went into developing a modern navy. This allowed France to follow an aggressive expansionist policy in both colonisation and commerce. Both added to the wealth and prestige of France. E. The economy relatively prospered in the early years of Louis’ reign. Under the guidance of Colbert, the French economy did well. Colbert realised the importance of a sound commercial...
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...Italy, refers primarily to the: (A) renewed interest in the scientific method at many Italian universities (B) capitalist values advanced by leading Italian merchant bankers (C) anti-religious movement among leading Italian intellectuals (D) scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome (E) non-Christian themes that became prominent in Italian art and literature 3. Which of the following beliefs was central to Martin Luther's religious philosophy? (A) Salvation by faith alone (B) Saints as intermediaries between the individual Christian and God (C) The sacrament of penance (D) The priesthood defined as distinct from the laity (E) The equality of men and women 4. During the Thirty Years' War, France pursued a policy of: (A) supporting the Hapsburgs against the Protestant princes and rulers (B) allowing French Protestants to fight for the Protestants even though the monarchy supported the Roman Catholics (C) supporting the Protestant princes and rulers against the Hapsburgs (D) remaining neutral (E) opposing England in order to recapture Normandy 5. Which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the Dutch republic of the seventeenth century? (A) Popular democracy (B) Rule by an absolute monarch (C) Rule by wealthy merchants (D) Control by feudal lords (E) Rule by yeoman farmers 6 The enclosure movement in eighteenth-century England did...
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...European Expansion and Religious Wars Pages 489-524 1. 2. Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis 3. Gunpowder’s contribution to the nature of war in the 16th century 4. Frances I & Henry II of France’s domestic policies 5. The nobility of the robe 6. Result of the Concordat of Bologna 7. Why Calvinism took hold in France 8. The sons of Henry II 9. The root of French religious violence 10. Saint Bartholemew's Day Massacre 11. The War of the Three Henrys 12. Politiques 13. Henry of Navarre 14. Edict of Nantes 15. the economic importance of the Netherlands 16. political history of the Netherlands (17 provinces) 17. Charles V’s abdication & the division of his lands between brother and son 18. Why Calvinism took root in the Netherlands 19. Margaret, regent of the Netherlands 20. The cathedral of Notre Dame of Antwerp 21. Duke of Alva 22. Prince William of Orange 23. Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma 24. Union of Utrecht 25. Why Elizabeth came to the aid of the Protestant Netherlands (Page 496) 26. The Escorial 27. Philip II (make sure and read his political, religious background) 28. Philip’s “British problem” 29. Spanish Armada 30. Results of the defeat of the Armada for both Spain and England 31. Lutheranism, Calvinism and German bishoprics 32. Protestant Union vs. Catholic League 33. Four Phases of the Thirty Years’ War a. Bohemian Phase (Defenestration...
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...How far were the policies pursued by Philip II responsible for the Revolts against his rule in the Netherlands (30 marks) The way that Philip treated the Netherlands through his policies to a large extent cause widespread revolts throughout the Netherlands, especially in the revolt of 1572 where two provinces were held successfully. Policies such as increased taxation and refusal to lessen punishments caused the revolts against his rule in the Netherlands. However, we must also take into account that were beyond Philip’s control such as the Rise of Calvinism which encouraged Iconoclasm. These policies put together and factors beyond Philip’s control fuelled the Dutch Revolts to occur. Out of all of these policies I believe the most influential factor in causing the Dutch Revolts was the duke of Alva being deployed to settle the Iconoclasm in the Netherlands. Firstly, I believe the most important the Duke of Alva’s being deployed along with 10000 troops and the role of him ultimately fuelled the hatred of the Dutch towards the Spanish rule of the Philip II. In 1567, the Duke of Alva left Spain to deal with the unrest that was occurring in the Netherlands. Really, Margaret of Parma had severely exaggerated the iconoclasm. This provoked Philip II to send the Duke of Alva and 10000 troops into the Netherlands. As a result of this, some of the leading nobles (including William of Orange) to flee into Germany and France. William of Orange was a leading noble in the Netherlands Within...
