...UNIVERSITY | The TPP and China | Global Business Environment | Richard J. Hunter | Yixiao Liang | 2016/4/5 | On October 5, 2015 (Participating nations aimed at completing negotiations in 2012, but contentious issues such as agriculture, intellectual property, and services and investments prolonged negotiations. They finally reached agreement on October 5, 2015), the United States, Japan and ten other countries concluded negotiations on the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). It is the largest regional trade accord in history and one that does not include China-----the TPP is the centerpiece of the U.S “rebalance” to the Asia-Pacific, and its twelve members account for 35 percent of global trade. China appears to currently have enough international economic negotiations on the table to keep it occupied, and it is unlikely that it is really concerned about the TPP. A No China Club China was invited to join the TPP by Hillary Clinton in 2012. While China has long stated that it is willing to consider joining the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), the world’s second-biggest economy was not included in the agreement. From its inception, some have speculated that China would not join the bloc because it is a “high standards agreement,” even speculating that this was put in place to lock China out of the agreement. It is also assumed that the TPP have used specific rules and guidelines to prevent China's involvement, presumably due to its negative impact on the WTO and that the TPP has been...
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...countries that involve in that agreement. The goals of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a much-delayed but significant trade agreement between 12 countries in Asia-Pacific and the Americas pushed by the US are increasingly becoming clearer after ongoing talks reveal some of the intentions Washington is pursuing with this pact. The highlighted of the agreement is to increase in import growth is projected to outpace increase in export growth, as the reductions in import tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTM) are larger for Malaysia relative to the other TPPA countries. According to The New York Times, economists are sharply split over the positive and negative effects of TPP, and both "opponents and supporters of the trade accord have quickly seized upon whichever analysis buttressed their own views. ECIPE has said in 2014 that TPP "will be the first ‘competing’ economic integration that is large enough to have a considerable negative impact on Europe. In the long-term, the negative effects will come from dynamic impact, e.g. on investment, productivity and competitiveness". Pascal Lamy called the TPP ‘the last of big old-style trade agreements’. It has said to be a negative impact on the oil and gas sector whose share of GDP is 12 per cent. PETRONAS stands to benefit very little from TPPA as 74 per cent of its exports are to non-TPPA Parties. INTRODUCTION Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) turn out to be a trade agreement that has been signed by twelve countries on 4...
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...1 of 17 Xianghui(Ray) Chen 2153583 China and Global Financial Crisis US-Led TPP VS China-Backed RCEP —Applying Main IR Theories To US Policy-Making Process And Relevant Developments The backdrop of the TPP and RCEP WTO and TPP TPP and TTIP are drawn from the two precedent successful free-trade experiments, the EU and NAFTA(North American Free Trade Agreement). EU originated from the European Coal and Steel Community, before developing into the Common Market and further into European Community, and finally, into the EU. 1The ‘living’, ‘evolving’ treaties and agreements of the EU very much guide the living agreement of TPP/TTIP. NAFTA originated from CUSFTA (Canada-US FTA), which was implemented in 1989, and followed by NAFTA, ratified in 1994. Both EU and NAFTA existed before the WTO finally replaced GATT at the beginning of 1995. The replacement not only greatly expanded sectoral coverage but also replaced the GATT’s quite weak dispute-settlement mechanism.2 The liberalization and integration of trade had mainly proceeded under the auspice of WTO prior to the year 2000. With the evolvement characterized by the widening of the trade agenda to include the movement of people and not just that of goods, services, investments and capital,3 international society called for an update of the WTO. Although the Doha round did inspire some discussion in 2001, developing states fundamentally refused to open their market to the services and goods of the developed ones...
