HTML
About the tutorial

Tutorial

HTML Tutorial

Simply Easy Learning

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HTML Tutorial

About the tutorial

HTML Tutorial
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely used language on Web to develop web pages.
HTML was created by Berners-Lee in late 1991 but "HTML 2.0" was the first standard HTML specification which was published in 1995. HTML 4.01 was a major version of HTML and it was published in late 1999.
Though HTML 4.01 version is widely used but currently we are having HTML-5 version which is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this version was published in 2012.

Audience
This tutorial is designed for the aspiring Web Designers and Developers with a need to understand the HTML in enough detail along with its simple overview, and practical examples. This tutorial will give you enough ingredients to start with HTML from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise.

Prerequisites
Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic working knowledge with Windows or Linux operating system, additionally you must be familiar with:






Experience with any text editor like notepad, notepad++, or Editplus etc.
How to create directories and files on your computer.
How to navigate through different directories.
How to type content in a file and save them on a computer.
Understanding about images in different formats like JPEG, PNG format.

Copyright & Disclaimer Notice
All

the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form without the written permission of tutorialspoint.com. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws.

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This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy of the site or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover that the tutorialspoint.com site or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at webmaster@tutorialspoint.com

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Table of Contents

HTML - Overview....................................................................................... 17
Basic HTML Document .......................................................................... 17
HTML Tags ............................................................................................ 18
HTML Document Structure .................................................................... 19
The Declaration ................................................................ 19
HTML Basic Tags ...................................................................................... 20
Heading Tags ......................................................................................... 20
Example ............................................................................................. 20
Paragraph Tag ....................................................................................... 21
Example ............................................................................................. 21
Line Break Tag ....................................................................................... 21
Example ............................................................................................. 22
Centering Content.................................................................................. 22
Example ............................................................................................. 22
Horizontal Lines ..................................................................................... 23
Example ............................................................................................. 23
Preserve Formatting ............................................................................... 23
Example ............................................................................................. 24
Nonbreaking Spaces .............................................................................. 24
Example ............................................................................................. 24
HTML Elements ........................................................................................ 25
HTML Tag vs. Element ........................................................................... 25
Nested HTML Elements .......................................................................... 26
Example ............................................................................................. 26
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HTML Attributes ....................................................................................... 27
Example ............................................................................................. 27
Core Attributes ...................................................................................... 28
The id Attribute .................................................................................. 28
Example ............................................................................................. 28
The title Attribute ............................................................................... 28
Example ............................................................................................. 28
The class Attribute .............................................................................. 29
The style Attribute .............................................................................. 29
Internationalization Attributes ............................................................... 30
The dir Attribute ................................................................................. 30
Example ............................................................................................. 30
The lang Attribute ............................................................................... 31
Example ............................................................................................. 31
The xml:lang Attribute ........................................................................ 31
Generic Attributes.................................................................................. 31
HTML Formatting ...................................................................................... 33
Bold Text ............................................................................................... 33
Example ............................................................................................. 33
Italic Text............................................................................................... 33
Example ............................................................................................. 33
Underlined Text ..................................................................................... 34
Example ............................................................................................. 34
Strike Text ............................................................................................. 34
Example ............................................................................................. 34
Monospaced Font ................................................................................... 35
Example ............................................................................................. 35
Superscript Text .................................................................................... 35
Example ............................................................................................. 35
Subscript Text ....................................................................................... 36
Example ............................................................................................. 36
Inserted Text .......................................................................................... 36
Example ............................................................................................. 36
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Deleted Text ........................................................................................... 36
Example ............................................................................................. 37
Larger Text ............................................................................................ 37
Example ............................................................................................. 37
Smaller Text .......................................................................................... 37
Example ............................................................................................. 37
Grouping Content .................................................................................. 38
Example ............................................................................................. 38
Example ............................................................................................. 39
HTML Phrase Tags .................................................................................... 40
Emphasized Text.................................................................................... 40
Example ............................................................................................. 40
Marked Text........................................................................................... 40
Example ............................................................................................. 40
Strong Text ............................................................................................ 41
Example ............................................................................................. 41
Text Abbreviation ................................................................................... 41
Example ............................................................................................. 41
Acronym Element .................................................................................. 42
Example ............................................................................................. 42
Text Direction ........................................................................................ 42
Example ............................................................................................. 42
Special Terms ........................................................................................ 43
Example ............................................................................................. 43
Quoting Text .......................................................................................... 43
Example ............................................................................................. 43
Short Quotations ................................................................................... 44
Example ............................................................................................. 44
Text Citations ........................................................................................ 44
Example ............................................................................................. 44
Computer Code ...................................................................................... 45
Example ............................................................................................. 45
Keyboard Text ........................................................................................ 45
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Example ............................................................................................. 45
Programming Variables .......................................................................... 46
Example ............................................................................................. 46
Program Output ..................................................................................... 46
Example ............................................................................................. 46
Address Text .......................................................................................... 47
Example ............................................................................................. 47
HTML Meta Tags ....................................................................................... 48
Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents .................................................... 48
Specifying Keywords .............................................................................. 49
Example ............................................................................................. 49
Document Description ........................................................................... 49
Example ............................................................................................. 49
Document Revision Date ........................................................................ 50
Example ............................................................................................. 50
Document Refreshing............................................................................. 50
Example ............................................................................................. 50
Page Redirection .................................................................................... 50
Example ............................................................................................. 51
Setting Cookies ...................................................................................... 51
Example ............................................................................................. 51
Setting Author Name.............................................................................. 52
Example ............................................................................................. 52
Specify Character Set ............................................................................. 52
Example ............................................................................................. 52
HTML Comments ...................................................................................... 54
Example ............................................................................................. 54
Valid vs Invalid Comments ..................................................................... 54
Example ............................................................................................. 54
Multiline Comments............................................................................... 55
Example ............................................................................................. 55
Conditional Comments........................................................................... 56
Example ............................................................................................. 56
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Using Comment Tag ............................................................................... 56
Example ............................................................................................. 56
Commenting Script Code ....................................................................... 57
Example ............................................................................................. 57
Commenting Style Sheets ...................................................................... 57
Example ............................................................................................. 57
HTML Images ............................................................................................ 59
Insert Image........................................................................................... 59

