...an individual consumer (i.e. business-to-consumer) Buyer Behaviour and Decision Making Process Customers go through five stages of decision making process in any kind of purchase. The diagram below summarises it. The above model is essential in making marketing decisions. Customer buying process starts with “Need Recognition”, in which buyer identify a need or a problem (hungry, fever). Some times in these stage customers respond to a marketing stimulus (aroma of chocolate muffins and coffee while passing the coffee shop). The next stage is “Information search” in this stage if the need is very strong then customers do not search a lot of information and buy product or service close to hand, if not then customers obtain information from family, friends, neighbours, advertising, TV, radio, retailers or by handling and examining or even testing. In the third stage “Evaluation of alternative” customers uses the information gathered and chooses between alternative brands, products or services. After evaluation, customer makes the purchase. The last stage is “Post-Purchase Evaluation”, this stage make a customer feel either satisfied or dissatisfied with the purchase, if customer feels satisfaction then they will stick to the brand, product or service in not then they will switch to the alternative in the next purchase. (tutor2u.net) 1.3 Explain two factors that could affect buyer behavior Factors Affecting Consumer Purchasing Behaviour Various factors influence purchasing...
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...How to assess the validity of online information Executive summary Starting with an answer on question “Why to evaluate?” this document explains techniques and methods of evaluation of online information through two similar approaches. It does not compare and it does not suggest better way of evaluation either. However, it raises the importance of evaluation but it is up to the reader himself/herself what will do with information covered here. Introduction The World Wide Web provides information from all around the world. There is extremely wide variety of material, different in its reliability, accuracy and value. No one has to approve the content before publishing like in more traditional form (books or magazines) and everyone can publish. Internet by its nature was designed to provide unrestricted information. There are no rules or standards as far as quality of information which writer can put on the internet are concerned. This information can be found in a large variety of kinds and was created for different purposes. Each of these different kinds and purposes has various levels of quality, credibility and reliability. Purpose of this report is to discuss how to assess validity of online information and most appropriate methods of evaluation. Discussion 1. Why to evaluate online information The nature of the web itself and the fact that anyone can publish or even change content of some...
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...Person Description that is derived from the Job Analysis and also based on understanding of the estimates during lectures. Further a set of Interview questions are drafted to understand and score candidates on the behavioural traits showcased during the interview sessions. Behavioural Based Interview questions are used as a tool to determine the right behavioural descriptor for the job. Various external sources of recruitment will be deployed to attract candidates. Introduction WestAus is making this recruitment plan for RecordsCo detailing the recruitment plan for sourcing 5 important positions for their project of transcribing over 3 million hand -written and typed data into the electronic format. The recruitment plan contains information about various methods used for recruitment and why are they used. Job Description and Person Description is drafted based on the Job Analysis that was made available. Candidates will be evaluated based on interview questions on various behavioural descriptors and these are further analysed with the help of a...
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...questionnaire designed to assess needs and behavior patterns relevant to the workplace. (Sanz et al., 2006) The PAPI-N was originally designed by Dr Max Kostick in the 1960’s, based on Murray’s need-press theory of psychogenic needs, which is one of the most influential theories in personality psychology (The British Psychological Society, 2006). According to Murray, our personalities are a reflection of behaviours controlled by needs. Some of those needs are temporary and change constantly, while other needs are deeply founded in our nature. Murray suggested that these psychogenic needs function on the unconscious level, but play a major role in our personality. (About.com, 2013). Dr. Kostick original idea was to create a tool that could be used by non-psychologist, and because of that he avoided the use of clinical terminology in the interpretation. PAPI was originally conceived as an ipsative test for use as a counselling and discussion tool. After several revisions, PAPI has extended its application and now there are two versions of the PAPI, the PAPI-I, which is an ipsative version, and the PAPI-N, which is a normative version. This is the suitable one for a work environment, where there is a need to make judgements about a person in order establish comparison with others. The assessment indicates how an individual is likely to react in a given work or team situation. PAPI-N maps out an individual’s personality, providing valuable information about their preferences...
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...methodology. Several factors that influence the choice of research methods are; time constraint, budget, theoretical belief of researchers, ethical factors etc. (Williams, 2011). Positivism: positivism is a philosophy where science is specified as a keystone and the researchers concentrate on the scientific facts and mathematical data’s to arrive at a decision. In this approach the role of the researcher is limited to data collection and interpretation through objective approach and the research findings are usually observable and quantifiable.(Williams,2011) Interpretivism: Interpretivism also known as Interpretivist integrates human interest into study. “Interpretivism studies generate qualitative primary data of a high level of validity but a low level of reliability that is empathetic in nature that cannot be generalized as the data is heavily impacted by personal viewpoints and values” (Williams, 2011). Realism: realism is a philosophical approach which relates to scientific enquiry. It is similar to positivism and is more quantitative rather than qualitative....