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...1. Mexico has always portrayed itself as one of the most pro-trade countries in the world. For instance, we have a free trade agreement with the United States and Canada, and another one with the European Union. We are active members of the WTO, the OECD, the APEC, the Pacific Alliance, and have also signed multiple bilateral agreements with many nations, most of them deemed “strategic”. Answer the next two questions in your own words: a. What are the potential costs and benefits of adopting such a free-trade strategy? The benefits when a country trades freely with other nations, consumers in that country have access to a wider variety of products. Some of these products may not otherwise be available if the consumers were limited to domestically manufactured goods. Or these products may be prohibitively expensive without a free trade arrangement. Also can boost the quality of life along the countries' shared border. This is the case with the Texas-Mexico border. After the creation of NAFTA, the area servicing the transfer of goods between the U.S. and Mexico experienced an economic boom. Five years after the free trade agreement, John Adams Jr., vice chairman of the Industry Sector Advisory Council, noted that this border area was growing economically at a faster rate than any other region on the planet. And the potential costs U.S. exports tend to create jobs in this country, but increases in imports tend to reduce jobs because the imports displace goods that...
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...competitors. The department set dumping duties of up to 66.7% on imports from Mexico and duties of up to 2.6% on Turkish imports after American producers alleged companies from the two countries were selling steel rebar, which is used to reinforce concrete, at unfairly low prices. A final decision is due on July 2. The US International Trade Commission and the Commerce Department launched investigations after a petition was filed last year by Nucor Corporation, Commercial Metals Company and other manufacturers. The trade commission found there was reasonable indication the imports are harming local firms. Mr John Ferriola CEO of Nucor said that “Imports from Mexico and Turkey had doubled since 2010 and were having a devastating impact on the industry”. Commerce said that in 2013 imports of steel concrete reinforcing bar from Mexico were valued at an estimated USD 182.1 million and from Turkey at USD 381.3 million. The manufacturers accuse Mexican and Turkish competitors of unfairly undercutting US prices to grab sales and market share, a trade strategy known as dumping. US manufacturers also claimed rebar imports from Turkey were subsidized by the Turkish government, but Commerce ruled in February that this was not the case. Monday's preliminary ruling set duties of 66.7% on goods from Mexico's Grupo Acerero SA de CV while Grupo Simec received a preliminary dumping margin of 10.66%. All other producers and exporters in Mexico received a preliminary dumping margin...
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...Globalization has become the most common debated issue concerning the world today. It means many different things to many different people. Simply globalization is the integration of nations into one single community. It has embraced the idea of ‘open economy or borderless territories’ where what happens in one country will definitely have an adverse impact on the strings of countries that has relationship with this particular country. There is no absolute or concrete definition of the term itself. It depends on the authority that uses this term based on his view that he tries to communicate it with his specific audience. Binh, 2001, provided this definition, “globalization refers to the process of reducing barriers between countries and encouraging...
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...Q-1: Evaluate the roles of key agencies related to project development and management across the project life cycle. Q-2: How does the government finance the development project? Please discuss some of the characteristics of the planning process which cause low utilization of development fund and poor implementation of development program. Answer: It plays an important role in the country’s economic development through implementing various development projects. To implement this development project finance is an important thing. Bangladesh Govt. has two means to finance development project e.g. i) Govt. own fund; and ii) development partner. In this regard, development partners are seen to give money as grants or loan; and to some extent they provide money as both form (grant and loan). Development planning process: Low utilization of development funds and poor implementation of development programmes is a common phenomenon in Bangladesh. The national planning process is characterized by numerous problems, a few of which are mentioned below as key challenges that need immediate remedial measures. a. Paucity of trust in institutions and their people: A general lack of trust in different institutions involved in the process could be observed, which is attributed to the absence of a deep rooted discipline in development planning. This applies at all levels, from implementing department/agency to Planning Commission via the sponsoring ministry/division. The sponsoring...
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...MASTER IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT SUBJECT: MANAGING IN THE ECONOMY SUBJECT CODE: MGT6233 NAME : GIRISH S/O GOPAL 810602 -01 – 6275 I/C : STUDENT ID : 01130024 LECTURER : MS.SANDRAKALA 2 Executive summary Free trade refers to trade between countries without tariff and non-tariff barriers on exports and imports. In another word, free trade refers to trade without government interference. Classical economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo have advocated that free trade improves the economic well being of a country by increasing the production of a country and allowing efficient allocation of resources, thus increasing global production and promoting peaceful and prosperous global environment. In the global basis, World Trade Organization formed after GATT in 1995 promotes trade liberalization through multilateral negotiation. On the other hand, in the regional basis, countries are forming regional economic integration to promote free trade stage by stage. The initial stage is known as Free trade areas (FTAs) under which they agree to remove tariffs and non-tariff limitations on trade in products between themselves. Despite all these initiates, governments around the world are still imposing various restriction on trade between countries to protect its own industries such as agriculture which is considered as the backbone of a country. Therefore, this report will discuss the concept of free trade, trade theories...