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Example ............................................................................................. 69
Nested Tables ........................................................................................ 70
Example ............................................................................................. 70
HTML Lists ............................................................................................... 71
HTML Unordered Lists ........................................................................... 71
Example ............................................................................................. 71
The type Attribute .................................................................................. 72
Example ............................................................................................. 72
Example ............................................................................................. 72
Example ............................................................................................. 73
HTML Ordered Lists ............................................................................... 73
Example ............................................................................................. 74
The type Attribute .................................................................................. 74
Example ............................................................................................. 74
Example ............................................................................................. 75
Example ............................................................................................. 75
Example ............................................................................................. 76
Example ............................................................................................. 76
The start Attribute ................................................................................. 77
Example ............................................................................................. 77
HTML Definition Lists ............................................................................ 78
Example ............................................................................................. 78
HTML Text Links ....................................................................................... 79
Linking Documents ................................................................................ 79
Example ............................................................................................. 79
The target Attribute ............................................................................... 80
Example ............................................................................................. 80
Use of Base Path .................................................................................... 81
Example ............................................................................................. 81
Linking to a Page Section ....................................................................... 81
Setting Link Colors ................................................................................ 82
Example ............................................................................................. 82
Download Links ..................................................................................... 82
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File Download Dialog Box....................................................................... 83
HTML Image Links .................................................................................... 84
Example ............................................................................................. 84
Mouse-Sensitive Images ......................................................................... 84
Server-Side Image Maps ......................................................................... 85
Client-Side Image Maps ......................................................................... 86
Coordinate System ................................................................................. 87
HTML Email Links .................................................................................... 88
HTML Email Tag .................................................................................... 88
Default Settings ..................................................................................... 89
HTML Frames ........................................................................................... 90
Disadvantages of Frames ....................................................................... 90
Creating Frames .................................................................................... 90
Example ............................................................................................. 90
Example ............................................................................................. 91
The Tag Attributes ............................................................... 92
The Tag Attributes .................................................................... 93
Browser Support for Frames .................................................................. 94
Frame's name and target attributes ....................................................... 95
HTML IFrames .......................................................................................... 97
Example ............................................................................................. 97
The Tag Attributes ................................................................... 98
HTML Blocks .......................................................................................... 100
Block Elements .................................................................................... 100
Inline Elements .................................................................................... 100
Grouping HTML Elements .................................................................... 100
The tag ....................................................................................... 100
Example ........................................................................................... 100
The tag .................................................................................... 101
Example ........................................................................................... 102
HTML Backgrounds ................................................................................ 103
Html Background with Colors .............................................................. 103
Example ........................................................................................... 103
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Html Background with Images ............................................................. 104
Example ........................................................................................... 104
Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds ................................................ 105
Example ........................................................................................... 105
HTML Colors ........................................................................................... 107
HTML Color Coding Methods................................................................ 107
HTML Colors - Color Names ................................................................. 107
W3C Standard 16 Colors .................................................................. 107
Example ........................................................................................... 108
HTML Colors - Hex Codes ................................................................. 108
Example ........................................................................................... 109
HTML Colors - RGB Values .................................................................. 109
Example ........................................................................................... 110
Browser Safe Colors ............................................................................. 111
HTML Fonts ............................................................................................ 114
Set Font Size ........................................................................................ 114
Example ........................................................................................... 114
Relative Font Size................................................................................. 115
Example ........................................................................................... 115
Setting Font Face ................................................................................. 116
Example ........................................................................................... 116
Specify alternate font faces .................................................................. 116
Setting Font Color ................................................................................ 117
Example ........................................................................................... 117
The Element: ...................................................................... 117
Example ........................................................................................... 117
HTML Forms ........................................................................................... 119
Form Attributes ................................................................................... 119
HTML Form Controls ........................................................................... 120
Text Input Controls .............................................................................. 120
Single-line text input controls .............................................................. 121
Example ........................................................................................... 121
Attributes ......................................................................................... 121
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Password input controls....................................................................... 122
Example ........................................................................................... 122
Attributes ......................................................................................... 122
Multiple-Line Text Input Controls ........................................................ 123

