...Chapter 7(13E) Bonds and Their Valuation Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 7-1 From the corporation’s viewpoint, one important factor in establishing a sinking fund is that its own bonds generally have a higher yield than do government bonds; hence, the company saves more interest by retiring its own bonds than it could earn by buying government bonds. This factor causes firms to favor the second procedure. Investors also would prefer the annual retirement procedure if they thought that interest rates were more likely to rise than to fall, but they would prefer the government bond purchase program if they thought rates were likely to fall. In addition, bondholders recognize that, under the government bond purchase scheme, each bondholder would be entitled to a given amount of cash from the liquidation of the sinking fund if the firm should go into default, whereas under the annual retirement plan, some of the holders would receive a cash benefit while others would benefit only indirectly from the fact that there would be fewer bonds outstanding. On balance, investors seem to have little reason for choosing one method over the other, while the annual retirement method is clearly more beneficial to the firm. The consequence has been a pronounced trend toward annual retirement and away from the accumulation scheme. 7-2 Yes, the statement is true. 7-3 False. Short-term bond prices are less sensitive than long-term bond prices to interest rate changes...
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...Solutions to Homework 3, FINC-UB.0002.02 Xuyang Ma Topic 6: Equity Valuation 1. Suppose that the consensus forecast of security analysts of your favorite company is that earnings next year will be E1 = $5.00 per share. Sup- pose that the company tends to plow back 50% of its earnings and pay the rest as dividends. If the Chief Financial O cer (CFO) estimates that the company's growth rate will be 8% from now onwards, answer the following questions. (a) If your estimate of the company's required rate of return on its stock is 10%, what is the equilibrium price of the stock? The equilibrium price of a stock can be determined using Gordon's growth formula as follows: P0 = where E1 (1 − b) R−g b = .5 the plow back ratio, R = .10 the required rate of return, and g = .08 is the growth rate. Thus, the price should be: P0 = $5(1 − .5) = $125 .10 − .08 1 (b) Suppose you observe that the stock is selling for $50.00 per share, and that this is the best estimate of its equilibrium price. What would you conclude about either required rate of return; or pany's future growth rate? Recall from the formula above, that a higher required rate of return implies a lower equilibrium price of the stock. On the other hand, a higher growth rate implies a higher stock price. a lower equilibrium stock price ($50 either: Thus, (i) your estimate of the stock's (ii) the CFO's estimate of the com- < $125) could indicate that (1) the required rate of return...
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...© CSI GLOBAL EDUCATION INC. (2011) 7•1 Chapter 7 Fixed-Income Securities: Pricing and Trading © CSI GLOBAL 7•2 EDUCATION INC. (2011) 7 Fixed-Income Securities: Pricing and Trading CHAPTER OUTLINE How are Price and Yield of a Bond Calculated? • Calculating the Fair Price of a Bond • Calculating the Yield on a Treasury Bill • Calculating the Current Yield on a Bond • Calculating the Yield to Maturity on a Bond What is the Term Structure of Interest Rates? • The Real Rate of Return • The Yield Curve What are the Fundamental Bond Pricing Properties? • The Relationship Between Bond Prices and Interest Rates • The Impact of Maturity • The Impact of the Coupon • The Impact of Yield Changes • Duration as a Measure of Bond Price Volatility What are Bond-Switching Strategies? How does Bond Market Trading Work? • Clearing and Settlement • Calculating Accrued Interest © CSI GLOBAL EDUCATION INC. (2011) 7•3 What are Bond Indexes? • Canadian Bond Market Indexes • Global Indexes Summary LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Defi ne present value and the discount rate, and perform calculations relating to the time value of money, bond pricing and yield. 2. Defi ne a real rate of return and a yield curve, and evaluate three theories of interest rate determination. 3. Analyze the impact of fi xed-income pricing properties on bond prices. 4. Explain the rationale for bond switching and describe bond-switching strategies. ...
