...Causes of Traffic Congestion: Time wastage lead to inefficiency of public transport and negative impacts on economy In a congested traffic condition, the first thought of people is that time is wasted when they are caught in a traffic jam. According to Rozmi Ismail, et. al (2012), traffic congestion causes unpredictable time which causes the bus service system in Malaysia to be inefficient. Other than that, Morgan (2014) also claimed that, drivers will also face the same problem as they could not predict an actual time to certain destination causing their working performance to decline. As a result, economic growth is affected as time is wasted in a traffic jam which causes every individual to be late for their work and appointments, leading to loss in productivity for businesses (Hartman 2014). In Malaysia, heavily congested highways in Klang Valley causes lost in manpower hours that will lead to a loss more than RM12million per year (Gomez 2014). Fuel consumption and pollution In a congested traffic condition, fuel consumption is much more higher than a smooth rate traffic as the fuel consumption rate is strongly associated to the driving pattern such as stop and go, acceleration on-deceleration and so on (Robinson 1984). The consumption rate of a motor vehicle increase in traffic congestion will increase the fuel consumption costs of commuters thus daily expenditure of commuters will be burdened (Morgan 2014). Other than that, emission of greenhouse gases which leads to...
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...that go wrong. How we handle them is essential for our health and well-being. We all face stress, sometimes more than others, but it is how we handle the stress when it happens is how it will affect us internally and externally. The large life stress factors that really affect us is losing our job or losing a loved one, or even the worrying of losing your house and everything you own from losing your job. When the day to day small activities like being stuck in a traffic jam, or taking on someone else's problem as our own, are things that we can avoid the stress levels that will hurt us not only mentally exhaust us, but also internally tearing down our body. Have you ever seen people in high stressed jobs, like trading, they are always sick and the turnover is high; the reason being is they eventually burn themselves out on all the stress. The reason they are always sick is that the stress is affecting our lymphocytes which protect us from getting sick. Stress also affects the way our bodies disperse cortisol, our fat and also our moods and how we react. Being overly stressed will also take a toll on the way you sleep...
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...a warehouse distributor business, a hybrid car business or an oil refinery to help the citizens of Sparksville with employment issues. Each of these options have effects on the townspeople, the environment, and the economy. Each of the businesses would have an impact on water and air pollution, which impacts the health of the residents, as well as the surrounding environment. The warehouse company would bring in more truck traffic and emissions to Sparksville. Emissions are a nonpoint source of pollution into the air, and also leads to the water from the acid rain from the effects of the emissions. Although the warehouse is small in nature, it would still have an effect on the water pollution because of sewage. Sewage would be a point source pollutant because it is coming from one particular area, similar to the car company. The hybrid car manufacturing company would also lead to more air pollution because of the trucks or train that would bring in parts, as well as emissions from the added traffic. The traffic would be a nonpoint source pollutant, similar to warehouse truck emissions, but even more so from the added traffic, and also related to how the traffic would be with the oil refinery. The car company is also a larger company that would have to deal with waste on their own, which would be a point source of pollution into the water, which also works similarly to the oil refinery. Although the oil refinery will have regular waste, that waste may also...
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...Poor Air Quality and Its Effects on Human Health. In this day and age, nature harming activities such as deforestation, clearcutting and illegal logging are at their peak to provide new plots of land to build skyscrapers and highways. While immense advancements in technology and industry have made life much easier, these man-made creations have also created a global problem – air pollution. Air pollution is the introduction and addition of harmful substances such as carbon monoxide and lead compounds into the atmosphere which causes harmful effects to the environment and human health. It is one of the main types of pollution which typically occurs in busy cities which resulted to poor air quality which has been known to be harmful to our bodies but people don’t seem to realize the severity of its effects. Although our poor air quality is inevitable with modern development, society is still not doing enough to improve it. For instance, there are a number inconsiderate parties that are still practicing harmful activities such as open burning which occurs when individuals burn any form of waste in open air while excessive smoke emissions from factories that’s often occur in industrial areas in major cities. Poor air quality has been a worldwide problem for some time now and yet we still take it for granted. Exposure to low quality air would cause health problems in the respiratory system. I have a mild respiratory problem due to poor quality of air where I was exposed to unhealthy...