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HTML Marquees ...................................................................................... 136
Syntax ................................................................................................. 136
The Tag Attributes ............................................................. 136
Example – 1 ...................................................................................... 137
Example – 2 ...................................................................................... 138
Example – 3 ...................................................................................... 138
Example – 4 ...................................................................................... 138
HTML Header .......................................................................................... 140
The HTML Tag ........................................................................... 140
The HTML Tag ......................................................................... 141
The HTML Tag .......................................................................... 141
The HTML Tag ........................................................................... 142
The HTML Tag.......................................................................... 143
The HTML Tag ........................................................................ 143
HTML Stylesheet ..................................................................................... 145
Example ........................................................................................... 145
External Style Sheet............................................................................. 146
Example ........................................................................................... 146
Internal Style Sheet ............................................................................. 147
Example ........................................................................................... 147
Inline Style Sheet ................................................................................. 148
Example ........................................................................................... 148
HTML Javascript ..................................................................................... 149
External Javascript .............................................................................. 149
Example ........................................................................................... 149
Internal Script ..................................................................................... 150
Example ........................................................................................... 150
Event Handlers .................................................................................... 151
Hide Scripts from Older Browsers ........................................................ 152
The Element ....................................................................... 152
Default Scripting Language .................................................................. 153
HTML Layouts......................................................................................... 154
HTML Layout - Using Tables ................................................................ 154
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Example ........................................................................................... 154
Multiple Columns Layout - Using Tables .............................................. 155
Example ........................................................................................... 155
HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN ........................................................ 156

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HTML URL Encoding ............................................................................... 227
Example ........................................................................................... 227
ASCII control characters encoding........................................................ 228
Non-ASCII control characters encoding ................................................ 230
Reserved characters encoding .............................................................. 237
Unsafe characters encoding ................................................................. 238
Language ISO Codes ............................................................................... 240
Language Codes: ISO 639, Microsoft .................................................... 240
Language Codes: ISO 639, Macintosh .................................................. 249
HTML Character Encodings .................................................................... 260
HTML Deprecated Tags ........................................................................... 263
HTML Deprecated Attributes ................................................................ 264

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CHAPTER

HTML - Overview

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to write Web Pages.
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Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked together. Thus the link available on a webpage are called
Hypertext.
As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to simply "mark up" a text document with tags that tell a
Web browser how to structure it to display.

Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information between researchers.
Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available in HTML.

Basic HTML Document
In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document:

This is document title

This is a heading
Document content goes here.....

Let's save it in an HTML file test.htm using your favorite text editor. Finally open it using a web browser like Internet Explorer or Google Chrome, or
Firefox etc. It must show the following output:

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HTML Tags
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces .
Except few tags, most of the tags have their corresponding closing tags. For example has its closing tag and tag has its closing tag tag etc.
Above example of HTML document uses following tags:
Tag

Description

This tag defines the document type and HTML version.

This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises of document header which is represented by
... and document body which is represented by ... tags.

This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags like , etc.

The tag is used inside the tag to mention the document title.

This tag represents the document's body which keeps other
HTML tags like , , etc.

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This tag represents the heading.

This tag represents a paragraph.

To learn HTML, you will need to study various tags and understand how they behave while formatting a textual document. Learning HTML is simple as users have to learn the usage of different tags in order to format the text or images to make a beautiful webpage.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends to use lowercase tags starting from HTML 4.

HTML Document Structure
A typical HTML document will have following structure:
Document declaration tag

Document header related tags

Document body related tags

We will study all the header and body tags in subsequent chapters, for now let's see what is document declaration tag.