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...Foundations of Finance Solutions to Homework 3 Prof. Eduardo D´vila a Topic 6: Equity Valuation 1. Suppose that the consensus forecast of security analysts of your favorite company is that earnings next year will be E1 = $5.00 per share. Suppose that the company tends to plow back 50% of its earnings and pay the rest as dividends. If the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) estimates that the company’s growth rate will be 8% from now onwards, answer the following questions. (a) If your estimate of the company’s required rate of return on its stock is 10%, what is the equilibrium price of the stock? The equilibrium price of a stock can be determined using Gordon’s growth formula as follows: E1 (1 − b) P0 = R−g where b = .5 the plow back ratio, R = .10 the required rate of return, and g = .08 is the growth rate. Thus, the price should be: P0 = $5(1 − .5) = $125 .10 − .08 (b) Suppose you observe that the stock is selling for $50.00 per share, and that this is the best estimate of its equilibrium price. What would you conclude about either (i) your estimate of the stock’s required rate of return; or (ii) the CFO’s estimate of the company’s future growth rate? Recall from the formula above, that a higher required rate of return implies a lower equilibrium price of the stock. On the other hand, a higher growth rate implies a higher stock price. Thus, a lower equilibrium stock price ($50 < $125) could indicate that either: (1) the required rate of return is...
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...Chapter 6 Bonds and their Valuation OVERVIEW This chapter presents a discussion of the key characteristics of bonds, and then uses time value of money concepts to determine bond values. Bonds are one of the most important types of securities to investors, and are a major source of financing for corporations and governments. The value of any financial asset is the present value of the cash flows expected from that asset. Therefore, once the cash flows have been estimated, and a discount rate determined, the value of the financial asset can be calculated. A bond is valued as the present value of the stream of interest payments (an annuity) plus the present value of the par value, which is the principal amount for the bond, and is received by the investor on the bond’s maturity date. Depending on the relationship between the current interest rate and the bond’s coupon rate, a bond can sell at its par value, at a discount, or at a premium. The total rate of return on a bond is comprised of two components: interest yield and capital gains yield. The bond valuation concepts developed earlier in the chapter are used to illustrate interest rate and reinvestment rate risk. In addition, default risk, various types of corporate bonds, bond ratings, and bond markets are discussed. Outline A bond is a long-term contract under which a borrower agrees to make payments of interest and principal, on specific dates, to the holders of the bond. There are four...
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...Allied Components Company, a supplier of auto repair parts used in the after-market with products from Daimler, Chrysler, Ford, and other automakers. Your boss, the chief financial officer (CFO), has just handed you the estimated cash flows for two proposed projects. Project L involves adding a new item to the firm’s ignition system line; it would take some time to build up the market for this product, so the cash inflows would increase over time. Project S involves an add-on to an existing line, and its cash flows would decrease over time. Both projects have 3-year lives, because Allied is planning to introduce entirely new models after 3 years. Here are the projects’ net cash flows (in thousands of dollars): 0 | -100 -100 1 | 10 70 2 | 60 50 3 | 80 20 Project L Project S Depreciation, salvage values, net working capital requirements, and tax effects are all included in these cash flows. The CFO also made subjective risk assessments of each project, and he concluded that both projects have risk characteristics that are similar to the firm’s average project. Allied’s WACC is 10%. You must determine whether one or both of the projects should be accepted. A. What is capital budgeting? Are there any similarities between a firm’s capital budgeting decisions and an individual’s investment decisions? Answer: [Show S11-1 through S11-3 here.] Capital budgeting is the process of analyzing additions to fixed assets. Capital budgeting is important because, more than anything else...
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...FGB 380 Common Final Exam The final exam consists of 60 multiple choice and/or true false questions worth 2.5 points each. The 60 assessment items may include, but are not limited to the following: 1. The goal of the financial manager Chapter 1 Maximize stockholder’s wealth 2. Legal forms of business organization, with specific emphasis on the advantages/disadvantages of corporations Sole Proprietorship: a business owned by one individual (greatest in number of the forms) Advantages: Easiest to start, least regulated, single owner gets all profits, taxed as personal income Disadvantages: Limited to life of owner, equity capital limited to owner’s personal wealth, unlimited liability, difficult to sell ownership interest Partnership: Similar to sole proprietorship, except the business has more than one owner. Advantages: more capital available and relatively easy to start, taxation is simple (each owner reports their percentage of income Disadvantages: unlimited liability extends to both partners (joint and severally liable), difficult to raise capital, difficult to transfer ownership NOTE: A limited partnership limits the partners to their investment, but one partner has to be unlimitedly liable Corporation: a separate legal entity that exists apart from its owners (shareholders or stockholders). Most important in total sales, assets, profits, and contributions to national income. Advantages: limited...