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...to people everywhere. Through her dedication to God and her faith in His plan for France. Jeanne d’Arc (or in English, Joan of Arc) was born in the year 1412. She was born into a peasant family in Domrémy-la-Pucelle, France. Her parents were Isabelle Romee and Jacques d’Arc. She had three other siblings, Pierre d'Arc, Catherine d'Arc, and Jacquemin d'Arc. She...
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...“Of the love or hatred God has for the English, I know nothing, but I do know that they will all be thrown out of France, except for those who die there” -Joan of Arc Joan of Arc is historically known as a heroic girl, who led multiple battles to victory for her native country of France in the Hundred Years War, pitted against England. The Hundred Years War was a conflict between medieval France and England, starting with mere disputes over territory, following to King Edward III of England claiming that he was the rightful ruler of France. Furthermore, King Edward III decided to invade France, and claim what he believed was rightfully his, causing a war that would last for more than a century. Causes of the War Prior to this infamous crusade, disputes had been fairly common between the two substantial countries. War finally erupted after the King of England, Edward III, claimed that he was the King...
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...The Treaty of Troyes (1420) looked to have all but secured English victory in the Hundred Years War. England was undefeated in open battle and decisive victories at Crecy (1346), Poitiers (1356) and Agincourt (1415) further reinforced their apparent invincibility in the field. Furthermore the victorious King Henry V had become both the heir and regent of France, a kingdom ruled by a crazed king and crippled by civil war. Yet ultimately the English were defeated and this essay shall explore how the emergence of Joan of Arc, fiscal crises in England and the defection of Burgundy contributed to such a dramatic change of fortunes within the Hundred Years War. From the outset of the war it was political turmoil within France which drove English success. King Edward III compensated for England’s comparatively small army by capitalising on ‘provincial grievances and provincial separatism’ to acquire the support of key nobles within both Brittany and Normandy by 1354. Faced with the superior military technology and tactics of the English, and occupied on too many fronts by both the English and her own subjects, France simply could not sustain the war effort. Consequently France was forced into ratifying the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) which saw provinces such as Ponthieu and Aquitaine ceded to England in full sovereignty. Within fifty years history was repeating itself, as the bouts of madness suffered by King Charles VI meant that the French government was all but completely controlled...
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...Giovanni Botero •Giovanni Botero was born around 1544, nobody know exactly the time he was born. And he died in 1617. He was an Italian thinker, priest, poet and diplomat. •Botero was sent to the Jesuit college in Palermo at age of 15 and had chances to teach philosophy and rhetoric in many place in Europe such as France, Italia, Spanish during 1559-1580) à The Jesuit educational program had on Botero in both the political and economic spheres. •Botero rounded out the eighties in Rome in the employ of Federico Borromeo as a personal assistant and secretary à This was Botero's most productive stage, seeing the completion of his three most important works: •The Greatness of Cities (1588), The Reason of State (1589), and Universal Relations (1591) WORK AND THOUGH The most important work of Botero is The reason of state. By this work, he showed the main ideas about the mercatilism in 17th century. •Jean Bodin's “Six Books of the Republic” was an important influence on Botero's writing of the Reason of State •But, Botero's overall conception of political economy is more 'liberal' than that of Bodin. • The primary end of mercantilist policies was to produce for one's state a favourable balance of trade in relation to other states, thereby giving them power over those states. - In argument about the participation by kings in the economy of the country, Bodin cautioned kings only against trading with their own subjects; all other economic activity was allowed. - Botero, on...
