... 3. Ubaid-ur-Rehman (3778) 4. Junaid Ghayoor Hussain (3780) 5. Muhammad Ansaar (3824) 6. Abdul Sami khan (3825) ABSTRACT Electricity Crisis in Pakistan is one of the severe challenges the country is facing today. Electricity is essential part of our daily life and its outage has severely affected the economy and overall living of ours. Thousands have lost their jobs, businesses; our daily life has become miserable. Pakistan is currently facing upto 18 hours of electricity outage a day, is expected to face more if not dealt with in time. The purpose of this study is to analyze the nature of this crisis and to propose some short-term as well as long-term solutions to this problem. This study is exploratory in nature. We have done our best to conclude and sketch up some recommendations in the light of identified hurdles in the way of implementing the appropriate solution to our problem. Our study finds some major wholes in our system if they are covered up we can not only overcome the deficiency of electricity in our systems but also we can be able to export it to our neighboring countries. The basic flaws that our study identified are related to circular debt, and the inadequate capacity of our electricity production and distribution systems. Also we emphasized on some prospective alternatives to our electricity production that are cheaper and they provide more clean electric energy as compared to fossil fuel run energy plants. INTRODUCTION * Background...
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...Construction process iv) selling price v) Financing of project vi) Operation and maintenance 5. Financial analysis P. 13-18 6. Environmental issues P. 19 7. Conclusion P. 20 1. Executive summary Renewable energy has always been an issue in the world, when people are starting to realize the consequences of producing energy through the usage of fossil fuels such as pollution and global warming. In light of the situation, it is observed that there is a need to help shape a better world, a greener future so that our ancestors will not be living in a world that is full of pollution. In this report we proudly present our offshore wind farm – Windsea Array. We will first introduce the overview of the entire renewable energy industry, such that people all over the world are gaining stronger attention to the importance of developing renewable energy, due to the fact that our fossil fuels will be running out soon. Then we will narrow down our view specifically to the UK where our wind farm will be built, highlighting the fact that the UK has been the largest offshore wind farm producer since 2008. Next we will give an introduction to the location of our wind farm West of Isle of Wight, addressing factors which influence our decision including the wind speed, distance from shore and cost. Then the construction phases will be highlighted to keep our investors informed when and how the wind farm is...
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...Causes of Inflation 5 Figure 1-The Oil Price and Inflation 5 The Effects of Inflation 7 A Comparison of Regional and Global Inflation Rates 8 Table 1-Annual Inflation Rates-Selected Caribbean Countries 8 Table 2-GDP per capita- Selected Caribbean Countries 8 Table 3-Annual Inflation Rates-Developed Countries 8 Inflationary Trends and Analysis 9 Figure 2- The Last Decade 9 Figure 3- Inflation and Unemployment 9 Conclusion 10 Recommendations 10 Executive Summary Analysing the domestic inflation rate, it was found that the main driver of inflation was food prices. Rising global food prices is expected to continue to put upward pressure on local food prices and subsequently the headline inflation rate in Trinidad and Tobago. While this is a global phenomenon, developing countries are expected to be impacted harder than that of the developed nations. This is due to lower incomes as well as less developed and efficient market systems. Food accounts for a substantial portion of imports in Trinidad and Tobago therefore making us highly susceptible to imported inflation. To limit the impact of imported inflation, local agriculture and manufacturing sectors need to expand. Another contributor to the inflation rate was the average annual oil price for the corresponding year. These two variables possessed a strong positive correlation. Energy prices affect transportation and production and when they increase, the cost of final products increase. Inflation was found...
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...strength of the relationship between two variables. The following are examples of how regression is applied in business. 1. Regression is used to measure the extent to which a company’s profits can be affected in the event of an increase in profits. 2. Advertising is used to help sell the goods and services that a company produces. Regression helps the company’s staff understand how fast changes in advertising expenditure can affect their sales in general. 3. By using regression, a company can see how it stock prices are affected by a variable such as an increase or decrease in interest rates. 4. Using variables such as sales and other market factors, one can use regression to forecast the future demand of a company’s goods and services. 5. Regression can also help in finding out the consequences of changing the money supply on the current rate of inflation in a country. 6. Farming can be considered to be a business as well. Therefore, a farmer can use regression to find out how a change in the amount of rainfall will affect his crop yields. 7. In order to determine the salary of an employee, many factors have to be put in place. Regression can help in determining how the education of a person affects how much he or she will earn as a salary. 8. In the energy sector, one can use regression to find out what effect a change in oil prices will have on the cost of electricity. 9. In quality control, regression is used to find out the trend of customer...