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...Chapter 19 Initial Public Offerings, Investment Banking, and Financial Restructuring ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 19-1 a. A closely held corporation goes public when it sells stock to the general public. Going public increases the liquidity of the stock, establishes a market value, facilitates raising new equity, and allows the original owners to diversify. However, going public increases business costs, requires disclosure of operating data, and reduces the control of the original owners. The new issue market is the market for stock of companies that go public, and the issue is called an initial public offering (IPO). b. A rights offering occurs when a corporation sells a new issue of common stock to its existing stockholders. Each stockholder receives a certificate called a stock purchase right, or right, giving the stockholder the option to purchase a specified number of the new shares. The rights are issued in proportion to the amount of stock that each shareholder currently owns. c. A public offering is an offer of new common stock to the general public; in other words, an offer in which the existing shareholders are not given any preemptive right to purchase the new shares. A private placement is the sale of stock to only one or a few investors, usually institutional investors. The advantages of private placements are lower flotation costs and greater speed, since the shares issued are not subject to SEC registration. ...
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...FINANCIAL ANALYSIS MBA643 COURSE MODULE © Copyright Belhaven University | Updated April 2015 1 COURSE DESCRIPTION This course is an overview of financial analysis that advances decision-making in the modern business environment. This course is intended to show students the format and content of corporate annual financial statements. Financial statement analysis will be highlighted with an emphasis on cash flow analysis and the cash budget. The use of financial ratios will be introduced along with the time value of money. There is an introduction to managerial accounting concepts, relevant costs in managerial decision-making, and capital budgeting techniques. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This course was developed by Dr. Geoffrey Goldsmith and Dr. Marsha James of the graduate faculty of the School of Business at Belhaven University (Jackson, MS, campus). TOPICS Application of honesty and business ethics in corporate finance Biblical perspective on investing and risk/return Contents of the corporate annual reports Financial statements and cash flow Cash budget Analysis of financial statements through the use of financial ratios Time value of money Flexible budgeting Managerial accounting concepts Capital budgeting techniques COURSE OBJECTIVES Identify the Christian principles of honesty and greed as they relate to financial reporting and ethical business practices. Discuss the importance...
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...Financial Management Lecture 1 Corporate Finance/Financial Decisions: Three important steps. * The Investment Decision: Expand, selling and so on. Decisions to spend or earn money. Capital budgeting. Capital budgeting is the planning and managing of a firms investment in non-current assets. The main thing is the cash flow. Evaluating; * Size of future cash flows * Timing of future cash flows * Risk to future cash flows. Cash flow timing is when a dollar today is worth more than a dollar at some future date. There is a trade-off between the size(amount) of an investements cash flow, and when the cash flow is recieved. So a dollar today, is more worth than a dollar a yeat from now. * The Finance Decision: How to found the fund to replace a machine for example. Capital structure decision. We are talking about firms that is listed. Capital structure is the specific mix of debt and equity maintained by the firm. Debt is loaned money and equity is the money in the firm, the own money. Decisions need to be made on both the financing mix, and how and where to raise the money. * The Dividend Decision: How to distribute the decision to expand for example. Involves the decision of wether to pay a dividend to shareholders or maintain the funds within the firm for internal growth. Factors important to this decision include growth opportunities, taxation and shareholders’ preferences. The top financial manager within a firm is usually the...