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...factory. For each of these businesses we have taken careful consideration of how each of the three choices could be a point and non-source of water and air pollution. How each will impact the health of Sparksville's citizens, the local ecosystem, and the local economy. The Distribution center while producing a smaller foot print of emissions from the vehicles and little to no water pollution is not the best fit for our current needs. With so little new jobs gained it cannot return enough investment for the city as the other opportunities. Another concern is the fallout from the increased traffic on the roads from tractor trailers which will cause congestion on the roads and creating daily potentially dangerous situations. The oil refinement factory could have a very positive impact on the local economy as it offers the largest number of job opportunities. This however I fell does not out way the potential risks to the eco-system and the health of our population from emissions and runoff from the chemical refinement process. This leaves us with what we feel is the best option a Hybrid Car Production Factory. After careful consideration we have found by maintaining a standard and controlled production rate we have an acceptably low risk on industrial accidents that could affect production quality and eco contamination. By building the factory in the local Forest location, this reduces overall traffic on the roads, particularly when paired with the new Railroad system to support...
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...Proponents of DST believe that it saves energy, promotes a healthy life, and reduces traffic accidents. However, many opponents appear to disagree with all their contention. Proponents of DST have pointed to energy conservation as the most important reason. They believe that DST should serve as an incentive for people to spend more time outdoors. If people are outside, they are not inside turning on lamps, appliances and electronics. Unfortunately, this is clearly not true. Recent studies point out that DST might reduce the US electricity usage by 1% compared with standard time. Other estimates, by the National Bureau of Standard, suggest it has zero effect. Also, proponents have claimed that DST is more likely to promote a healthy life. They believe that DST does provide extra daylight in the evening, and that may bring with it increased physical activity and reduced incidence of depression. Nevertheless, studies show that there are spikes in suicide rates and an increase in the number of recorded heart...
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...Stress and Health Psychology Andrew Arnold March 25, 2010 Ever wonder about how stress affects our bodies and our health? This word stress is thrown around by the media so much it’s losing its meaning but have you ever wondered how they define stress? The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines stress as a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension and may be a factor in disease causation. Our text book defines stress as the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging. Stress-causing events are called stressors, they can come from external sources or from within us and can scale from relatively mild to quite serious. There are things, events, and conflicts that cause people to “stress-out.” These are called stressors. Stressors can be anything from something small, like being stuck in traffic during rush hour or something big like an earthquake or hurricane. Stressors can also be imaginary, such as financial stress such as, where the next mortgage payment will come from. There are two kinds of stressors, one is distress which is the bad stress and eustress which is the good stress that motivates us as people to do well. There are certain environmental factors that can affect our stress levels and sometimes we cannot control the outcome of these events, these are basic ups and downs of life. An example of an external stressor is...
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...Traffic Problems in Baton Rouge 5:30 traffic in Baton Rouge could easily be defined as the time in which no one wants to get in their car and go anywhere regardless of urgency. Baton Rouge, Louisiana is notoriously known for their inefficient traffic systems. Why is that? With a population rank of 67th in the United States, Baton Rouge’s ranking of 33rd in the nation for worst traffic congestion has definitely impacted the community’s identity (Meaux, Reveille). Money, or lack thereof, plays a huge role in what could be called Baton Rouge’s traffic crisis. "Unless you have the funds to update your infrastructure, people are going to be stuck in traffic," said Mark Lambert, communications director with Louisiana's Department of Transportation and Development. "Our infrastructure is terribly behind the needs in Louisiana ... All of it comes down to a matter of money (Meaux, Reveille).” The government’s perspective on the matter of money is that they simply aren’t being allotted enough towards specifically solving the congestion problems of Baton Rouge. For every gallon of gasoline purchased, Louisiana gets $0.16 for infrastructure improvement (Meaux, Reveille). Money is definitely at the root of the problem, however there are many other contributing factors. Due to how far behind Baton Rouge is in congestions problems, society obviously believes that more money needs to be funneled in that direction. The society thinks that the Baton Rouge roads need to be revamped. Shouldn’t...
