...understand how climate change works, what is causing the climate to change, what effects these changes are having, and how they may continue to affect the global environment. What causes the environments on earth unable to support life? What can be done about these predictions of climates in the future? How will these climate changes affect South-West Western Australia? How does climate change work? Climate change is a natural process that has been functioning on earth for billions of years, it is the regulator of the earth's abililty to support life by the cycles of The Greenhouse Effect. The Greenhouse Effect has made the earth an environment for supporting life through the cycling of energy from the sun via short-wave radiation, which heats the earths surface, then is released into the atmopshere as long-wave radiation. This cycle is made possible by the prescence of Greenhouse gases, which redside in the earths atmopshere, and absorb most of the long-wave radiation given off by the earth, with the remainder being expelled into space. This process cycles the heat from the sun around the earths atmosphere and a climate is the result, without this circulation of energy life cannot exist. Greenhouse gasses absorb long-wave solar radiation, enabling the Greenhouse Effect. The main gasses are Water Vapour H2O (clouds), Carbon Dioxide CO2, Methane CH4 and Nitrous Oxide, with water vapour being the most abundant. The concentrations of these gasses in the atmosphere have a direct...
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...greenhouse effect and global climate change Figure [ 1 ] - The greenhouse effect diagram, http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/indicators/images/oze_fs_009_02.jpg Figure [ 1 ] - The greenhouse effect diagram, http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/indicators/images/oze_fs_009_02.jpg “The unprecedented increases in greenhouse gas concentrations, together with other human influences on climate over the past century and those anticipated for the future, constitute a real basis for concern” (American Geophysical Union, 2014). The Earth's surface temperature has to be just right for humans, not too cold and not too hot. Thanks to the natural greenhouse effect, which has kept the Earth warm. It’s a phenomenon where the earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through but absorb heat radiated back from the earth's surface. As there are naturally occurring greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that help keep the Earth warm, added amounts of these gases leads to extra heat being trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere. These gases (carbon dioxide, methane etc.) are being added by human activities and are enhancing the greenhouse effect as shown in figure 1. The global climate change is causing many environmental consequences and will cause more. There are five gases that contribute to the enhanced greenhouse effect. These five gases are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, oxides...
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...How Acid Affects The Rate Of Corrosion Cars and bikes are good examples of strong steel. Steel can be affected by water because the main element in steel is iron. Iron and another element called oxygen combine easily to make iron oxide. Iron oxide is also known as the red and brown substance called rust. Rust is known for turning into a different, weaker material than the original steel that it once was. When rust appears it becomes a huge problem for people because most everyday things they use are made out of steel, like vehicles, bridges, and machinery. All of these objects, like the car and the bike, rust and become damaged. Even with the possibility of rust, steel is used throughout the world through its strength and weight. Steel is non-flammable, does not expand or contract under...
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...Water is a molecule comprised of two hydrogen atoms (positively charged), and an oxygen atom (negatively charged)- bonded together by shared electrons. It is a V-shaped polar molecule, which gives water a high degree of polarity. In addition, water molecules are naturally strong, due to the interactions occurring between the hydrogen atoms, known as hydrogen bonding. Specifically, hydrogen bonding in water, accounts for some of its unique properties; such that it is denser in its liquid state than in its solid state (ice floats on water). Water is also the only substance that occurs naturally as a solid, liquid, or gas, and covers about 70% of the Earth’s surface (U.S. Geological Survey, 2000). Water is a very broad topic, and highly crucial to life on Earth. It is important to mention the movement of water throughout the planet, the usages of water, and the underlying scarcity of water. The Hydrologic cycle, more commonly known as the water cycle, is the movement of water between the Earth’s oceans, atmosphere, and land. There is continuous evaporation of water; uptake of water vapor into the atmosphere; precipitation onto the ocean and land surfaces; and the net atmospheric transport of water from land areas to the ocean. Essentially, the water cycle is the means of how the Earth’s constant supply of water is being recycled. It is imperative that this cycle exists, so that water is able to reach plants and animals; provide nutrients and sedimentary movements throughout...
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...The Unit for Continuing Professional Development wishes to thank those below for their contribution to this support guide: Ms Alina Hambelela Angula Mr Simson Shaakumeni Ms. Laetitia Willemse Ms. Agatha Lewin Mr Simson Shaakumeni Author Content Editor(s) Instructional Designer Technical Care of Template Quality Controller Water Contents About this support guide 1 How this support guide is structured ................................................................................. 1 Course overview 3 Welcome to Water (Natural Science and Health Education) ............................................ 3 Water (Natural Science and Health Education)—is this course for you? ......................... 3 Study skills ........................................................................................................................ 4 Need help? ......................................................................................................................... 5 Getting around this support guide 6 Margin icons ...................................................................................................................... 6 Unit 1 8 Water: Grade...
