...(Provide reference listing using APA format) Reference List Criteria for Case Study I. Introduction – purpose of paper A. Significance B. Objectives II. Assessment a. Include date of admission; date of care; allergies; history b. Address and list analysis of Gordon’s Functional Patterns (list all 11). Integrate treatments, meds, nursing implications, and related assessments in paper. Includes nutritional analysis. III. Literature Review (at least three resources at least one professional journal) a. Disease Description b. Diagnostic Confirmation c. Signs & Symptoms (textbook vs. patient’s actual symptoms being experienced) d. Treatment and Rationale e. Disease Outcome Expectations f. Rehab needs g. Related to client situation IV. Nursing Plan of Care a. Problems Prioritized (list 3 diagnosis) b. Actual Diagnosis c. Potential Diagnosis d. Outcome e. Goals (short and long term) f. Actions/actual diagnosis g. Actions/potential diagnosis h. Rationales (resources documented) i. Evaluation/Revision V. Discharge Planning a. Resources for coping b. Knowledge/Teaching c. Referrals/Continuing Care VI. Summary VII. Format a. Length of paper should be - between 15-20 pages typed b. APA format c. Cover page, reference page, etc… d. Grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, etc… Faculty Signature_______________________________________________ Date________________________________ Name__________________________ Semester______________________ |Criteria...
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...Paper This will paper discuss one of the deadly disease in the world call Tuberculosis (TB). The goal is to prevent the disease and prevent the spread of the disease from the teaching that the community health nurse will provide. An individual can die if TB is left untreated. Active Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. This respiratory disease that in most common in the lungs. (World Health Organization, 2014). Other parts of the body are affected by TB is the brain which causes tuberculosis meningitis, genitourinary TB, gastrointestinal TB, tuberculosis lymphadenitis, cutaneous TB, Uterus ovarian TB and Osteo articular skeletal bone and joint TB(articles base, 2008). It is curable and preventable. TB is contagious and is transmitted through the air from a person with the active respiratory disease and then another person inhale this infectious droplet. Active TB symptom from the lung are coughing, and with bloody sputum present sometimes, weakness, chest pain, fever, weight loss and night sweats. Once the germs enter the air it takes only a few of them to infect another person (World Health Organization, 2014). People with active TB usually have positive TB skin test and blood test. The chest x-ray is usually positive and positive sputum culture (Centered for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Latent Tuberculosis Another form of TB is called Latent TB infection. This TB have bacteria...
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...HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology 14a Lab Activity Name(s): ________________________ Period: _________ Date: ___________ The Respiratory System A healthy respiratory system is crucial to an individual’s overall health, and respiratory distress is often one of the first indicators of a life-threatening illness. The function of the respiratory system is to exchange gases between the external air and the body. The lungs are the primary organ of the respiratory system that performs this function. The lungs take up a large portion of the thoracic cavity and are actually attached to the surface of the thoracic cavity by a sticky pleural membrane. The pleural membrane produces a liquid called surfactant that allows the lung to stick to the ribs. On occasion, air gets caught in the space between the lungs and the thoracic cavity and can cause the lungs to collapse. This may be caused by trauma, infection, or can occur spontaneously. The amount of oxygen needed by the body, and carbon dioxide produced by the body, can vary greatly depending on an individual’s activity level. Exercise can increase the need for energy produced by cellular respiration, and therefore the oxygen demanded by the body, by 25 times. An increase in the rate of respiration can meet this demand. https://www.lung.ca/children/images/grades7_12/the_r espitatory_system.gif Process of Respiration Step Process The intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribs up, and the diaphragm contracts and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9...
