...Samantha Fitzgerald HIST 110 Winter 2018 How Did Art Reflect the Byzantine Era? INTRO: Art reflects life. Art reflects society. Art reflects emotions. Whether a painting portrays a king, or a building reflects advancements within a society, all art communicates ideas and feelings. While looking at a piece of art, you look into the mind of the artist at that exact period in time. The artist has been influenced by a variety of beliefs, perceptions, and community, all leading up to the final product. During the Byzantine Empire, there was a drastic shift after the Byzantine had separated from, but was an extension of, the Roman Empire. Roman and Greek culture was prevalent in the Byzantine Empire, making this period unique on its own. The laws...
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...Jotham Kim Crusader Essay 9-3 Word Count:1,452 In ancient Europe, around the 11th century, there were three major kingdoms/empires. The three major kingdoms/empires were the Catholic kingdom, the Byzantine Empire, and the Islamic Caliphates. The Catholic kingdom was located in Western Europe. In the Catholic kingdom, religion was very important and organized. First, their religion was the Catholic Christianity, and in the church hierarchy, there were different classes. The highest class was the pope, the second was the bishops, and lastly was the priests. Basically, the pope was considered to be the ruler of the Christian world (Ellis 193). Just how the Catholic religion was organized, so was the feudal system in Western Europe. The feudal systems contained social hierarchy, and the highest class was the king. After the king, the next powerful class was the lords, knights, and then finally the vassals (peasants and serfs)(Ellis 188). Although the conditions of the king’s and lords’ environments were luxuries, the vassals’ environment was really poor. They had to live in a manor, with less food, and hard labor (Ellis 190). The most beneficial advantage for the vassals was to live near the river (Class notes December 17, 2013). The reason is because they can catch fish at sometimes, and have additional food than others. Most of the vassals were serfs (slaves that were bound to the land, and can be sold and bought). Other vassals were peasants (people with rights that got...
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...Middle Ages began when Western Roman Empire collapsed. Byzantine and Islamic appeared before the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages is the middle period of three traditional division of Western history: early, the high, and the late Middle Ages. Middle Ages is an important part of Western Civilization. It through many different period of time of the Middle Ages helps Western Civilization development economy and political. Each period of Middle Ages affect to how Civilization changes and growth. Western Civilization had more strong and created many intellect men. Also, the last Pagan Europe was converted to Christianity with the Baltic people in the High Middle Ages, bringing them to Western Civilization as well. I. Byzantine and Islamic influence A. Byzantine influence In the textbook Humanities in the Western Tradition, First Edition Marvin Perry, Baruch College, City University of New York, Emeritus J. Wayne Baker, University of Akron Pamela Pfeiffer Hollinger, the University of Akron that discussion Byzantine and Islamic their cultural contribution to Western Civilization. * “The Byzantine and Islam have in common” by contributing writer that almost 700 years Byzantine and Islamic cultural fought the remains of the Roman Empire, but they also hared many cultural political and artistic that shape their societies in many ways. * Advantage: * Byzantine cultural contributions to Western Civilization Byzantine developed vital economy, sophisticated...
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...constantly exposed to, and one type of play. Afterwards, it will take a look at what influences Turkey has made in other nearby cultures and countries. Also the impact and influence the history of Turkey has had in that region. Finally it will end with how visible the influences are, and briefly discuss all of its religious influences. The region that Turkey now occupies has very large roots in history, even though the current establishment of Turkey is very young. Before the region was named the Republic of Turkey, the area was called Anatolia. Anatolia has a history of civilization that dates as far back as 10,000 years. In centuries past, this region had been inhabited by the indigenous Hattis and Hurrians. At around 2300 BC the Indo-European Hitties arrived at Anatolia slowly reigning over the Hatties and Hurrians. The Hitties established the first empire in the region and remained settled for multiple centuries. The empire collapsed in 1200 BC and Anatolia was then settled by an Indo-European group known as the Phrygians and the Lydians. The Phrygians settled in Western and Central Anatolia while the Lydians lived in the Eastern region. In the 6th century BC, bothe the Phrygians and Lydians were invaded by the Persian Empire. The kind of Kydia, Croesus, compromised with the Persians to divide their region of Anatolia long the Kizilirmak River as an attempt to stop the invasion. However the Persians did not stick to their agreement and took control of the region until 333 BC. At...