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...| Hussain Industries: Hussain industries is known to be one of the largest textile manufacturers in Pakistan. It is located in the hub of textile industries in Pakistan, the city of Multan, which is also famously known as the largest cotton growing city. This company is a partnership and is currently equally being shared between two parties. Hussain industries has been manufacturing articles with intense colour tones which include the following: Articles with intense color tones, including dyed yarns, printed kitchen towels, napkins, tea towels, table cloths, terry towels, surgical towels, industrial towels (with and without logo, tile motifs, check variants, micro checks, graduated checks and linear embroidery), herringbone, mono checks, dishcloths, shower curtains, hospital bed sheets, thermal blankets, bedspreads, draw sheets, upholstery, handkerchiefs, aprons, place mats, pot holders, gloves, and beach throws. These are manufactured using dobby looms, jacquard looms, and shuttle looms, which allow for state of the art floral motifs, subtle shadows, and colour gradients. KARACHI: The textile sector enjoys a pivotal position in the exports of Pakistan. The contribution of this industry to total gross domestic product (GDP) is 8.5%. It provides employment to about 15 million people, 30% of the country’s workforce of about 49 million. The annual volume of total world textile trade is $18 trillion which is growing at 2.5%. But Pakistan’s share is less than one per cent...
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...concepts in the modern marketing theory. Marketing mix is the combination used by a marketer, of various elements of marketing in his control, to achieve his objectives in a particular market. Just as an artist mixes colours in his pallet to obtain a unique hue suitable for the background and the subject, a marketer mixes the elements to suit the market. Marketing mix is not a permanent formulation, but a dynamic strategy to meet competition. (Kazmil, S.H.H. 2011) Marketing mix it include 4P’s of marketing mix are product, price, place (distribution), and promotion. Product is anything that offered to some one to satisfy a need or want. Price is a value expressed in monetary terms Can (Stanton, 1975:254) or price refer the amount of money needed to buy products. Price data seen by some marker analyst as reflecting all relevant aspect of market conditions such as number of buyers and sellers, barrier to entry need not be explicitly examined, also price constitute essential economic signals to buyers and sellers regarding current supply and demand Place or Distribution is the process of making products available at right time in convenient and accessible location. Promotion is the act of informing and persuading the market regarding a company’s product. Not only it includes 4P’s of marketing mix but also there is 3 additional Ps namely people,...
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...Background Until the economic crisis of 2008, Pakistan had enjoyed a relatively robust economic performance since 2001. Warning signs emerged in 2007 and early 2008, as inflation began to rise and external imbalances expanded. Conditions deteriorated in mid-2008 with the sharp increase in international food and fuel prices and worsening of the domestic security situation. The fiscal deficit widened, due in large part to rising energy subsidies, financed by credit from the central bank. As a result, the rupee depreciated and foreign currency reserves fell sharply. Inflation reached 25 percent in late-2008, causing harm to vulnerable social groups. Role of the IMF The current SBA program aims to: • restore macroeconomic stability through a tightening of fiscal and monetary policies to bring down inflation and strengthen foreign currency reserves; • protect the poor by strengthening the social safety net—this is a key element of the government’s policy strategy; and • raise budgetary revenues through comprehensive tax reforms to enable significant increases in public investment and social spending required for achieving sustainable growth. Progress to Date Pakistan’s economy had initially made progress toward stabilization under the program. Macroeconomic imbalances shrank and inflation fell below 10 percent in mid-2009....
