...3 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 HOUSE FINANCE GLOBAL VIEW 3 HOUSING STRATEGY 4 CONDITIONS TO FACILITATE LENDING 8 DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR HOUSING 8 TANZANIA HOUSING FINANCE THEORY 10 CHAPTER THREE 12 FINDINGS 12 Demand for housing finance 12 Current Condition in Tanzania 12 Access to Housing Finance 13 HOUSING POLICY AND HOUSING MARKET 14 ACCESS TO HOUSING FINANCE MAIN CHALLENGES 18 CHAPTER FOUR 21 CONCLUSIONS 21 References; 22 Abstract We examine the extent to which markets enable the provision of housing finance across a wide range of Regions in Tanzania. Housing is a major purchase requiring long-term financing, and the factors that are associated with well functioning housing finance systems are those that enable the provision of long-term finance. Across all countries, controlling for country size, we find that countries with stronger legal rights for borrowers and lenders (through collateral and bankruptcy laws), deeper credit information systems, and a more stable macroeconomic environment have deeper housing finance systems. These same factors also help explain the variation in housing finance across emerging market economies. Across developed countries, which tend to have low macroeconomic volatility and relatively extensive credit information systems, variation in the strength of legal rights helps explain the extent of housing finance. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Because of its apparent social and political importance, housing finance for the poor seems an area ripe...
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...Impact of different window types in regulating natural ventilation of residential buildings of Dhaka, Bangladesh |Md. Nymul Haque¹ |Jinia Sharmeen² | |haque.nymul@gmail.com |jinia_lima@hotmail.com | Abstract Natural ventilation is most desirable for cooling and providing fresh air in residential buildings for better indoor air quality and thermal comfort. The natural ventilation performance is affected by a combination of internal and external factors. External factors include the location, the orientation, the prevailing wind speeds and the building forms of the residential development, which are subject to constraints beyond the control of site planners and architects. Whilst for internal factors like the openings configurations and window types, site planners and architects are always given free hand for a proper design. Dhaka, a city in the Tropics, has become such a city where with rapid urbanization users are moving towards mechanically ventilated buildings putting ever increasing demand on the dwindling energy resources. This paper focuses on the influences of window types on the natural ventilation of residential units in Dhaka in order to improve quality of indoor living environment. Primary objective of the study is an attempt to investigate...
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...History The area first developed about two hundred years ago in what was then the village of Holbeck. Activities such as flax spinning, iron casting and machine manufacturing were carried out in a range of steam-powered mills and workshops. Interspersed amongst these mills and factories were hundreds of families living in poor conditions in back to back houses. Why was an urban village created? The northern part of Holbeck is an area that is in need of major regeneration and in which there is now strong developer interest. It is also an area that is of great importance both historically, as the cradle of the industrial revolution in Leeds, and architecturally, with two conservation areas and a number of listed buildings including the Grade I Temple Works. The special nature of this area merits a special response from developers that respects the scale and quality of its important buildings, the diversity of the area and its potential to develop into a sustainable community. It was clear from the early schemes to re-develop the area a decade or so ago that this was not happening and that the special quality of the area was being lost. In order for the future of Holbeck to be sustainable, the traditional principles of a village, which include a mixture of living, working and recreational opportunities, need to be adopted. It appeared to be appropriate to regenerate the area as an urban village and the Urban Villages Forum (which promotes urban villages) confirms this. The area...
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...1938 by amendments to the National Housing Act to provide local banks with federal money to finance home mortgages. This was an attempt to raise levels of home ownership and make affordable housing more available by creating a secondary market. Fannie Mae was authorized to buy Federal Housing Administration insured mortgages, replenishing the supply of lendable funds. In 1944 Fannie Mae was authorized to purchase loans guaranteed by the Veterans Administration, and in 1954 they become a mixed ownership corporation owned partly by private stockholders. In 1970 Fannie Mae transitioned from mixed ownership to private organization and was authorized to purchase conventional mortgages. Through the 80’s and 90’s Fannie Mae remained profitable through the use of adjustable rate mortgages and mortgage backed securities. In the late 1990’s and early 2000’s institutions in the primary mortgage market pressured Fannie Mae to ease credit requirements on the mortgages it was willing to purchase, enabling them to make loans to subprime borrowers. As housing prices dropped nationwide and foreclosures increased, Fannie Mae suffered large losses on various investments in their portfolio, such as sub-prime mortgages (loans made to borrowers with poorer-than average credit) and “private label” MBS’s (securities issued and insured by private companies without government backing). Fannie Mae also faced increased uncertainty about the scale of the decline in housing prices and increases in unemployment...
