...The Spread of Islam The true incubator of Islam was the coalition of civilizations in the Near East starting in the early 7th century. In less than two hundred years, Islam went from not existing to being the the political and religious organizing principle of one of the largest empires in the world. To understand the birth of Islam, one must first understand the environment that empowered its rise to become a global religion. Pre Islamic Arabia was divided amongst the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine Empire (Housed in modern day Turkey), and the Persian or Sasanian empire. Both were extremely powerful empires with strong military and political strength, each defending their own religious views; the Byzantine protecting the Orthodox Christianity, and the Sasanians protecting the Zoroastrian orthodoxy. These two empires were in a seemingly endless battle for hundreds of years due to aberrations of their innate tribal ethos. It is important to note that at this time, there was a strong sense of tribalism, and...
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...Islam was successful in its influence mainly because it had a strong army and was able to spread its empire throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain, Sicily, and eventually India and Southeast Asia. They also benefitted by its use of a common language and fair treatment to the people they conquered. The Arabs were innovative and were the first to use such tactics as horse and camel cavalry. In addition, they converted all captives to the Islamic faith. This meant that all of them had to learn Arabic. This approach assisted Islam to unite different ethnic groups with the empire. This also created effective communication which allowed for the exchange of knowledge and ideas (Watkins, 2000). During the period known as the Golden Age the...
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...Commons @ Connecticut College History Faculty Publications History Department 7-1-1989 (Review) Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam Frederick S. Paxton Connecticut College, fspax@conncoll.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/histfacpub Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, and the Islamic World and Near East History Commons Recommended Citation Paxton,Frederick S. "Review of Patricia Crone 'Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'" The Journal of Asian Studies 48 (1989): 574-575. Web. doi:10.2307/2058642. This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the History Department at Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. For more information, please contact bpancier@conncoll.edu. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author. (Review) Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam Keywords Mecca, muslim, trade Comments Initially published in Journal of Asian Studies, 1989, p.575-6. Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1989 DOI: 10.2307/2058642 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2058642 This book review is available at Digital Commons @ Connecticut College: http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/histfacpub/44 Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. by Patricia Crone Review by: Frederick S. Paxton The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Aug., 1989), pp. 574-575...
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...Islam teachings: How Islam teachings revolutionized the world Name Professor Institution Course Date Introduction Islam is a one of the major religions in the world. Its basis is from the prophet Mohammed who travelled to hills, deserts, and wilderness. The prophet travelled to mediate and reflect. Through this, he came up with revelations as a new man. The revelations made his followers believe Allah had transformed him. At first the Islam, was an Arab religion. Many practices and beliefs were added unto it making it popular that aided its rapid spread. During the Arabic century, many things were at stake. Mohammed teaching on Islam revolutionized everything. He brought changes in the social security, family and women were given rights. He improved the society that was under Arabic influence. He established both religious and social life for many races. Mohammed made Islam to responsible for providing basic needs for the captives. The women in the ancient societies considered women as inferior compared to men. The Islam teachings revolutionized the idea. The recent world sees women as people capable of doing anything. They are viewed as strong like men. They engage in activities that were meant for men. Women are able to make decisions, provide for the family and even work as engineers and in factories. The laws of Koran brought revolution in social relations. The Koran taught people on the importance of production. This helped in quickening trade. The Koran taught people...
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...politically-charged debates over its policies on the so-called war on terror and as much of South and Central Asia appear to be sliding dangerously down the path of anarchy. Rashid's work makes for a gripping read, his meticulous attention to detail, familiarity with the political and ethnic complexities, credentials as a journalist par excellence having covered the region extensively for 25 years and his access to key political players across the spectrum lend weight to his work.The author makes a stinging critique of the failure of the policies followed by the international community at large and the US in particular in addressing issues pertaining to social stagnation and state failure in the region that have been vital in fuelling the rise of extremism. While he rightly criticizes the Clinton administration's fire and ice policies in dealing with the rising extremist tide, it is the Bush administration he castigates most strongly for its ham-handed approach. This approach, he says was primarily responsible for plunging South and Central Asia into greater chaosthan had existed prior to nine-eleven. (Page LVII.)Rashids main premise is that the war on terror would have acquired an altogether different trajectory had the US policy focused squarely on Afghanistan instead of diverting resources to Iraq engaged in nation-building activities and encouraged ushering in genuine democracy particularly...