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...was good at military strategies and tactics; he had the ability to encourage morale and he was loved and respected by subordinate. Henry V was encouraged by ministers and bishop to take back France, at the same time, he received an insulting gift from French Prince; he decided to start the battle. With great courage, Henry V led nobles and civilian people won their significant victory, and finally forced the King of France signed the peace treaty between England and France. The King of France agreed to let his daughter, Catherine, marry to Henry V with the condition that their son will be the future King of France. England had its great victory over this war, and Henry V made it happen. Henry V’s fantastic skills approach, credibility, and other leadership traits were perfectly captured in the difficult overall process of the war. Henry V gave many speeches in the movie, these speeches showed his wonderful skills of leadership. There was a scene of Henry talking to the city governor of France, he was assertively threaten the French governor of attacking the French citizens if he wouldn’t let English troops get inside the city; but he mentioned that if the governor open the city gate peacefully, they wouldn’t hurt French citizens. Henry V’s speech was just right for the occasion; firstly, he didn’t send ambassadors to talk to the governor, he did it in person; secondly, he talked in details about hurting French citizens and this made an ideal threatening impact; and finally, this...
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...Kenneth Branaugh’s film version of William Shakespeare’s Henry V is based on the exploration of leadership. Although the film was difficult to follow at times, certain diction and actions of the characters made the film easier to follow. The diction and actions of King Henry V definitely showcased his abilities as a leader. Henry V focuses on leadership development by concentrating on succession, conflict and redemption. In the film, Henry V shows growth through stature and ability all while developing skills and credibility in the eyes of his followers. Because of this growth, Henry V comes to epitomize transformational leadership through his use of key qualities like vision and values, energy and a teachable point of view. It is through his use of vision and values, energy and a teachable point of view that his followers witness not only his growth as a leader, but also his attention to England’s well-being, unifying his realm and achieving organizational goals. When young King Henry V assumed the throne of his father, Henry IV, he was adamant on gaining the respect of the English people and the court. In order to gain this respect, Henry V had to live down his wild adolescent past in which he befriended drunkards and thieves and showed disrespect to the throne. As shown in the film, Henry V was willing to do whatever was necessary to disassociate himself with his adolescent past. If this meant rejecting his former drunkard and thieve friends, then Henry would do...
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...KEY POINTS LEADING TO THE SPANISH EMPIRE’S DECLINE AND FALL IN THE SEVENTEETH CENTURY CHRISTINE NILSON 24 December 2011 1 KEY POINTS LEADING TO THE SPANISH EMPIRE’S DECLINE AND FALL IN THE SEVENTEETH CENTURY The Spanish Empire of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries has a story of irresponsible, selfish and foolish policies. The major problems revolved around their failure to build their internal economy, the ever increasing unsolved debts, and dependence on colonial silver. These problems were aggravated by other world events that they could not control. The empire best period was called Spain’s Golden Age. This occurred approximately between 1516 and 16591, although historians frequently list various time spans. Spain’s monarchs in this period claimed God had chosen them to rule over all decisions. Generally they ignored the country’s constitution that could limit their power. Other governing bodies existed, but the king had the final say.2 The empire controlled lands in areas of north and south central Europe from the Netherlands to the islands at the tip of Italy. They controlled colonies in many parts of America including Peru, Central America, various islands and Mexico.3 Eventually, they took over Portugal and its African and Asian colonies along with their trade routes.2 One kings just before the decline, Charles V, had the title of Holy Roman Emperor.4 Spain had little internal means to produce income. The general population took a light view of seeking...
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...The name Kazmaier is most certainly derived from an estate or a grange which either directly was named Kazmaier but more likely Kast(n)maier. It is likely that this farm was a so called "Maierhof" or "Mayerhof" (from Latin: maiores villae), a farm, estate, grange or building which was occupied or had been occupied by the administrator (the "Maier") of a noble or ecclesiastical estate, belonging to the "Hofkastenamt", collecting and administrating the revenue of the territorial lord. In the centuries after 1600 the name Kazmaier occurs very frequently in the German country of Württemberg. Before 1600 the name mostly appears, although in different spellings, in Bavaria. In Munich the Katzmairs are detectable from 1318 being members of the council. Most famous Georg Katzmair as the author of "Muenchen unter der Vierherzog-Regierung 1397-1403". With Georg III. Katzmair (son of Niklas Katzmair 1480-1523) in 1533 the house Katzmair in Munich dies off. A 1506 born illegitimate son of Jacob II. Katzmair (Niklas' younger brother) did not leave traces. He might have kept the name and carried it forward. In 1607 the first German-speaking immigrant to America, Dr. Johannes Fleischer, arrived in Jamestown, Virginia. Five glassmakers and three carpenters or house builders from Germany followed him in 1608. Germantown in Pennsylvania, founded on October 6, 1683 became the first permanent German settlement. In the ensuing centuries, nearly 7 million of Fleischer's compatriots would follow...