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...Angelica Olivarez 430 ethics Fannie Mae Accounting Scandal 2001 Ethics is based on how people should act through well-based standards. Ethics on the other hand, does not describe the way people actually act. Ethics is a prescriptive term in which people should always aim to make the right decision. Those who act on ethics do not rationalize their actions founded own perceived self-interest. The accounting profession has its own understanding and framework of ethics. Accounting applications of ethical reasoning can become a common dilemma faced by auditors, internal auditors and all others who work in the business field. For example, The American Institute of Public Accountants (AICPA) Code requires CPAs to place the interest of the public first. To place the interest of the public first means that CPAs should not place themselves, their client or their employer’s interest above the public. Many business dilemmas involve managers, CPAs, and/or top management who have placed their interest above the public’s interest. An example of an accounting and business dilemma where the public interest was not placed first is Fannie Mae accounting scandal in 2001. Fannie Mae is the Federal National Mortgage Association, a government supported entity that assist lower and middle income Americans to buy homes. The Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) also assists lower and Middle Americans to buy homes. Both supported entities gain special treatment and “aimed to increase...
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...Little is known about HDFC Bank and the people behind it. It is a highly successful and profitable new generation bank in the private sector. It came alongside ICICI Bank and at several points in time, the market capitalization of HDFC Bank has been higher than that of ICICI Bank and SBI. Since inception Aditya Puri has been the MD of HDFC Bank and has been steering the bank, through times, good and bad, successfully. The bank has been growing 30% year-on-year for the last 15 years and has one of the lowest NPAs in the business. In spite of the absence of home loans ( as it is the preserve of its promoter HDFC Ltd) , the bank has a strong retail business. HDFC Bank and Aditya Puri have got legions of awards for this success. Mr. Aditya Puri has been Managing Director of HDFC Bank Ltd. since September 1994. Mr. Puri served as Chief Executive Officer of Citibank Malaysia from 1992 to 1994. He has over 30 years of experience in both domestic and international banking. He serves as a Deputy Chairman of Indian Banks' Association. He serves as a Director of HDFC Bank Ltd. He was awarded the Asian Banker Leadership Achievement Award 2006 for India. Mr. Puri holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from Punjab University and is an Associate Member of the Institute of Chartered his Accountants of India. His management mantra has been inspired by a cartoon he saw in one foreign newspaper. One half of the cartoon showed the boss neck-deep in work while others outside were having a whale of...
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...INTRODCTION Housing is both a social good, providing core security for families, neighbourhoods, societies and communities and an economic good stimulation growth and development. The country faces acute housing shortage with a deficit of over 1 million housing units in the midst of rapid population growth and rising urban population. It is common knowledge that the Housing deficit in Ghana now stands well over one (1) million houses. To address this deficit and accommodate new households, there is the need for an annual delivery of about 150,000 units for the next 20 years. GREDA PROBLEM DEFINITION The rate of construction of homes for a number of reasons has fallen behind the growth of population in general and the number of people entering the working class. This has created a big deficit in the country's housing delivery system, particularly in the urban centers. Needs assessment survey conducted in the housing sector in the 2000's was conclusive that the ideal housing properties on high demand are 2-4 bedroom houses in view of the large family size they tend to have. The trend in population growth coupled with the rising cost of building materials has shot up the prices of houses and rent chargeable is exorbitant. The size of the market for residential properties is large as it covers Ghanaian national's resident abroad. The general consensus is that the houses constructed are of poor quality and the finishing fall short of the dream houses that potential homeowners are...