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...it reached $5.96 trillion in the end of 2013 (Trading Economics, 2013). This significant increase in in the GDP is due to the increase in the net exports, since nowadays Japan is known as the world’s second largest developed economy. Japan exports a lot of automobiles because it is one of the leading countries in the production of automobiles that are spread all over the world. Moreover, Japan is the largest creditor nation while running an annual trade surplus. The GDP per capita increased from $29369.49 in 2004 to $31425.49 in 2013 (Trading Economics, 2013) meaning that the economy is vigorous since people are earning more so they have more disposable income to spend which vitalities the economy and the services thus leading the economy to thrive. All these conditions led the growth rare to increase from 0.1% in 2004 to 0.3% in 2013 (Trading Economics), however it is still considered low since it only increase 0.2%. In general we can come to a conclusion that the Japanese economy is healthy and is experiencing a positive growth. Since we already know that the economy in Japan is booming it would be rational to say that there are new opportunities for new positions in the market, the demand for workers will increase which is typical in an expanding economy. When there are more people working, more people are paying taxes to the government and when people work more the purchasing ability increases so we there will be an increase in the consumption, because of that the unemployment...
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...Chapter 1 -The global manager’s environment Sources of Risk for International Managers -Exogenous- General environmental factors, industry-related uncertainties and some firm-specific uncertainties. -Endogenous- Uncertainties that arise from within the firm, and include managerial perceptions, attitudes and organizational perspectives. -Top two exogenous risks facing business leaders and policy makers for 2012 and the next decade would be severe income disparity (The unequal distribution of household or individual income across the various participants in the economy) and chronic fiscal imbalances (situation where all of the future debt obligations of a government are different from the future income streams) -Other issues: natural disasters such as 2011 earthquake in Japan, flood in Thailand, Political uncertainty in China and Middle East -Globalization has compounded the types and level of business risks. *Typical challenges that managers face involve politics, cultural differences, global competition, Terrorism and Technology. Managers in companies are struggling to find ways to balance their social responsibilities, their images, and their competitive strategies. -PESTEL- An analytical tool to develop and understanding of exogenous risk -Pestel analysis- Political, Ethical, Social, Technological, Environmental and legal understanding or environmental scanning that is CRITICAL if we are to strategically plan and develop our value proposition. -> Exogenous creates...
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...military standing and its allies in Asia, I think the United States needs to change its strategy. Aside from this direct naval confrontation, there are also conflicts through the “soft power”. Notable the fact that the economy of the United States depends heavily on China. According to Barry C. Lynn, the United States depends on China for everyday items, like key electronic and chemical components, including some of the most important drugs. Moreover, the “supply chain often run on a just-in-time basis, in which goods are produced only as fast as they consumed, there are often no supplies nearby.” On the other hand, China relies on the United States for little and holds a large stockpile of imports. (Lynn) Moreover, besides trade, China is the largest foreign holder of the U.S. treasure bond, which is very crucial to the United States. Since “the US deficit topped $1 trillion annually for four consecutive years”, if the Chinese tried to manipulate the market rate of US debt, it could increase the government deficit and interrupt the growth of the economy. (Zeng) In fact, According to Zeng, “China plays a big role as U.S. Treasury Yields Fall”, referring to the decrease of 4600 basis points on the 10-year Treasury note. (Zeng) Also, the reliance of the U.S. economy on China can be seen in the recent Trans-Pacific Partnership. Maya Rhodan from the Times said “Obama has often used China as a sticking point in his sales pitches for the massive Trans-Pacific Partnership over the past...