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...Influenza Keren G Zepeda March 16, 2015 HCS/245 Tynan Mara There has been many, different illnesses that have had a huge impact on our society, especially illnesses related to the respiratory system. There is bronchitis, tuberculosis and asthma, just to name a few. One illness in particular that has impacted our society lately has been influenza or better known as “the flu”. Influenza has affected our society, as well as our resources. We will explore more in depth this disease. What is influenza? As stated before, influenza is better known as “the flu”. Influenza is an infectious disease that affects the respiratory system, which include the nose, throat and lungs. According to Wikipedia, “this disease can be mild to severe, and may include various symptoms, such as high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headaches, coughing and exhaustion”. If this disease is left unattended, it may turn into a more serious complication, which in rare occasions may lead to death. According to the Centers for Disease Control, or better known as CDC, “this flu season has been severe for individuals over the age 65 years old, with very high hospitalization rates ”(2015). Influenza is categorized as a primary prevention source. It is categorized as a primary prevention source, because there is education on the illness and appropriate vaccinations in order to prevent it from developing. In a primary prevention source, the patient is also recommended to have...
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...Pharmacogenomics 1.Introduction: Genomics: The study of genes and their function. Genomics aims to understand the structure of the genome, including the mapping genes and sequencing the DNA. Genomics examines the molecular mechanisms and the interplay of genetic and environmental factors in disease. It is used to determine the entire DNA sequence of an organisms and a fine scale genetic mapping. The field also includes study of intra genomic phenomena such as Hetrosis, Epistasis, Pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. 2.History: The term genome was introduced by H. Winkler in 1920 to denote the complete set of chromosomal and extra chromosomal genes present in an organism, including a virus. This term is used in the same sense even today. The term genomics was coined by T.H. Roderick sometime in 1987 mean mapping and sequencing to analyze the structure and organization of genomes. But today genomics includes sequencing of genomes, determination of the complete set of proteins encoded by an organism, and the functioning of genes and metabolic pathways in an organism. Thus genomics not only deals with the determination of the genetic information present in an organism, but also with the understanding the mechanism by which this information is used by the organism. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with sequencing the...
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...development of antibiotics was one of the most important advances of medicine. Many bacterial infections (e.g. tuberculosis and infected wounds) that had previously had no effective treatment and often killed people, became treatable with antibiotics, saving millions of lives. Now, because of the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, bacterial infections that were once easily cured with antibiotics are becoming harder to treat. This is due to antibiotic resistance. The World Health Organization has called this one of the biggest threats to human health today. What is antibiotic resistance? Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria change to protect themselves from an antibiotic. They are then no longer sensitive to that antibiotic. When this happens, antibiotics that previously would have killed the bacteria, or stopped them from multiplying, no longer work. What are ‘superbugs’? ‘Superbugs’ are bacteria that are resistant to several different antibiotics. The methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria commonly found in hospitals, and the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), are now very hard to treat because of antibiotic resistance. Strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) — the bacteria that causes many urinary tract infections — have also developed resistance to a number of antibiotics. How does antibiotic resistance affect me? Using antibiotics when you don’t need them may mean that they won’t work for you when you do need them...
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...Diseases THEIR TRANSMISSION AND CONTROL This project is designed to inform or further the reader’s knowledge about the different diseases and how they are transmitted and can be controlled. Therefore, it is divided into three (3) major sections. These sections includes: water borne diseases, food borne diseases and air borne diseases. These subtopics will go into further details as to make it simpler for your understanding. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION WATER BOURNE DISEASES FOOD BOURNE DISEASES AIR BOURNE DISEASES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First I would like to thank the Lord who is the head of my life who has given me the strength, courage, and inspiration in completing this assessment. I would also like to thank my teacher who has helped me in every step of the way. I would also like to thank my friends and family, specifically my parents who has provided the necessary resources needed to complete this assessment and also in giving me the ongoing encouragement and assistance. Once again I say thank you. WATER BOURNE DISEASES HOOKWORM Hookworm is an intestinal parasite of humans. The larvae and adult worms live in the small intestine can cause intestinal disease. The two main species of hookworm infecting humans are Anclostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Hookworm eggs are passed in the faeces of an infected person. If an infected person defecates outside (near bushes, in a garden, or field) or if the faeces from an infected person are used as fertilizer...