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...Affordable Housing – Some Experiences From Kenya Wafula NABUTOLA, Kenya Key words: Affordable, Mortgage, Sweat Equity, Home, House, Space, Settlements. SUMMARY Shelter is a physiological human need. It is like food. So much so that even those who cannot afford it still need it. By its nature housing represents a major investment requiring a substantial capital outlay. In the majority of housing projects, the developer whether as a corporate or individual has to borrow, beg or steal! Kenya’s GDP is reasonably large but is not growing at the rate that would be classified as booming. In fact the population growth at 2.9% is higher than the GDP growth at 1.1%. These are 2002 figures and therefore are quite current. The purchasing power parity is USD 346.00 per annum. The income per capita per day is USD 0.95! At that rate affordability of anything let alone housing is a big challenge. I am interested in this study because I know that more than one third of Kenyans (12 million – 9 million in rural and 3 million in urban areas) in both the urban and rural areas do not have access to decent and affordable housing. This study seeks to uncover the root causes and effects of abject poverty and suggest ways and means of mitigating those circumstances. TS12 – Housing – Costs and Finance Wafula Nabutola TS12.2 Affordable Housing – Some Experiences from Kenya FIG Working Week 2004 Athens, Greece, May 22-27, 2004 1/17 Affordable Housing – Some Experiences From Kenya Wafula NABUTOLA, Kenya...
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...countries or economies that have housing policies or measures to stabilize the housing markets. Provide your views or suggestions on the best measure to stabilize the housing markets that could be considered or used in Melbourne. In 2013, Melbourne’s population was 4.3 million. By the year 2030 Melbourne’s population is set to reach 6 million and by 2051 the population will jump to 7.8 million. With population growth of this magnitude the demand on housing will undoubtedly increase. In 2014, in his opening remarks at the Bundesbank/German Research Foundation/IMF Conference, Mr Min Zhu, Deputy Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) stated remarked: “Housing booms have different characteristics across countries and time periods. What is common is that when the bust comes, it very often damages financial stability and the real economy. The tools for containing housing booms are still being developed. The evidence on their effectiveness is only just starting to accumulate. The interactions of various policy tools can be complex. But all this should not be an excuse for inaction. The interlocking use of multiple tools might overcome the shortcomings of any single policy tool.” Indeed, as there are no magic bullets to ensure a stable housing market, it is prudent to therefore to review differing policies that are currently used by other countries to help stabilize their housing markets. In the paragraphs bellows are housing market policy examples or measures...
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...The Section 8 program is also known as the Housing Choice Voucher Program. The program is a Federal Government housing or rent assistance program. It provides different forms of housing assistance to low income renters and even homeowners. The main people who receive this assistance are low income individuals or families who are living in poverty, the elderly, and the disabled. This program helps families to afford decent, safe, and sanitary housing. This can be single-family homes, townhouses, and apartments. The families that qualify for the assistance it pays the monthly rental fee for the homes and apartments that are located anywhere. There are many public housing agencies that certify the tenants and the people who participate in the...
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...DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR HOUSING The determination of prices in local and regional housing markets is a classic example of microeconomics in action! We are seeing the interaction between buyer and seller with prices being offered and agreed before a final transaction is made. In this section we focus on the demand and supply side factors that determine the value of properties in a market. Each housing transaction in the UK depends on a) The price that the seller is willing to agree for their property with the prospective buyer b) The actual price that the buyer is willing and able to pay. Buyers place offers for a property that the seller can either accept or reject A Sellers’ Market When the market demand for properties in a particular area is high and when there is a shortage of good quality properties (i.e. supply is scarce) then the balance of power in the market shifts towards the seller. This is because there is likely to be excess demand in the market for good properties. Sellers can wait for offers on their property to reach (or exceed) their minimum selling price. A Buyers’ Market Conversely when demand both for new and older housing is weak and when there is a glut of properties available on the market, then the power switches to potential buyers. They have a much wider choice of housing available and they should be able to negotiate a price that is lower than the published price. When the demand for houses in a particular area increases (perhaps because...
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...KOFORIDUA POLYTECHNIC RENT DIFFERENTIALS BETWEEN RESIDENTIAL AREAS AND ZONGO COMMUNITIES IN GHANA AND DETERMINANTS OR FACTORS THAT MOTIVATE PEOPLE TO STAY OR HIRE AT SUCH PLACES/ AREAS. A CASE STUDY OF KOFORIDUA OLD ESTATES AND KOFORIDUA ZONGO. BY BANAFO BENJAMIN DUODU OBED FEKOW SARPONG ALFRED ANGMOR SOLOMON K. OPOKU MENSAH A. RICHARD YEBOAH A. DERRICK ANUM AYIVOR ISHMAEL E. OSABUTEY CATHERINE A. OWUSU BISMARK 2012 DEDICTION Our expectation is that this case study will be dedicated to all potential researchers who might be embarking on this same case study and to Mr. Jamal Mohammed paved the way for us to embark on this practical research. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are most grateful to the Lord Almighty for strength, knowledge and wisdom granted to us in our area of study. We also acknowledge every member of our group who contributed their effort to this successful research. TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE CHAPTER ONE * BACKGROUND INFORMATION 4...