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...The Rise and Spread of Islam •The Post Classical Period: Faith and Commerce - Spread of major world religions o Budhism o Christianity o Islam 1. Spread through preaching, trade routes - Development of Systematic o Boat trade 2. Indian Trade spread disease, religion, ideas - Three Big Ideas o Trans-regional communication and exchange networks o Forms of state organize. Diversify o All societies increased productive capacity • Pre-Islamic Arabia - Bedoin culture based on Kin/clan/tribal networks o Survival dependent on loyalty to clan o Magnified by harsh environment - Shayks- clan/tribal leaders o Conflict was frequent o Society was fragmented - Fierce inter clan rivalries and struggles for resources o Emphasis on revenge, “male honor” - Towns and long distance trade----Mecca and Medina o Medina (Yathrib) (established on oasis) o Mecca more important – Umayyad (ruling clan) – Quraysh; (Ka’ba) - Status of women varied by clan o More respect vs. less respect - Little art/architechture (no big civs) o Focus on poetry 1. Gives glimpse into daily life - Bedovin religions- blend of animism and polytheism o Animism- nature worship - The life of Myhammad and Genesis of Islam o Born around 570 CE – Merchant, married Khadijah ...
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...FOREWORD I am Sarah Afifah binti Abd Hamid was requested by Puan Rohani Abdul Ghani to conduct a study issue that related to finance sector. I choose “Bank Islam offers superbike financing “as for my individual assignment and presentation. Generally, I have to study and find out why Bank Islam choose to offer superbike financing and what is the reasons due to that. This main finding was that the assumption of increasing profit in sales is increased in this market segment by Bank Islam. Image 1: Example picture of superbike financing by Al-Rajhi Bank 1.0 INTRODUCTION Bank Islam, established in 1983, is Malaysia’s maiden Shariah-based institution. Since its inception, it has emerged as the symbol of Islamic banking in Malaysia and its vision to be “A Global Leader in Islamic Banking” illustrates the Bank’s status as the flag bearer of the country’s financial services industry (“the industry”). Bank Islam has been growing from strength to strength as evidenced by its financial performance and paid-up capital, which, in turn, was instrumental in making the growth of its assets. Throughout the year, Bank Islam has been embarking on a number of expansion programmes with its involvement in, among others, notable transaction in Sukuk and Corporate Mandates. Living up to its pioneering spirit, the Bank has continued to provide innovative and enhanced products and services which have resulted in a growing number of customers seeing Islamic banking as a true alternative to conventional...
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...describe fundamentalist islamic thought and the jihadist movement or ideology amond Salafi Muslims (Global, 2014). Wahhab made the central point of his reform movement the principle that absolutely every idea added to Islam after the third century of the Mulsim era was false and should be eliminated. Muslims, in order to be true Muslims, must adhere solely and strictly to the original beliefs set forth by Muhammad. The reason for this extremist stance, and the focus of Wahhab's reform efforts, was a number of popular practices which he believed represented a regression to pre-Islamic polytheism. These included praying to saints, making pilgrimages to tombs and special mosques, venerating trees, caves, and stones, and using votive and sacrificial offerings. These are all practices commonly and traditionally associated with religions, but they were unacceptable to Wahhab. Contemporary secular behaviors are even more anathema to Wahhab's successors. It is against modernity, secularism, and the Enlightenment which current Wahhabists do battle, and it is this anti-secularism, anti-modernism which helps drive their extremism, even to the point of violence. Professor Hamid Algar’s study of the Wahhabi phenomenon is timely; it comes after the rise and fall of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, whose...