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...behavior will form the basis of study of different market segments. Stages in purchase decision making process. In the purchase decision making process, customers have to go through five such stages which are very essential for making marketing related decisions. These stages are: * Need Recognition * Information Search * Evaluation of alternative * Post Purchase Evaluation The whole process of purchase begins from the first stage of need recognition which points that need or problem like hunger which derives him to go for purchase. Desire can also be the deriving factor for the customer such as the aroma of a chocolate muffin can attract a customer to buy it. In second stage of information search customer tries to obtain information about the market from various means like from family, friends, neighbors or advertising or retailers or by testing (Blas, 2012). If the need of customer is strong enough then he does not go for searching information and rather buy the product or service close to hand. The next stage is evaluation of alternative in which the customer choose between the available alternative brands, products or services by using the information gathered in the second stage. When the evaluation process is done with then customer goes for purchasing the product or service. In the final stage of post purchase evaluation it depicts the feeling of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the customer with the purchase. In case of satisfaction, customer prefers...
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...identification and care planning (Taylor, 2008). There are many issues that can come about if the initial assessment doesn’t consider all aspects of a client’s health including health literacy. United States Department of Health and Human Services defined the term health literacy as "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions” (Cornett, 2009, p.2). Health literacy is a key concept for a nurse to understand to perform adequate client assessments to enhance client outcome. The client has the right to understand health literacy in order to obtain, use, and interpret their given medical instructions for the follow-up of their treatments. Baker argues that it is unfortunate that patients with limited health literacy are often considered noncompliant, when the real problem is a low level of health literacy (as cited in Cornett, 2009, p. 1). During care the nurse needs to obtain methods to assess the client’s health literacy level to address any low health literacy issues. Methods to assess a patient’s health literacy can be very simple but also can be technically calculated. Many methods are being constructed and tried through evidence-based practice including: Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy (REALM, REALM- revised, short- REALM), Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA, short- TOFHLA, brief- TOFHLA), Medical Achievement Reading Test (MART), Newest...
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...measurement process required a sample survey project. Analyzing the responses from the sample survey project “Financial Peace,” provided the information needed to assess the validity, reliability, and practicality of the survey. The most important factor in the development of a survey is the management question. This question is the predicament. Managers need answers to assist in resolving managerial problems or to provide guidance for a future trend. The sample survey stems from a management question, is there a market for financial peace management classes? Before examining the responses, the explanation of the survey development provides the foundation to the scaling study. What is measured? The development of the survey required understanding the difference between objects and properties. Variables studied in research are classified as an object or property. Objects include the concepts of ordinary experience, such as tangible items like furniture, laundry detergent, people, or automobiles (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p. 272). The properties of the objects are the characteristics, if we asked questions concerning a piece of furniture than the description of the furniture, such as color, height, and designs are the characteristics. A survey depends on different concepts but the quality depends on what measures are selected and how they fit the circumstance (Borland Jr., 2001). In the “Financial Peace” survey, measuring psychological properties is the intent. The use of...
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...valid and reliable methods and a set of criteria: application form, interview and performance-simulation test. The strengths of those selection devices are enormous since it helps with filtering suitable candidates who meet certain key criteria with right attitude from the application form. The interview is the phase where the company can assess and gain a deeper understanding about the candidates and the final step which is performance-simulation can actually assist managers in predicting and evaluating candidates’ future performance. However; there are some weaknesses concerning cost and time that were identified while the raw information is analyzed. Before each hiring period, the hotel has to prepare everything carefully in advance, from scheduling, setup to training and report and the period of 2 months trial simulation would be too long and wasted on disqualified candidates. Therefore, the weaknesses need minimizing to enhance the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the whole process. It is recommended that the Hotel should focus a lot in training staffs with related skills and applying internet and technology such as release online version of application forms, develop software and interview using video for the interest of time and finance. I/ Introduction The 4 stars Movenpick Hotel Hanoi is located in the heart of the city's central business district - 83A Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Hoan Kiem District,...
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...social media postings of Breana Webb and her friends over the weekend leading to her death at the hands of a drunk driver early on Monday morning. This article will analyze the reliability, credibility, and validity of the data used by Ms. Butow. It will also illustrate the logical fallacies in Ms. Butow’s argument. First we will analyze the author’s reliability and validity of data. In this instance they can be judged together. The data used and quoted by Ms. Butow is taken directly from Ms. Webb’s Twitter account and other social media pages. Also, Ms. Butow’s data comes from Ms. Webb’s Twitter account “followers”, or people who follow her posts. These followers are typically friends with the account holder. Ms. Butow’s reliability of data is impeccable with some points because it was written by Ms. Webb. However, posts made on Twitter by other people began to lose absolute reliability because it begins to become here say. The validity of the data holds true for all the same reasons as its reliability (Butow, 2012). Next we will analyze Ms. Butow’s credibility. This becomes a difficulty situation as her story was not written directly about the DUI and its resulting accident, but rather the online legacy that a person leaves behind. The first point to assess Ms. Butow’s credibility is her motivation. Ms. Butow works for the a newspaper and it is in business to make money. Controversy is one of the tactics used by newspaper agencies to incite interest and raise...