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...plant-life will perish resulting in Earth’s atmosphere having an insufficient amount of oxygen. This deficiency of light will affect how all organisms conduct respiration. Additionally, the conversion of light intensity to glucose, water and oxygen is regarded as a type of plant homeostasis. By being bombarded with a high frequency of photons, the plant will need a way to sufficiently balance out the input of light intensity by outputting a larger amount of products. Homeostasis is a biological process which adjusts an organism’s inner chemical structure back to equilibrium with minor external changes. So this investigation will aim to determine how the increase/decrease of light photons can affect the rate at which oxygen is released at. Therefore, this examination is a vital research topic as scientists can corroborate this research towards the understanding of homeostasis in plants. Photosynthesis is a chemical process where all plants convert carbon dioxide gas,...
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...STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE Troposphere | Closest to the earth and most weather happens here. Temperature drops as you go higher. Wind speeds increase. Most unstable layer. End of the sphere is marked by the tropoPAUSE- an isothermal layer where temp remains constant. | Stratosphere | Steady increase in temperature. Marked by the STRATOPAUSE. Atmosphere is thinner here. | Mesosphere | Temperature decreases to -90. No water vapour or dust to absorb radiation. Very strong winds at 3000 km/hr. MESOPAUSE | Thermosphere | Increase in temperature from the absorption of UV radiation | Greatest amount of energy coming into the atmosphere is from insolation (short wave solar radiation). The amount of this energy from the sun is determined by: *Solar constant- varies slightly & affects longer term climate rather than short term *Distance from the sun- Earth’s orbit around sun can cause variation in distant *Altitude of the sun in the sky- equator receives more energy as rays are head on. At 60 degrees N or S its at an angle so there’s twice the area to heat up & more atmosphere to pass through *Length of the day & night Some radiation is absorbed by ozone, water vapour, co2, ice particles, and dust reduce the amount reaching Earth. & clouds also reflect radiation back! ALBEDO is the ratio between the amount of incoming and reflected radiation. (Usually at 4%) Short wave radiation is converted to heat and heats the surface of earth, while longer...
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...curriculum which gave me a chance to gain knowledge as much as I can in this field. Thank you Varun Gadodia BTech Food Technology IV semester Amity Institute of Food Technology Introduction This report examines the distillation process. This will enable the reader to understand the necessary components along with distillation calculations. Distillation is a process that separates two or more components into an overhead distillate and bottoms. The bottoms product is almost exclusively liquid, while the distillate may be liquid or a vapour or both. The separation process requires three things. First, a second phase must be formed so that both liquid and vapour phases are present and can contact each other on each stage within a separation column. Secondly, the components have different volatilities so that they will partition between the two phases to different extent. Lastly, the two phases can be separated by gravity or other mechanical means. Distillation differs from absorption and stripping in that the second phase is created by thermal means. The report also high lights the important equipments/methods used for distillation as well as its major application in industry What is Distillation ? Distillation is one of the oldest and still most common methods for both the purification and the identification of organic liquids. It...
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...that the economy is maturing, moving towards the secondary and tertiary sectors. However, farming remains vitally important to the economy with 638 000 people formally employed (Statistics SA, 2012 Q2) – although it’s estimated that around 8,5-million people are directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture for their employment and income. However, global climate change will affect the government’s efforts to alleviate poverty and fast-track development in rural areas. Definition of terms Global warming: refers to the increased temperature of Earth's surface, including land, water and near-surface air. Climate change: means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods (UNFCCC). 2. Causes of Climate Change Any factor that causes a sustained change to the amount of incoming energy or the amount of outgoing energy can lead to climate change. They are factors that operate in favour of climate change; these factors that cause climate change can be divided into two categories. Those related to natural processes and those related to human activity. 1|Page...
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...Yleana G. Gobal Emission USA vs China Emission: Is defined as the act of producing or sending out something, such as energy or gas, from a source [1]. In order to determine how countries such as China and the United States can reduce emission, we must first discuss the factors that are causing these two particular countries to be the world's top emitters. The two key greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are: (1) Carbon dioxide (CO2) - Fossil fuel use is the primary source of along with deforestation and (2) Methane (CH4) - Agricultural activities, waste management, energy use, and biomass burning all contribute to CH4 emissions [2]. Full responsibility for emitting these two key greenhouse gases cannot be pinned to just one country. It all comes down to basic supply and demand: the relationship between demand and supply underlie the forces behind the allocation of resources [3]. In efforts to play a role in controlling emission, too many consumers (i.e. USA, European Union, among others) want these emission-reducer recourses--causing the primary supplier (China) to not only attempt to supply more but also face its own increase in emission. This report will discuss the following sections: (a) economic & population growth, (b) greenhouse technologies, (c) human exploitation, and (d) conclusion. Economic & Population Growth Despite a growing economy and growing population, the energy consumption in the United States is not expected to rise at a high...