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...1 The nature of inflation 4 2.2 Methods of measuring inflation 6 2.3 Reasons and consequences of inflation 9 3. Practical rationale for analysing price dynamics in Latvia 13 3.1 Research into the causes of price changes in Latvia 14 3.2 Overall analysis of price dynamics in Latvia 18 3.3 Examination of price dynamics in relation to particular group of products in Latvia 22 4. Conclusions 25 5. Recommendations 26 6. Bibliography 27 7. Appendices 28 LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND FORMULAS Formulas Formula 2.1: GDP deflator 7 Formula 2.2: Inflation Rate Equations Formulas Calculator 7 Tables Table 3.1: Compliance with Maastricht criteria 12 Table 3.2: Government deficit 14 Figures Figure 3.2: Nominal and real household consumption 15 Figure 3.3: Household savings 16 Figure 3.4: Inflation in Latvia 1991 - 2012 17 Figure 3.5: Harmonized consumer price index of the EU Member States 18 Figure 3.6: Private consumption and consumer price index 19 Figure 3.7: Changes of producer prices 20 Figure 3.8: Consumer prices, producer prices and deflator's value changes 21 Figure 3.9: Consumer price changes by commodity groups 23 1. Introduction In the end of 2012 Latvia has fulfilled the Maastricht criteria regarding an establishment of the single European currency. One of the potential risks of that is the inflation criterion. Therefore, analysis of trends in price development in Latvia...
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...The paper shall look at how Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA) evolved since 2000. It will also look at the strategic nightmares encountered, which led to making certain decisions and initiatives. It will analyse some of the strategies adopted and how they fit in line with the operating environment. The paper will look at background of ZESA, the general operating environment, the strategic choice taken and proffer possible advice which is not a panacea but offers pointers on how to lead change in a turbulent environment. In 1991, the Government of Zimbabwe adopted a public enterprise reform strategy as part of a World Bank driven Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP). For the electricity sector, the Government adopted a two-pronged programme of reform a performance improvement programme (PIP) for the national utility, the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA), and a legal and regulatory reform programme for the electricity sector in general. Ten years later, significant success has been achieved in improving the utility’s performance in technical operations and customer service. However, there has been very little progress on the legal and regulatory front. This has adversely affected the utility’s financial performance, as well as frustrating the Government’s efforts in attracting private sector investment. The Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA) provides the bulk of electricity generated, transmitted, distributed and supplied in Zimbabwe...
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...What are the trends in growth, inflation, unemployment, and debt? Over the last ten years Japan had a tremendous growth. It is no surprise for a country like Japan to have an increase in GDP among the last ten years; it had a GDP of $4.3 trillion in 2004 and kept increasing till it reached $5.96 trillion in the end of 2013 (Trading Economics, 2013). This significant increase in in the GDP is due to the increase in the net exports, since nowadays Japan is known as the world’s second largest developed economy. Japan exports a lot of automobiles because it is one of the leading countries in the production of automobiles that are spread all over the world. Moreover, Japan is the largest creditor nation while running an annual trade surplus. The GDP per capita increased from $29369.49 in 2004 to $31425.49 in 2013 (Trading Economics, 2013) meaning that the economy is vigorous since people are earning more so they have more disposable income to spend which vitalities the economy and the services thus leading the economy to thrive. All these conditions led the growth rare to increase from 0.1% in 2004 to 0.3% in 2013 (Trading Economics), however it is still considered low since it only increase 0.2%. In general we can come to a conclusion that the Japanese economy is healthy and is experiencing a positive growth. Since we already know that the economy in Japan is booming it would be rational to say that there are new opportunities for new positions in the market, the demand for workers...
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...Business Research Project: Butterfly effect of Japan´s disaster on global production Professor: Dr. Corrine Young Prepared by: Team 6 Alonzo, Marie Francoise Arango, Luisa Fernanda Darbinyan, Mkrtich Parparcén, Luis Felipe Salas, Ana Karina Solano, Pablo May 28th, 2011 INDEX Content Butterfly Effect of Japan´s Disaster on Global Production. 1- Japan Background a. The relevance of Japan in global production and supply chain b. Economical impact of the Japanese Disaster 2- Impact on global production in important industries a. Automobile Industry i. Toyota b. Electronics Industry 3- Collateral impacts of the disaster a. Increase in electricity costs b. Explanation of why the yen is so strong. i. Supply Chain ii. Cheap Investment iii. GDP Impact iv. Export Economy v. Currency vi. Monetary Policy 4- Innovation in supply Chain and the Disaster in Japan a. The Top 10 Supply Chain Innovations from 1880-1990 (1) b. Supply Chain Innovation c. Supply Chain Innovation - Environment d. Long-Term Disarray after Japan Disaster Conclusions Bibliography Butterfly Effect of Japan´s Disaster on Global Production. 1- Japan Background a. The relevance of Japan in global production and supply chain Japan is an island nation located at the East of...