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...THE EARLY ISLAMIC ERA Name Institution Introduction The start and spread of Islam is a broad body of knowledge that has been explained extensively by religious scholars and philosophers alike. Despite the presence of Christianity from the ancient times, Islam has had a tremendous growth particularly in the Middle East where up to now it is still the leading religion in the region. The early Islamic era is a fascinating study for historians who seek to understand the dynamics that gave birth to one of the biggest religion in the world; and with such a strong faith base. Islam is characterized by a unifying component that places all the Muslims across the nations in one category of identity. According to Khan (2011), it is very easy to recognize that an environment belongs to Islam than it is to identify the other religions. The early Islamic era, if it is anything to believe, was stronger than the crystallized Islam we have today. There is a concept that Islam spread rapidly because of the use of the sword in one hand and the Quran on the other hand. This is believed to have been done by the Jihadist among other substantial members of the Muslim faith. This notion forms the controversy that further catapults this study and makes it more interesting. This paper thus, focuses and explores the reasons that underpinned the rapid spread of Islam beyond Arabia. It also seeks to establish the understanding of the motive behind the early Islamic conquests. More importantly it sought...
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...significance of the following? Rome Etruscans Latins Republic Greeks- influence? Patrician Legions Plebeian Senate Consuls Centuriate Assembly Tribal Assembly Tribunes Veto- Who had it? Praetors- How many? Twelve Tables Citizenship- who had it? Women? Times of emergency, who ruled? “Real Power” Geography? Punic Wars Hannibal? Scipio? Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus? Civil War Period? Shift from Republic to Empire? Describe Loyalty of soldier? Julius Caesar Triumvirate Crassus Pompey Ides of March Octavian? Augustus? Pax Romana? Trade system? Basis? Succession to throne? Gladiators? Entertainment? Problems with Empire? Why the Fall-specifics? Diocletian? Constantine? Huns? Germanic invasions? Attila? Byzantine Empire Romulus Augustulus? Virgil? Roman Achievements? The major contribution to Western CIF.? Dates of Republic/Empire/Byzantine Trajan? Arch/Architecture? Infrastructure? Greatest Roman Legacy? Gupta Major accomplishments of each Empire? Mauryan Chandragupta Maurya? Indian geography? Invasions into India? Arthashastra Ashoka Maurya? Kautilya? Buddhism and Hinduism? Brahmin? Collapse? Patriarchal/Matriarchal? Chandra Gupta? White Huns? Tamil? Trade patterns/partners? Guild? Political stability? Dates/TL of each Empire? HAN 1. A family of kings, called a ____________, would rule over China during...
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...The Greek Case By this point in time it should be becoming more apparent that elites within a society have a critical amount of control over historical memory, which leads to a sense of collective memory. Paschalis M. Kitromilides’ essay furthers this position, as well as adds how this can create nationalism within a society. Kitromilides goes about this by enlightening his audience to the power of Paparrigopoulos’ novel History of the Greek Nation. Essentially what this novel did was create a connection to Kolettis’ Great Idea to the dominant Byzantine Empire of the time. The two important concepts to recognize before grasping an understanding of the power of Paparrigopoulos novel are The Great Idea and the power that The Byzantine Empire...
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...mocked him and got killed. Then, Romulus went on to become the first ruler of Rome. The second legend was that a Trojan hero named Aeneas sailed down the Tiber after the Trojan war and the local king gave him his daughter in marriage and he united the people. 2) They were the cruel ruling Etruscan family. 3) A republic is a state or country where the ruler is elected by the people and the citizens have the right to vote. 4) The Roman military were well-trained who were organized into legions. They were happy to fight. 5) 6,000-10,000 soldiers were in a legion. 6) The Roman Confederation was a system where people got citizenship under the Roman law. 7) A Roman dictator is a ruler with absolute control in an emergency situation. In an empire it isn't just for an emergency. 8) Cininnatus was a former consul who ran a farm. He was called to be dictated when Rome was surrounded by enemies. He surrounded the enemies overnight and stopped supplies from coming in. 9) There were the patricians and the plebians. The patricians were wealthy land-owning citizens. The plebians were the commoners, so basically everyone else. 10) The tree branches were the senate, assembly, and consul. 11) They revolted because the patricians didn't tell them the laws and the plebians couldn't run office. What happened was that the plebians got to run assembly. Also the laws were posted in the marketplace. They were posted on the twelve tables. 12) They were called the twelve tables. 13) Carthage...
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...in the form of global trade advantages, political dominance, and monotheism. Introduction This paper will look into issues surrounding the rise of the religion of Islam. As the current fastest growing world religion, Islam has a history reaching back fourteen centuries. To learn what continues to drive this system of belief, it is essential to understand its roots. The heart of Islam’s beginning originates in Mohammad’s vision from God. Still, there must be more than this to drive such a powerful system. Why did Islam have its beginnings in the Arab world in the late sixth century? And further, why did the religion spread so rapidly? Are the factors internal or external? In other words, is growth to be attributed to Islam’s comprehensively sound teachings for all peoples? Or is the growth to be attributed to situations surrounding its origins? To analyze the internal factors would ultimately lead to whether or not God is the cause of the success of Islam. This is beyond the nature of the task at hand. Therefore, attention will be directed to analyzing the external factors. The rise of Islam occurred around the year 600 AD. Across the globe political, social, economic, and geographic changes were shaping a new era. Of these many changes there were a few key factors which greatly influenced the spread of the new religion of Islam. Without the promotion from...