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...group "A major reason for studying samples rather than the whole group is that the whole group sometimes is so large that studying it is not feasible" ( Monette, D. R., Sullivan T. J., & DeJong, C. R. (2011). A human service professional will receive better information through sampling; a sample is one or more elements of a population. The characteristics of probability and nonprobability "Probability sampling techniques is too sure that each element has an equal chance of inclusion"(Monette, D. R., Sullivan T. J., & DeJong, C. R. (2011). There are four aspects of probability sampling, simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and area sampling. When probability sampling is not always the appropriate technique to use "Nonprobability sample's in which the investigator does not know the probability of beads populations elements inclusion in the sample"(Monette, D. R., Sullivan T. J., & DeJong, C. R. (2011). There are five characteristics for nonprobability sampling evaluating sampling, snowball sampling, photo sampling, purpose sampling, and dimensional sampling. The scales of measurement used in research There are different methods that a personal can use to gather the information that they need to their research, all of these methods...
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...promoted. There are also tests in the world of psychology, including testing in schools and the workplace. Psychological testing will be defined, with a few different varying descriptions from a few sources, since there is not just one definition for this type of test. The major categories of tests will be described and the major uses and users of these tests will be identified. The concepts of reliability and validity will be compared and contrasted, and how they both impact the field of psychological testing will be discussed. Definition of the term “test” “The glossary of the authoritative Standards for Educational and Psychology Tests,” according to our textbook, “says that a test is an evaluative device or procedure in which a sample of an examinee’s behavior in a specified domain is obtained and subsequently evaluated and scored using a standardized process,” (Hogan, 2007, p. 12). The same source also says that psychological testing is defined as “any procedure that involves the use of tests or inventories to assess particular psychological characteristics of an individual, (Hogan, 2007, p. 12). Anastasi and Cronbach were two very influential people in the beginning times of the psychological test, and Anastasi...
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...human service professionals to understand and apply what was learned in research to better assisting clients to accomplish their objectives and goals. There are different ways to conduct research in human services. I will be discussing two ways to conduct research which are sampling and data collection. I will discuss the purpose of sampling and data collection and how it relates to human service. Sampling Sampling is one way to conduct research in human services. Sampling can be obtained from a certain population, depending on the research. The sample is generally composed of one or two elements which are obtained from the population being studied. In order to attain a preferable sample, first you have to identify the type of population to get a sample. In case you are not able to obtain a good sample, it is more likely to affect your conclusion. There are two types of sampling, which are probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling can be used to achieve every element that has the opportunity to be incorporated in the sample. Probability sampling is usually done randomly like how people pull names out of a hat or drawing straws. There are four different methods of probability sampling which are Simple random sampling, Systematic sampling, Stratified sampling, and Area sampling (Monette, Sullivan, Dejong, 2011). An example of probability sampling would be if you are conducting a research on the quality of service an organization provides. You...
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...use a scientist or social; science methodology. It includes the specific methods you will use and the literature search to contextualise your project within existing knowledge and understanding of the subject. Primary research involves seeking new knowledge that has not been previously published. The researcher gathers new data from participant or by examining objects, material or data in a different way from previous studies. Primary research in health and social care often involves gathering data from individuals. Surveys using questionnaires and interviews are commonly used techniques and participants may be users of services or members of the public. Secondary research is about finding out new information or understanding, a researcher needs to know what the existing information and understanding about the topic is, as published in books, journals and on the internet. Secondary research is essential for any research project. All researchers need to read widely around their subject of interest sp that they are aware not just of long-established knowledge but also of new knowledge that is emerging while they are doing their own research. Quantitative research involves numbers and measuring quantities or amounts. Scientific method often involves quantities data for example, measuring changes in the body’s physiology in laboratory analyse of blood or urine samples. Measures of weight and height can be used to calculate body mass index to find out whether an individual is a healthy...
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...skills to conduct good research will invariably come up short. Research has helped me develop a detailed multi-step web search, with deep cross-linking and simplicity of renewing a search with a single click. Online research has helped me improve in finding and choosing the right search engines like Google scholar, Google books, bibliographies and blog posts. Additionally, I can effortlessly access various databases which include scholarly articles, academic journals, online encyclopedias, archived editions of periodicals such as The New York Times, and other resources. Also, I have improved my evaluation on websites such as checking whether its...
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