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...of these vehicles and motorcycles contributed to the United States economy, but at the same time, those numbers also tell us how much our environment have been affected by the pollution from them. Although, cars seem to be the most convenient method of transportation, should we have a more reliable public transportation, I believe people would opt out from using a car to move around. Motor vehicles have also been extremely relied on in the work force; trucking for example, contributes greatly to the country’s import and export, goods’ transportation, etc. It does sound like motor vehicles were the best machine ever invented but because of the excessive use of them, great damage has been done to our atmosphere. (U.S. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012) Motor Transportation and the Environment How do vehicles affect our environment? Because of the amount of chemicals and gases that vehicles release, they are the biggest contributor of air pollution. It is no doubt that the automotive industry is critical to the U.S. economy growth but it is also the primarily cause of air pollution in the nation. Having so many vehicles in our roads producing fossil from its motors, is also a critical component of the high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, poisoning our environment, health and causing changes in the climate which results in the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. According to Frances...
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...not hundreds of millions, but hundreds of billions of dollars. Illicit drug use alone accounts for 181 billion dollars per year in health care, productivity loss, crime, incarceration, and drug enforcement. Alcohol addiction accounts for approximately the same amount also. ("Molecules to Managed Care," 2008) So how do we deal with such an enormous problem? We can’t ignore problems of such a monumental financial impact to our country. We spend so much on damage control from the result of addiction and so very little on prevention. How can we turn this around to change these numbers and positively affect our society? Early intervention and treatment are the only way to combat these staggering numbers. In 2010 23 million Americans, age 12 or older, identified as having substance abuse issues and only 2.6 million received treatment at specialty facilities in 2009. Why are so few seeking treatment? Keywords: SBIRT, SAMHSA, abuse, addiction, ED, ONDCP, NIDA, ACA The business of drug Abuse There is an enormous amount of money spent in this country on dealing with the aftermath of substance abuse and addiction. What are we doing to prevent this disease? If we recognize that addiction to drugs and alcohol is a disease then what is our plan for prevention and early intervention? How does this disease start? Primary socialization first occurs during our childhood. It is when we learn the attitudes, values and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. Sociology...
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...river erosion, serious unemployment problem have sent them to this city. Quickly this situation cannot be changed. Environmentalists have expressed concern that the encroachment on the river Buriganga, the life line of Dhaka city, traffic congestion, pollution and diseases are turning this once majestic city into a choking hell. About fifty percent of the river's pollution load comes from the industrial source while sewerage and domestic wastes contribute to the remaining fifty percent. Between 1980-2009 the population of Dhaka has swelled from three million to more than ten million and its importance has increased manifold but the basic amenities have not kept up with the changes.. Water from the river Buriganga and Shitalakhya that would have supplemented the need of drinking water and other purposes such as cooking and washing has been fouled as much by raw sewerage as by a number of industrial and chemical units and even pesticides. Traffic jam stands as the number one problem of Dhaka city. 93%city dwellers are directly related to it. It was followed by pollution 62 percent, higher fares 46 percent, and frequent accidents 26 percent, hijacking 26 percent The city's vehicle population has almost increased ten times since 1992 as a result of our failure to introduce mass transport. Eighty percent of the vehicles are three wheelers, small buses of the old days and...