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...non-government, religionist, cultural both public and private sectors. Previous example of public issues lies with the Clinton administration as they sought out health care policies, which were ineffective bias upon inadequate alliances with other staff members within the Senate and the House of Representatives. Another example of health care ineffectiveness with current Obama administration by spending over trillions of dollars with both houses disagreeing in different avenues of the health care policy. Both presidents lack the involvement lobbyist groups, politicians, the public, and the Tea party to believe in this new policy for health care. Whereas, some forgotten topics such as housing (community, facilities, and services), Land (natural and cultural resources), transportation, and finance, which not address in current public policy...
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...LITRATURE 8 2.1.MATERIALS MANAGEMENT 8 2.2. OBJECTIVES OF MATERIALS MANAGEMENT 9 2.3. PRICE DETERMINATION 10 2.4. INFLATION 13 2.5. HOUSING THE POOR 13 2.6. Integrated Housing development program 17 2.7. Hawassa city housing development project office 19 2.8. Different type of houses and price of transferring 20 CHAPTER THREE 21 3. DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 21 3.1. Beneficiary (dwellers) characteristics (sample population) 21 3.2.1. TYPE OF HOUSES ASSIGNED FOR BENEFICIARY IN THE SAMPLE…. 25 3.2.2. DWELLERS WILLINGNESS TO BUY HOUSES 26 3.2.3. PRICE OF HOUSES AND THE FACTORS THAT AFFECTS THE PRICE OF HOUSES ………………………………………………………………………………...26 3.2.4.CONSTRUCTION MATERRIALS AND THE MARKET PRIC………………..27 3.2.5.GENERAL OPINION OF DWELLERS 28 3.2.6. PRICE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND BENEFICIARY OPINION.29 CHAPTER FOUR 33 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 33 4.1. CONCLUSION 33 4.2 RECOMMENDATION --------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 Bibliography………………………………………………………………. 36 Appendix I …………………………………………………………… 37 Appendix II ………………………………………………………… 38 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Ethiopian urban centers face a number of socio-economic problems. Unemployment, poverty, weak economic base, growing housing problem and slum dwelling with a weak...
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...GANN SQUARE OF NINE INTRADAY ANALYSIS Data used: Last Traded Price (LTP) at 9:30 am Stocks Analyzed: * ACC LTD * ULTRATECH CEMENT LIMITED * HDFC BANK LTD * AXIS BANK LTD * DABUR INDIA LTD * NESTLE INDIA LTD * APOLLO TYRES LTD * MRF LTD * DR. REDDY’S LABORATORIES LTD * SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES LTD * APOLLO HOSPITALS ENTERPRISE LTD CEMENT INDUSTRY ACC LTD LTP: 1476.25 Resistance: 1491.89 1501.56 1511.27 1521.00 1530.77 Support: 1463.06 1453.52 1444.00 1434.52 1425.06 Buy at or above: 1482.25 Buy Targets: 1491.14 1500.81 1510.51 1520.24 Stoploss: 1472.64 Sell at or below: 1472.64 Sell Targets: 1463.79 1454.25 1444.72 1435.24 Stoploss: 1482.25 ULTRATECH CEMENT LTD LTP: 3117 Resistance: 3136.00 3150.02 3164.06 3178.14 3192.25 Support: 3094.14 3080.25 3066.39 3052.56 3038.77 Buy at or above: 3122.02 Buy Targets: 3134.43 3148.44 3162.48 3176.55 Stoploss: 3108.06 Sell at or below: 3108.06 Sell Targets: 3095.69 3081.79 3067.92 3054.09 Stoploss: 3122.02 BANKING SECTOR HDFC BANK LTD LTP: 1061.40 Resistance: 1072.56 1080.77 1089.00 1097.27 1105.56 Support: 1048.14 1040.06 1032.02 1024.00 1016.02 Buy at or above: 1064.39 Buy Targets: 1072.02 1080.23 1088.46 1096.72 Stoploss: 1056.25 Sell at or below: 1056.25 Sell Targets:...
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