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...caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The illness alters the immune system, making people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility worsens as the disease progresses. HIV is found in the body fluids of an infected person (semen and vaginal fluids, blood and breast milk). The virus is passed from one person to another through blood-to-blood and sexual contact. In addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their babies during pregnancy, delivering the baby during childbirth, and through breast feeding. HIV can be transmitted in many ways, such as vaginal, oral sex, anal sex, blood transfusion, and contaminated hypodermic needles. Both the virus and the disease are often referred to together as HIV/AIDS. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As a result, some will then develop AIDS. The development of numerous opportunistic infections in an AIDS patient can ultimately lead to death. 2. Measles Measles is a highly infectious illness caused by a virus. The virus lives in the mucus of the nose and throat of people with this infection. Physical contact, coughing and sneezing can spread the infection. In addition, infected droplets of mucus can remain active and contagious for around two hours. This means that the virus can live outside the body - for example, on surfaces and door handles. 3. Tloubercosis Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease that is caused by...
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...9 Science Learner’s Material Module 1 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Working with Other Organ Systems This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@deped.gov.ph. We valueDepartment of Education your feedback and recommendations. Republic of the Philippines Science – Grade 9 Learner’s Material First Edition, 2014 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC Undersecretary: Dina S. Ocampo, Ph.D. Department of Education-Instructional Materials Council...
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...contact, sharing most any item with an infected person or just breathing the same air where the disease exists, these disease processes are known as communicable diseases. Basically, communicable diseases are diseases that you can catch from other organisms. There are noted to be approximately 165 known communicable diseases in the environment (Wisconsin, 2014). The disease addressed in this paper is known as Tuberculosis (TB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that cause TB. This particular bacteria is not passed through physical contact with an infected person but rather is passed through airborne transmission as an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes. The mode of transmission for TB is known as airborne transmission. In the hospital setting a person suspected to have or proven to have TB will be placed on airborne precautions and located in a negative pressure room where the air is continually being pulled from the room and replaced with fresh air. The health care professional (HCP) taking care of the person suspected to have TB is to wear a special respiratory mask known as an N95 mask as well as a gown, gloves. These masks are fit tested yearly to improve the safety of the HCP. A person having active TB can spread the disease to others and symptoms can appear within a few weeks of exposure, or it may occur years later. Active TB symptoms include cough, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills and loss of appetite (MAYO, 2014). Latent TB...
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...infects the eye it can cause a disease termed Pseudomonas keratitis. The etiologic agent (cause) of this disease is: Microbial pathogenesis- the characteristics/traits the microbe has that leads to the disease. II. NORMAL MICROBIOTA * 1 x 10^13 human cells in our body * 1x10^14 bacterial cells on/in our body (permanent residence that under normal conditions do not cause disease) * Areas with normal Microbiota: 1. GI tract 2. Upper respiratory 3. Skin 4. Urogenital Tract * Areas that are relatively sterile: 1. The Nervous System * The blood brain barrier (blood vessel cerebrospinal fluid) 1) Endothelial cells 2) Astrocytes 3) Neurons *A structural impediment with restricted permeability * The lower respiratory tract * Upper respiratory- nasal hairs, mucous membrane, ciliary escalator, alveolar macrophages * In healthy person, microbes shouldn’t be able to make it down that far (past the upper respiratory) * The cardiovascular system (blood) * Septicemia- “blood poisoning,” growth of a pathogenic microorganism in the blood (non-specific term) * Bacteremia- bacteria in the blood * Toxemia- presence of toxin in the blood * Viremia- in the blood * Q: Do we all have the same resident flora? A: Bacteria from our skin remains on the things we touch and could be used for the same purpose as fingerprints. Own personal bacteria can stay on things we touch for...