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...the surface of parent rocks into small particles. Air and water enter the spaces between the particles and chemical changes take pace which resut in the production of chemical substances. Bacteria and plant life soon appear. When plant and animal organisms die, they decay and produce a substance called humus. This is very important to so fertility. Bacteria play a vital role into the decomposition of plants and animals remains. The end product of these mechanical, chemical, and biological processes is called soil which is one of the world’s most important natural resources. B. Composition of Soil All soil contain mineral matter, organic matter, air, water and living organisms, especially bacteria. If any one of these is seriously reduced in amount, or removed frm a soil, ten the soil deteriorates. Soil is an important component of the physical environment of many ecosystem. The main components of a typical soild can be divided into two: Organic components and Inorganic components. Organic Components - include include living organism such as baceteria and fungi which serve as the decomposers;a very important parts of the recycling and decay processes. It also include many invertebrates animal such as insects and worms. Finally, there are many plants or parts and worms. Finally, there are many plants or parts of palnts such as roots and seeds. Inorganic compoents – Inorganic components include mineral, water and air. Soil particles are form from rock by weathering...
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...Switzerland ISBN 978-92-63-10008-5 NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Opinions expressed in WMO publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WMO. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 80 40 E-mail: publications@wmo.int PREFACE One of the purposes of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is to coordinate the activities of its 188 Members in the generation of data and information on weather, climate and water, according to internationally agreed standards. With this in mind, each session of the World Meteorological Congress adopts Technical Regulations which lay down the meteorological...
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...Sonieper B. Gaspar Rose Ann B. Landicho Rizza Mae Y. Medina Angelica Rose P. Morelos Mark Alfred Pajarillo Mikelle Justin L. Raiz Aicon R. Villanueva BSBA 1-7 What is climate change? Climate change is a long-term shift in the statistics of the weather (including its averages). For example, it could show up as a change in climate normal’s (expected average values for temperature and precipitation) for a given place and time of year, from one decade to the next. We know that the global climate is currently changing. The last decade of the 20th Century and the beginning of the 21st have been the warmest period in the entire global instrumental temperature record, starting in the mid-19th century. Climate change, also called global warming, refers to the rise in average surface temperatures on Earth. An overwhelming scientific consensus maintains that climate change is due primarily to the human use of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air. The gases trap heat within the atmosphere, which can have a range of effects on ecosystems, including rising sea levels, severe weather events, and droughts that render landscapes more susceptible to wildfires. Climate change is a large-scale, long-term shift in the planet's weather patterns or average temperatures. Earth has had tropical climates and ice ages many times in its 4.5 billion years. So what's happening now? Since the last ice age, which...
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...large amount of wastes that leads to pollution of air, water, soil, and oceans; global warming and acid rains. Untreated or improperly treated waste is a major cause of pollution of rivers and environmental degradation causing ill health and loss of crop productivity. In this lesson you will study about the major causes of pollution, their effects on our environment and the various measures that can be taken to control such pollutions. OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: • • • • • • • define the terms pollution and pollutants; list various kinds of pollution; describe types of pollution, sources, harmful effects on human health and control of air pollution, indoor air pollution, noise pollution; describe water pollution, its causes and control; describe thermal pollution; describe soil pollution, its causes and control; describe radiation pollution, sources and hazards. 10.1 POLLUTION AND POLLUTANTS Human activities directly or indirectly affect the environment adversely. A stone crusher adds a lot of suspended particulate matter and noise into the atmosphere. Automobiles emit from their tail pipes oxides of nitrogen, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and a complex mixture of unburnt hydrocarbons and black soot which pollute the atmosphere. Domestic sewage and run off from agricultural fields, laden with pesticides 164 Environmental Pollution and fertilizers, pollute water bodies. Effluents from tanneries contain many harmful...
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...have always exploited their natural environment for all their needs including food, clothing and shelter. As the cultural development of humans continued, they looked for a greater variety of materials to cater for their needs. The twentieth century saw an explosion in both the use of traditional materials and in the research for development of a wider range of materials to satisfy technological developments. Added to this was a reduction in availability of the traditional resources to supply the increasing world population. Chemists and chemical engineers continue to play a pivotal role in the search for new sources of traditional materials such as those from the petrochemical industry. As the fossil organic reserves dwindle, new sources of the organic chemicals presently used have to be found. In addition, chemists are continually searching for compounds to be used in the design and production of new materials to replace those that have been deemed no longer satisfactory for needs. This module increases students’ understanding of the implications of chemistry for society and the environment and the current issues, research and developments in chemistry. 1.1 Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Acid reactions: o acid (aq) + base (aq) salt (aq) + water (l) o acid (aq) + active metal (s) salt (aq) + hydrogen (g) o acid (aq) + metal carbonate (s) salt (aq) + water (l) + carbon dioxide (g) • Cracking...
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