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... The Thirty Years’ War was a religious and political war. The first half of the war could be characterized by the religious color and the last half of the war could be characterized by the political color. First of all, it was a religious war between the Catholic and the Protestant on the stage of Germany. Religious interest of both parties surpassed the gravity of the Great Commandment by their LORD. Second, it was a political war between not a few parties. Especially on the latter stage of the Thirty Years’ War, many countries involved drove it into international war. The primary property of the Thirty Years’ War was the long term itself of the war. At first, nobody might have expected that the war would keep going so long a way. If they had known just half of the result of the long period war, many of the participants would have changed their minds. The long term of the Thirty Years’ War left Germany devastated: both the German territory and the life of the German people. It also made foreign participants tired and hurt. As Fletcher indicated, Germany was a miniature of Europe, and the both Europe and Germany were divided into many at the end of the war. And what was worse, the latter was totally devastated: Germany was a rich country when the war began, but she was a desert when the war ended. Here we need to retrospect and ask a question: What was the reason of the war-participants and what did they accomplish? What is the Thirty Years’ War teaching the modern...
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...The English Revolution was a period of armed conflict and political turmoil between 1642 and 1660. This included the execution of the Charles 1st, the rise of the Commonwealth followed by the Protectorate under Cromwell and then the eventual restoration of the Monarchy. Richardson is correct to state that the events that occurred were “inherently controversial… momentous and far reaching” which are still debated today. This debate rages on whether these events can constitute a Revolution. It is dependent on what definition of the word Revolution is enacted. Historians such as Jeff Goodwin provide interpretations of what it means to have a Revolution, which shall be further explored, however what ultimately accounts is how the events and interpretations of the time fit into these interpretations. Ultimately there are two ways to look at Revolution, firstly there is the struggle or initial violent uprisings of the populous against the established state. The other way of looking at a revolution is to also examine the more long term changes or effects in the mind-set of the contemporise. In other words the changes in the way men think. Richardson pushes the idea of the initial struggle constituting a Revolution whereas others such as Hill believe that the long-term effects are more significant. Both arguments both valid against differing definitions of Revolution. Similarities between the French and English Revolutions will also provide a stark comparison of the English situation...
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...People | Countries/Lands | Time Periods | Terms | Description | Catherine the Great | Russian Empire | 1750s-1800s | Russo-Turkish/Russo-Persian Wars, Pretenders, Royal Marks | Catherine the Great was queen of the Russian Empire alongside her husband, Peter III | Issac Newton | England | 1640s-1730s | Newton's Three Laws, the Invention of Calculus | Issac Newton was the physicist who discovered gravity and created calculus | Robespierre | France | 1750-1800s | Reign of Terror, Jacobin Club | Robespierre was the leading figure in the French Revolution Reign of Terror | Elizabeth I | England | 1550s-1600s | Spanish Armada | Elizabeth I was the last queen of the Tudor dynasty, and she stopped the Spanish Empire. | Louis XIV | France | 1640s-1720s | Edict of Nandes, League of Augsburg, War of Spanish Succession, Treaty of Ryswick | Louis XIV was the "Sun King", the king of the French Empire and longest monarch ever | Peter the Great | Russian Empire | 1670s-1730s | Great Northern War | Peter the Great was the monarch of Russia who modernized it to eventual Russian power | John Locke | England | 1630s-1700s | Social Contract Theory, Lockean Proviso, Two Treatises | John Locke was an English philosopher considered one of the greatest Enlightened thinkers. | Mary and William Stuart | England | 1640s-1650s | House of Stuart, Glorious Revolution | William and Mary Stuart were protestant english monarchs in their time, against catholicism. | Voltaire | France | 1690s-1780s...
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