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...The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the relationship between the culture of Afghanistan and the rise of the Taliban government, as well as the relationship between the rise of the Taliban government and the United States. It is concluded that the rise of the Taliban government and its terrorists’ actions are linked with historical events that occurred within the Cold War context. While much of the world became more interested in Afghanistan after 9/11, few people know much about the country. Arguably, most people think of Afghanistan as a Muslim country with very little economic resources where life is very difficult. A minority of people even believe that the Afghan culture is one where everyone praise terrorism and are angry that the Taliban government was removed. A closer look at the Afghan culture and society can provide valuable insights for anyone interested in understanding the relationship between Afghanistan and terrorism. Afghanistan is a multicultural society and the state was only unified at the end of the 19th century. Turkic-speaking and Persian-speaking population have...
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...GLORIA ONYEKWERE. ISLAM,AND WHAT DOES IT SAY ABOUT TERRORISM. Unfortunately more and more and more often, Islam has been associated with terrorism and Violence due to the action of few extreme individual who have taken it upon themselves to do the most heinous crimes in the name of Islam. However my question is Islam religion of works or faith .having live most of my young live with Muslim, this are people who practiced the religion of Islam. According to Islam dying in jihad is a great honor, and it is the only way a Muslims is guaranteed of going to paradise. Maybe that is why we see Muslims leaving their own nation to fight jihad in other in other countries. Their motivation is religious, which is much more dangerous than a political motivation. when we take a deep look into the word’ jihad’, then we start to see that jihad is the motivation in many act of terrorism done in the name of Islam. When we take a deep look how the Islamic religion spread we can see that violence was ubiquitous part of the part of the culture at the time and this type of religious conquest fits easily into the regional character. There are at least 114 verses in Quran that speak of love, peace, and forgiveness (the heifer surah 2;62, 109).but when surad 9;5 was revealed later it cancelled out those previous verses. This surah or chapter in Quran was later label sword. And it explained that Muslims should and must fight anyone who chooses not to convert to Islam.whether they are inside Arabia...
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...Running head: ISLAM : GLOBAL CONCEPT AND PRACTICES 1 Islam : Global Concept and Practices DeVry University Sociology – 350N – Cultural Diversity in Professions Spring Semester 2013 Introduction The history of Islam, its’ concepts and practices is one of the most intriguing yet controversial religions known today. Worldwide, Muslims make up about 23.4 percent of the population, while Christianity makes up about 30 percent (Goodstein, 2011). A study published in 2009 by the Pew Research Center to get global concept of the Muslim population found, “Of the 232 countries and territories included in this study, 50 are Muslim-majority” (p. 5). The Center also found “While 80% of the world’s Muslims live in countries where Muslims are in the majority, significant numbers – about one-fifth of the world’s Muslim population – live as religious minorities in their home countries” (p. 7). With so many countries adhering to Islam and the growth of the Muslim population here in America and worldwide; how will this affect how non-Islamic countries communicate and interact with Islamic countries and how we communicate right here in the United States? If Muslim fundamentalists were not at the forefront of controversy in the war on terrorism, would Islam be a religion that sparks so much debate? Even before September 11th, there had been much controversy related to Islam. However most of it occurred on foreign soil. With significant bombings and terrorist attacks in Europe...
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...World Religions Joanna Hart Islam “...there is more misunderstanding on the part of the West on Islam, than there is on any other religion.” (Smith, 12) Islam is one of the world's largest religions, but it is surprising to see how little people actually know about it. Islam's main message is about peace, which comes when one fully surrenders to Allah. In fact, that is what the word Islam means. The practices of Islam are all geared toward attaining this peace. When one really looks into the practices of Islam, the practices can seem quite elaborate even on just a daily basis. Muslims pray five times a day, every day. Once just before the sun rises (fajr), noon (dhuhr), afternoon ('asr), sunset (maghrib), and evening ('isha). Muslims pray a prayer called raka'ah during these five times of prayer. This prayer states that Allah is the one, true God. Through the mercy of Allah, we have been given life and through His compassion we have been given a way back to Him in Heaven through the religion and practices of Islam. It also gives a reminder to “...watch out for the steps that you're making in this day.” (Smith, 3) Aside from the daily prayers, the annual practice of Ramadan is observed. Ramadan is a month (of the Islamic lunar calendar) in which people fast from sunrise to sunset. It is fasting not just from food, but bad behaviors and bad thoughts as well. If able, one should make a pilgrimage to Mecca as part of the practices...