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...study of the flow of money * Borrowing and lending * Financial institutions-the middle man * Financial instruments and markets 2. Fields and jobs in finance * Money and capital market * Markets and institutions that provide short and long term capital: investment banks, banks, mutual funds, insurance companies, stockbrokers * Regulators: Fed, SEC (security and exchange commission) * Investments * Security analysis * Portfolio management * Market analysis * Financial management (corporate finance) 3. Forms of business organization * Sole proprietorship * Advantages: * Ease of formation * Subject to (受制于) few(很少) regulators * No corporate income taxes * Disadvantages: * Limited life * Unlimited liability * Difficult to raise capital * Partnership * Has roughly the same advantages and disadvantages as a sole proprietorship * Corporation * Advantages: * Unlimited life * Limited liability: why? * Fairness and efficiency * Ease of raising capital * Easy transfer of ownership * Capitalize future earnings into stock value today * Disadvantages (why corporation): * Double taxation * Cost of set-up and report filing * Profit sharing 4. Responsibility of financial staff * Investment and financing decisions * Forecasting and planning * Transactions in the financial markets * Managing risk (insurance, hedging两面下注) 5. Goals...
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...Chapter 13 The Basics of Capital Budgeting Evaluating Cash Flows ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 13-1 a. The capital budget outlines the planned expenditures on fixed assets. Capital budgeting is the whole process of analyzing projects and deciding whether they should be included in the capital budget. This process is of fundamental importance to the success or failure of the firm as the fixed asset investment decisions chart the course of a company for many years into the future. Strategic business plan is a long-run plan which outlines in broad terms the firm’s basic strategy for the next 5 to 10 years. b. The payback, or payback period, is the number of years it takes a firm to recover its project investment. Payback may be calculated with either raw cash flows (regular payback) or discounted cash flows (discounted payback). In either case, payback does not capture a project's entire cash flow stream and is thus not the preferred evaluation method. Note, however, that the payback does measure a project's liquidity, and hence many firms use it as a risk measure. c. Mutually exclusive projects cannot be performed at the same time. We can choose either Project 1 or Project 2, or we can reject both, but we cannot accept both projects. Independent projects can be accepted or rejected individually. d. The net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) techniques are discounted cash flow (DCF) evaluation techniques....
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...1: CORPORATIONS & FINANCIAL DECISION-MAKING Four Types of Firms US | Four Types of Firms AUS | * Sole proprietorship * Partnership * Limited liability company * Corporation | * Sole traders * Partnerships * Trusts * Companies | Corporations * Legal entity separate from its owners must be legally formed * Ownership represented by shares of stock, sum of which is OE * Tax implications * Double taxation in the US (only concerned with ‘C’ corporations) * Corporate tax rate is 34% * Personal tax rate on dividend income is 15% * Dividend imputation in Australia (franking credits) * You only pay the amount required to make your total tax rate your personal Dividend Imputation * Australian company tax rate: τc=30% * Company earning for $1 dividend income: gross dividend=div1-tc * For $1 dividends, company must earn $1.4286 @ 30% company tax rate * Franking (imputation) credit: Dividends paid have a credit attached for tax paid by the corporation franking credit=gross div-div=div1-τc*τc * Shareholders compute tax at their own tax rate (τp) based on the corporation’s pre-tax income, then subtract the tax paid at the corporate level net shareholder tax=div1-τc*(τP-τC) Corporate Ownership versus Control * Shareholders: Own the Corp, but have no say in daily operations * Board of Directors: * Elected by shareholders * Ultimate decision-making authority ...
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...checking accounts and loans money to an individual buying a house. The new homeowner makes monthly mortgage payments to the bank. The bank uses the mortgage payments to cover the checks written by the person with the checking account. Example Three: An individual buys a municipal bond for an airport improvement project. The individual usually buys a municipal from a bond dealer, an investment banker marketing the bond, and the funds from the sale of the bond are delivered to the city minus a fee from the investment banker. The city uses the funds to build new facilities at the airport, for example a new parking lot. Once finished the fees received from parking are used to payback the buyer of the bond with interest. 7. The goal of the financial manager is to maximize the current share price or equity value of the firm. This goal encompasses many good business practices such as a good working relationship with the surrounding community. If the firm pollutes local streams, abuses local facilities such as roads, and in general does not participate in the economic advancement of the local community its share price or equity value will suffer. The local community may sue the company for its damages and the best local workforce members may choose not to work for the company....
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...be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-148678-X The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-145910-3. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use;...
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