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...Islam didn’t spread through excessive force. It all started when a man named Muhammed recieved a message from Angel Gabriel. Angel Gabriel said that Muhammed was the last, and greatest prophet. How did Islam diffuse so rapidly? Well, Islam spread quickly for three basic reasons: religion, trade, and conquest. The first reason that Islam spread quickly was through religion. Documents B and C both support this statement. Document B is translated verses of the Qur’an. These verses gave people a reason to practice; “Those who submit to God and accept the true Faith; …. God will bestow forgiveness and rich recompense.” (33:35) This verse states that God will reward those who practice, whether that be in the afterlife or through justice like in...
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...amount they were used, which changed as nations and empires rose and fell; the goods and ideas that traveled the roads after Europe and Asia increased their trading; and lastly the safety of the roads varied throughout this time period. However, the Silk Roads still experienced many continuities as well, for example their original purpose which was to facilitate the exchange of goods between Asia and Europe never changed; they continued to influence many cultures especially with the traveling of religions; and the Silk Roads have always had long term affects and influence on powerful empires. Towards the beginning of their patterns of interaction in 200 BCE, the Silk Roads were minimally used in East Asia. As time progresses, the roads increase as did empires such as Rome and Han who grew both economically and culturally due to usage of the roads. But, instability and economic pressures took a toll on the two empires, and when Rome fell in 476, the Silk Roads were used far less than how they originally were. The roads managed to pick up again as the Byzantine Empire in the east emerged and was able to prosper from usage of the already available roads. However, the Mongols come into play and invade the empire and end Byzantine’s era with the Silk Roads. In Western Europe, society was in the period called the Middle Ages where trade was minimal and feudalism/manorialism had taken the place of trade since the fall of the Roman empire. The Mongols, who had invaded Europe, are determined...
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...Roman art is seen as materialistic and Christian and Byzantine art are noted as spiritual. There is a distinct character to both the religious influence of Christianity and the declining Roman Empire. Art in many aspects of all of the above are imitations of reality and the reality concerning the Christian and Byzantine time was not so materialistic and possessed more intricate and mystical communications. The art during this period was amalgamated with the faith of Christianity making a clear distinction between Early Christian and Byzantine art difficult. Early Christian art was similar to Roman artworks there was no actual difference regarding technique only the content of the work. I found the artworks in the catacombs the most amazing...
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...varying causes. Whether it be for religious purposes, personal gain (such as money), or furthering their positions in power, it pushed thousands of people to participate in the Crusades. They succeeded in spreading their influence but failed to claim the holy lands back, leaving Islam as the dominate religion in the East. The crusades...
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...The Ottoman Empire: The Rise, Fall and Influence in Today's Middle East By: Robert Rosen M01 A1 Written Assignment Throughout history, there have been many empires. Some of them lasted years, some lasted decades. But one stands alone as the longest running empire. The Ottoman Empire ruled from 1280-1922. The Empire saw 37 Sultans and an expansion of power and control over most of the Middle East and parts of Europe and Africa. The Empire had a slow, but sudden burst of growth. That burst was immediately followed by their undoing. But it left behind a long legacy which is still felt to this day in the Middle East. During this period, the Mongols were running rampant. In order to avoid certain death, the Turkic Kayi tribe fled. The Byzantines were being fought by the Rum Seljuk. Kayi tribe chief Ertogrul offered his stable of 444 horse soldiers to aid in fighting the Byzantines. In exchange, he was given land. When Ertogrul died, his son Osman (1280-1326) took power. He was given a sword and he would go on to fight against the Byzantines, just as his father had before him. The basis of this war was religion, with the Byzantines Christian and Osman Islamic. Osman would raid Byzantine land, overtaking it in the name of Islam. Osman refused to make peace and finally took the city of Bursa, which became the very first capital of the Ottomans. (Goldschmidt Jr & Davidson, 2010, p. 131-132) Osman's eventual death opened the door to his son to become ruler. Orhan (1288-1360)...
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...The saying “Rome was not built in a day,” is very common when devoting time towards a greater goal, but no one ever says “Rome did not fall in a day.” Rome decline lasted about 250 years and one of the major factors of its decline was Christianity’s influence on Rome. Although, Christianity was ultimately Rome’s demise, preceded by it was Christianity’s lasting mark of being Rome’s greatest invention. It left this mark mostly through education, while downfall can be represented by political revolution and the division of loyalty in Rome between the Empire and The Messiah. Most people during this time were illiterate. Rome used Christianity to expand its education and bring about literacy to a higher percent of the population. Of course the teachers showing Rome’s citizens were members of the Church so that the sole purpose of teaching these people how to read was to convert them...
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