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...International Business Research Project: Butterfly effect of Japan´s disaster on global production Professor: XXXXXXX Prepared by: Team X May 28th, 2011 INDEX Content Butterfly Effect of Japan´s Disaster on Global Production. 1- Japan Background a. The relevance of Japan in global production and supply chain b. Economical impact of the Japanese Disaster 2- Impact on global production in important industries a. Automobile Industry i. Toyota b. Electronics Industry 3- Collateral impacts of the disaster a. Increase in electricity costs b. Explanation of why the yen is so strong. i. Supply Chain ii. Cheap Investment iii. GDP Impact iv. Export Economy v. Currency vi. Monetary Policy 4- Innovation in supply Chain and the Disaster in Japan a. The Top 10 Supply Chain Innovations from 1880-1990 (1) b. Supply Chain Innovation c. Supply Chain Innovation - Environment d. Long-Term Disarray after Japan Disaster Conclusions Bibliography Butterfly Effect of Japan´s Disaster on Global Production. 1- Japan Background a. The relevance of Japan in global production and supply chain Japan is an island nation located at the East of Asia, in the Pacific Ocean. Its currency of legal course is the YEN (¥). Japan has the tenth largest populations in the...
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...RESEARCH PROPOSAL TOPIC: Rising inflation in Pakistan: Causes and Remedies SUBMITTED BY: NAILA ERUM NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD Rising inflation in Pakistan: Causes and Remedies Introduction Pakistan is currently facing unprecedented high Inflation. High inflation is contributing to increase in vulnerability and fall in real income of lower, middle and fixed income segments of the society. It is increasing uncertainty about future scenario of the business environment and instability of the financial system, erosion of business and investors’ confidence, slowing down of real economic activities, investment, economic growth and employment. Inflation is known as a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, there is a decline in the real value of money and purchasing power. Inflation is an indicator of a country’s macro economic stability and provides important insight on the state of the economy and the sound macroeconomic policies that govern it. A stable inflation not only gives a nurturing environment for economic growth, but also uplifts the poor and fixed income citizens who are the most vulnerable in society. A numerous supply side and demand side factors could be responsible for this surge in inflation. Inflation can be a result of shocks to the supply of certain food items and to world...
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...undertake, and it is absolutely imperative that the government have a clear, just and feasible policy regarding land acquisition that provides fair compensation to the parties affected by the acquisition. A land acquisition policy must be clear on the factors mentioned blow: 1. The definition of public use (or the type of projects that the policy is applicable for): In general, the definition includes strategic purposes (those relating to Defense), infrastructure projects for development of villages, etc. 2. What all kinds of land can be acquired and how much of it: In all cases, there are restrictions that the land acquisition must not impair historical or artistic monuments of importance or desecrate religious structures, graveyards, etc. Due to concerns pertaining to food safety, in India, restrictions are often imposed on the acquisition of irrigated multi crop lands. 3. Who the affected parties are (or who are to be compensated): Land owners are the most obvious affected parties (they are always considered among those to be compensated). But people depended on the land indirectly, like landless labourers working on the land and others who depend on the land for livelihood, are also affected, often adversely. 4. In what form the compensation should be, how much it should be and how it should be apportioned: In the 1894 Land Acquisition Act land owners were paid 15% more than the market value of their property (again, here one must outline a clear and...
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...book(s) used. PART A: Multiple Choice Questions (30%) 1. Market supply curves tend to be more price elastic if the time period is long rather than short because— a. Firms are better able to adapt their output rates to price changes in the long run. b. External economies will be realized. c. Consumers are better able to find substitute goods. d. Input prices would be expected to increase with the length of the time period. e. Economic profits are reduced to zero in the long run. Marginal product exceeds average product when— a. Total product is increasing. b. Average product is increasing. c. Average product is decreasing. d. a and b. e. a and c. A frequently cited reason for increasing returns to scale is— a. Increased input prices. b. Greater specialization. c. External diseconomies. d. Larger fixed costs with a larger plant size. e. Difficulty of managing a huge enterprise. 2. 3. C5, Economic Environment of Business, Final Examination, page 1 of 8 1 4. In determining whether to add an additional flight to an established airline, which of the following costs are irrelevant? a. Depreciation on the existing aircraft. b. The salary of the president. c. Insurance on the aircraft. d. Administrative costs. e. All of the above. If the two assumptions of profit maximization and freedom of entry and exit are satisfied, then in the long run each firm will operate where— a. Price equals short-run and...
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