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...This paper seeks to look at Vietnam’s economy, financial sector, and political sector in respect to the textile industry. In an attempt to evaluate the feasibility of entering a foreign market, we focus our paper on a mid-sized company called Augusta Textile Company. This paper seeks to evaluate Vietnam’s potential for investment, particularly in the textile industry. While the company seeks to increase revenues and keep costs of production low, the company must look to expand to growing markets. However, various risks must be taken into consideration, as they can be great barriers to entry. The company looks to expand with the least financial risk, but greatest potential output and revenue. In evaluating the textile industry in Vietnam, as well as potential modes of entry, we may conclude a recommendation for Augusta Textile Industry’s future potential expansion. Introduction Country Basics Vietnam is formally known as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and is located in the South China Sea. It is the thirteenth most highly populated country in the world (Hossain, 2010). The current population of Vietnam is estimated at about 90.4 million (The Heritage Foundation, n.d.). There are 54 officially recognized ethnic groups in Vietnam, but the majority are Viet (also known as “Kinh”), comprising of about 86% of the total population. Other significant ethnic groups are the Tay, Thai, Muong, Khome, and Hoa. The vast majority of the Vietnamese population speaks the Vietnamese...
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...FDI in Vietnam Textile and Garment Industry INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the Seminar The trend of internationalization of economic life is getting stronger in the whole world, which requires each country to exploit its advantages and apply to their particular conditions. Internationalization is creating many opportunities and countless challenges to the prosperity of every country. We can confirm that no country can exist without participating in the process of regionalization and globalization. To have rapid development, the country's economy have to take full advantage of the efficiency of the Foreign direct investment, which most countries consider as the most effective way to engage in the global competitive economy and effectively exploit the comparative advantages of the country. Vietnam has also implemented innovative reform of economical management mechanism under the motto "Vietnam wants to be friends with all countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit". The accomplishments that we achieved on economic development, in general, and Vietnam Textile and Garment Industry, in particular, are highly appreciated with the great contribution of foreign direct investment. Vietnam Textile and Garment became one of 10 key export sectors of the country (ranked second only to crude oil), contribute greatly to the country's industrialization and modernization. Therefore, a comprehensive study of theoretical issues, evaluation of the practical results achieved in order...
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...National Competitiveness of Japan ABSTRACT: Japan is the third largest economy. It had been so successful and competitive before 1990. It has been in stagnation for two decades. This paper is going to examine if Japan still retains her national competitive advantage and as an attractive place for MNE from different internal analysis. There will be suggestions of how Japan can improve her international competitiveness. INTRODUCTION Japan had experienced tremendously economic growth after World War II until 1980s. Nikkei stock market index has experienced a high hit of 40,000 in Year 1989. After the appreciation of yen, mistakes in fiscal policy and a serious bubble economy in 1990s, Japan fell into recession for more than two decades. To make it worse, the economic crisis in 2008 and March 11, 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan were a great hit to the economy. A decline in exports and increase in imports, especially fuels and energy, made Japan has to face trade deficit and how to increase its international competitiveness. There were some signs of recovery from 2012, especially with Shinzo Abe became the Prime Minister and implemented “The Three arrow”, which is a series of fiscal, monetary policy and structural reforms, so called “Abeconomics”. The PEST model which macroeconomic environment will be analyzed and see whether it is attractive for MNE come to Japan. From Porter’s Diamond model, how Japan can increase its national competitiveness will be further discussed...
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...ECF5921 Introduction to International Economics Assignment Question 1 Based on the article and other related readings of your choice, discuss the economic and social factors that have caused individual behavior to shift towards the consumption of unhealthy foods and unhealthy lifestyles. Compare ‘fat taxes’ and other alternatives that can be used address the problem. Which one would you recommend? Why? Answer Based on the article “Stick and carrots”, there are certain factors from economic and social aspects that have caused the individual behavior to shift towards the consumption of unhealthy foods and unhealthy lifestyles. From the economic perspective, the article “stick and carrots” has given the theory of rational consumption theory which states that as individuals incomes grow, the range and volume of commodities each of us will consume is growing meanwhile. Thus, the expenditures on general goods increases alongside the increasing of our incomes. That is one of the reasons that nowadays general individuals may have more chances to gain fat (as food is one of the general consumption) by purchasing more food, especially cheap and tasty junk food. Moreover, the improving of technology within the food proceeding may also resulted in a fall in the price of food, as well as the availability of a wide variety of cheap foods. Other than just buying more food as the income effect itself, individuals also tend to substitute away from consuming relatively high-priced...
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