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...airways of pneumonia patients who died. Klebs was a German-Swiss Pathologist. Bacterial genus Klebsiella is named after him. In 1882 and 1884, Carl Friedländer and Albert Fränkel found the two main causes of Pneumonia, which were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Through Friedländer’s research, the Gram Stain was introduced and helps identify the two types of bacteria that cause pneumonia. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen that causes pneumonia. This bacteria is found most of the time in the gastrointestinal tract and the nasopharnyx. Another common place it is found is on hands of hospital workers. This bacteria is not only in humans, it is everywhere in the ecological environment. It has been correlated worldwide with infections. There are two types of infections, community-acquired or hospital-acquired. Alcoholism is associated with community-acquired Klebsiella pneumonia. If patients have an immune deficiency, then Klebsiella pneumoniae caused diseases may lead to their death. This is because the patient’s immune system cannot fight against the bacteria that is causing the infection. A person has...
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...Infectious Disease, Biological and its Control “Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms”, stated the Mayo Clinic (2014). Knowledge of the germ theory and disease came about in the Nineteenth Century through Louis Pasteur. Pasteur identified that pathogens, such as bacteria, cause disease by attacking the body from the outside, BBC (2014). Following on from Pasteur’s germ theory, Robert Koch in 1876, proved specific pathogens caused specific diseases, Stevenson (2014). Pathogens are biological agents that take the form of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa causing infection and illness by challenging our immune system, through killing cells or disrupting the cell function, National Academies (2015). “Only when a microorganism has successfully established a site of infection in the host does disease occur”, Janeaway et al (2001). When working in Mexico, there are certain infectious diseases prevalent, and transmission of these diseases can happen through a variety of methods such as direct contact with other infected humans or animals, indirectly by touching infected objects or via airborne transmission. Reports suggest over one million people die from vector borne diseases every year, such as malaria from mosquitos carrying pathogens from host to host, WHO (2014). Whilst working or travelling, should you succumb to an infection or disease, your body will try to defend itself using non-specific mechanisms, such as mechanical, chemical and biological barriers...
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...Tuberculosis Crossing International Borders Community Health Task 2 Christine McGahey Western Governors University Tuberculosis Crossing International Borders Tuberculosis is a potentially infectious disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium that mainly affects the lungs, but can attack other parts of the body such as the brain, kidneys and spine. This disease, if not treated properly, can be deadly. Tuberculosis (TB) is spread through the air via droplets that enter the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks and is inhaled by a person nearby. A person infected with TB may or may not have symptoms and not everyone will get sick. A person with Latent TB has the Mycobacterium living within their body but their body is able to fight the bacteria and prevents them from getting sick. The person with Latent TB is not infectious at that time but if a person’s immune system goes down and the body is no longer able to fight off the bacteria the patient will become ill and then will become infectious to others. This is called Active TB Disease. A person does not always show signs of being sick and may be infectious without even knowing. TB symptoms include a cough lasting 3 weeks or longer, bloody sputum, fatigue, night sweats, decreased appetite and fiver with chills. Treatment can include taking a medication regimen of INH and Rifampin for up to 9 months. Testing for TB can be done in several ways. A TB skin test can be done to see if a person has...
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...Strategies for Tuberculosis Control from Experiences in Manila: The Role of Public-Private Collaboration and of Intermittent Therapy INAUGURALDISSERTATION zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel von Christian Auer aus Bottmingen (BL) Basel, Mai 2003 Genehmigt von der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel auf Antrag von Herrn Prof. Dr. Marcel Tanner und Herrn Professor Dr. Klaus M. Leisinger Basel, den 6. Mai 2003 Prof. Dr. Marcel Tanner Dekan DEDICATION In memory of Aling Tess and Mang Tony, former neighbours of mine, victims of tuberculosis, the unrestrained killer that terminates daily the lives of 5000 people. With the sincere hope and plea that some findings and thoughts of this dissertation will contribute to reducing tuberculosis and poverty. “The appalling global burden of tuberculosis at the turn of the millennium, despite the availability of effective control measures, is a blot on the conscience of humankind. For developing countries, the situation has become desperate and the "cursed duet" of tuberculosis and AIDS is having a devastating impact on large sections of the global community. The vital question is, can despair be turned to hope early in the next millennium?” John Grange and Almuddin Zumla, 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Summary Zusammenfassung Abbreviations i iii vii...
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