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...How do I think television affects your psychology or that of someone I know? James Sudler August 15, 2012 Psychology 1010 How do I think television affects your psychology or that of someone I know? Television as we know it has brought much attention to society, regardless to it being positive or negative. Honestly, in my opinion, the negative attention that television brings can be explained with psychology. But on the positive side of things, television and psychology can show and explained how people response to different situations. As we all know, psychology plays a very big role in our cognitive thinking. We are taught how to live life through experiences or someone’s opinion. In this paper I will show you how television and psychology plays big with children and adults. When a child is watching cartoons, all children think it is okay to hit another individual with a bat, a rock, or any type of weapon, until that child is told that it is not okay. Psychology it affects a child’s thinking, when they are not properly being trained to do the right thing. When children sit in front of a television for more than six to eight hours, we must ask ourselves who are teaching our children? Certain shows teach children things that are not true. For examples, the cartoon, Popeye the Sailor, teaches children if they eat a can of spinach, instantly he/she will become strong just like he does and can beat his opponent without breaking a sweat. Now we simply know this...
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...anticipates the day that they will finally be eighteen years old. This is the day they are finally seen as being an adult in the eyes of our government. Eighteen year olds are now free to make their own life choices and be held accountable for them. At the age of eighteen, you are free to put your life on the line and fight for your country, if you commit a crime you can be tried as an adult in court, and you are also give the right to vote in your country. So, why should the drinking age be twenty-one years old when you are considered an adult at the age of eighteen? At the age of eighteen you are not mature and responsible enough to purchase and consume alcohol. Alcohol has been around for centuries, showcased at parties, bars, sports events and just about everywhere. For these very reasons every day in our country the drinking age is being ignored and violated by young adults, teenagers, and even children all under the age of twenty-one. “On average ninety-five percent of those who will be alcohol consumers in their lifetime take their first drink before the age twenty one. Fifty percent of eighteen to twenty year olds consume alcohol on a regular basis” (McCardell 1). Based on these statistics we can conclude that the enforcement of the legal drinking age has fallen short. The most commonly known place where alcohol is consumed very heavily is on our college campuses. Many college students participate in binge drinking which is drinking of four or more drinks back to back.(Saylor...
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...Legalized Marijuana: Colorado’s Answer? The current presence of Marijuana in the United States is at an all time high. Everywhere you look and read you’re sure to hear or see something that has to do with marijuana. Marijuana has become a huge element within our current culture and it is easily seen. Since marijuana has been on the rise in the United States, there has been a push for legalization of it for both medical and recreational use. With the current movement that is ongoing, we have seen 21 states within the U.S. legalize marijuana for medical use and the states of Washington and Colorado have legalized it for recreational use (ProCon.Org 2014). Colorado has been in the spotlight of the movement ever since the legalization for recreational use of marijuana went into effect. It’s been considered a modern day Amsterdam in the United States with the amount of marijuana that is being consumed and produced there. But, with the legalization of marijuana also comes the negative elements that can and will be produced by the drug. The ongoing debate in the U.S. concerning the legalization of marijuana benefits seems to outweigh the potential of negative consequences it could potentially cause. Those who are in favor of the legalization of marijuana believe it will aid in reducing the populations in jails and prisons, free up law enforcement resources so they can target more serious crime within the U.S., as well as increase states’ revenue through the taxation of sales of legal...
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...The Psychology of Road Rage: A discussion of psychological explanations of road rage and policy implications. Name: Graeme Standing Candidate #: 002351 015 Subject: Psychology – Extended Essay Word Count : 3993 School: Collège du Léman Date: February 2007© Graeme Standing (graemestanding@hotmail.com) Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................1 Is Road Rage Just a Media Invention?..................................................................................................... 1 What is Road Rage? ................................................................................................................................2 Stress and Anger .....................................................................................................................................2 Are Some People More Susceptible to Road Rage? ............................................................................... 3 Gender Stereotypes................................................................................................................................4 Intermittent Explosive Disorder.............................................................................................................. 5 Driving Pathology....................................................................................................................................6 Solutions...
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