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...The Prophet Muhammad The Prophet Muhammad is the organizer of Islam. Individuals of the Islamic confidence know him as the Dispatcher of God. Muhammad carried on with a harsh life yet he additionally changed individuals' lives. His religion has affected a great many individuals. There are no photos of Muhammad's face; he made a point that the religion was to not be about him, but rather about Allah. In 570 C.E in Mecca, Arabia a child kid, a relative of Abraham named Muhammad, whose name signifies "exceptionally commended", was conceived. Muhammad's dad, Abdullah, kicked the bucket before he was conceived and his mom, Amina passed on when he was just six years of age. After the passing of his mother, he turned into a vagrant. A lady named Halima, who turned into his temporary mother, took him in. In 595 C.E., Muhammad was reached by one of his affluent widowed cousins, Khadija, who required him to offer a few merchandise for her. A significant number of Muhammad's cousins lived in Mecca, so it was not unprecedented that Khadijah had reached him. He was known for being a decent dealer. Muhammad and Khadijah met a few times to talk about the offering of products. Khadijah started to end up keen on him on an individual level, despite the fact that she was fifteen years more seasoned than Muhammad. Khadijah asked Nufaysah (known as the relational arranger) to inquire as to whether he was keen on wedding Khadijah. Muhammad and Khadijah were soon connected with and wedded. Polygamy...
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...moder Challenges in Modern Islam Francisco Delgado REL/134 October 24, 2014 Mark Pursley Challenges in Modern Islam One of the biggest enemies of the religion of Islam is its followers as it is their behavior and ways of engagement with the rest of the world which shapes its outward image. Today whether we admit it or not, the fact is that Islam’s name has become intertwined with terrorism, misogyny and intolerance towards the followers of other religions. Muslims or even those who are perceived to be Muslims are on the rise. Religious minorities like Sikhs are today being attacked for their proximity in appearance with Muslims. Moreover, whenever any instance of terrorism occurs the first perception is always that a Muslim is involved. The deterioration of Muslim society is the result of deviation from Islam, while the deterioration of Western society is the result of putting into practice the very principles in which it believes. The evils of Muslim societies stem from the gap between principle and practice, whereas the evils of Western society are the result of a clash between principles and realities. The Western civilization of modern times has formed principles independent of religious principles, to govern social life, and has maintained that modern principles were superior to older principles. Islam and Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) The group began in 2004 as al Qaeda in Iraq, before rebranding as ISIS two years later. It was an ally of...
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...Muhammad and Islam Influences from several early monotheistic religions can be seen in Islam. Muhammad even said he thought people of other faiths had solutions to getting rid of polytheism. As Muhammad began to fulfill his duty as God’s Prophet, he and his followers were met with resistance. Eventually battles began to ensue over control of land and religious beliefs as Islam began to take hold. Certain characteristics from Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity that appear in Islam indicate that Muhammad used these other religions as a sort of blue print. Similar to Islam, Zoroastrianism holds that the truth is revealed through a prophet and followers typically pray several times a day. Judaism is another Abrahamic faith that uses oral law, or the Torah, similar to Hadiths that Muslims use. In Christianity, Jesus is God’s prophet similar to how Muslims believe Muhammad is His prophet. Muhammad also drew influence from the Harifs and the Muruwwa Code. The Harifs were neither Christian or Jew but believed there was only one God. Muhammad believed that the Jews, Christians, and Harifs may have “answers to the problems that were gnawing at the core of pagan Meccan society (Goldschmidt & Davidson, 2010). The Muruwwa code consists of principles that can be found in Islam and also the other previously mentioned religions. Bravery in battle, patience, persistence, protection of the weak, defiance toward the strong, hospitality, generosity, loyalty, and...
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