The Declaration
The declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version of the HTML used in the document. Current version of HTML is 5 and it makes use of the following declaration:

There are many other declaration types which can be used in HTML document depending on what version of HTML is being used. We will see more details on this while discussing tag along with other HTML tags.

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CHAPTER

HTML Basic Tags
Heading Tags

Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML also have six levels of headings, which use the elements
, , , , , and . While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and one line after that heading.
Example

Heading Example

This is heading 1
This is heading 2
This is heading 3
This is heading 4
This is heading 5
This is heading 6

This will produce following result:

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Paragraph Tag
The tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph of text should go in between an opening and a closing tag as shown below in the example:
Example

Paragraph Example

Here is a first paragraph of text.
Here is a second paragraph of text.
Here is a third paragraph of text.

This will produce following result:

Line Break Tag
Whenever you use the element, anything following it starts from the next line. This tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.
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The tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash.
If you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the forward slash character and just use it is not valid in XHTML.
Example

Line Break Example

Hello
You delivered your assignment on time.
Thanks
Mahnaz

This will produce following result:

Centering Content
You can use tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.
Example

Centring Content Example

This text is not in the center.

This text is in the center.

This will produce following result:

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Horizontal Lines
Horizontal lines are used to visually break up sections of a document. The tag creates a line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line accordingly.
For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given example below:
Example

Horizontal Line Example

This is paragraph one and should be on top

This is paragraph two and should be at bottom

This will produce following result:

Again tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.
The element has a space between the characters hr and the forward slash. If you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the horizontal line, while if you miss the forward slash character and just use it is not valid in XHTML.

Preserve Formatting
Sometimes you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML document. In those cases, you can use the preformatted tag
.

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Any text between the opening tag and the closing tag will preserve the formatting of the source document.
Example

Preserve Formatting Example

function testFunction( strText ){ alert (strText)
}

This will produce following result:

Try using same code without keeping it inside ... tags.

Nonbreaking Spaces
Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here you would not want a browser to split the "12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines:
An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."

In cases where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a nonbreaking space entity   instead of a normal space. For example, when coding the "12 Angry Men" in a paragraph, you should use something similar to the following code:
Example

Nonbreaking Spaces Example

An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."

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HTML Elements

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as shown below with few tags:
Start Tag

Content

End Tag

This is paragraph content.

This is heading content.

This is division content.

So here .... is an HTML element, ... is another HTML element. There are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as , and elements. These are known as void elements.
HTML documents consist of a tree of these elements and they specify how
HTML documents should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document.

HTML Tag vs. Element
An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a closing tag.
For example is starting tag of a paragraph and is closing tag of the same paragraph but This is paragraph is a paragraph element.
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Nested HTML Elements
It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element: Example

Nested Elements Example

This is italic heading
This is underlined paragraph

This will display following result:

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CHAPTER

HTML Attributes

We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags , paragraph tag and other tags. We used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the HTML tags can also have attributes, which are extra bits of information. An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts: a name and a value:
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

The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph element in the example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the alignment of paragraph on the page.
The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align attribute: left, center and right.

Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation.
Example

Align Attribute Example

This is left aligned
This is center aligned
This is right aligned

This will display following result:

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Core Attributes
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements
(although not all) are:
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id title class style The id Attribute
The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an HTML page. There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an element:



If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier it is possible to identify just that element and its content.
If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you can use the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same name.

We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id attribute to distinguish between two paragraph elements as shown below.
Example

This para explains what is HTML
This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet

The title Attribute
The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. The syntax for the title attribute is similar as explained for id attribute:
The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is often displayed as a tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is loading.
Example

The title Attribute Example

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Titled Heading Tag Example

This will produce following result:

Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and you will see that whatever title you used in your code is coming out as a tooltip of the cursor. The class Attribute
The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the class of element. You will learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS). So for now you can avoid it.
The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names.
For example:

class="className1 className2 className3"

The style Attribute
The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the element.

The style Attribute

Some text...

This will produce following result:

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At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering much about CSS. Here you need to understand HTML attributes and how they can be used while formatting content.

Internationalization Attributes
There are three internationalization attributes, which are available for most
(although not all) XHTML elements. dir lang xml:lang 



The dir Attribute
The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser the direction in which the text should flow. The dir attribute can take one of two values, as you can see in the table that follows:
Value

Meaning

ltr

Left to right (the default value)

rtl

Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left)

Example

Display Directions

This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.

This will produce following result:

When dir attribute is used within the tag, it determines how text will be presented within the entire document. When used within another tag, it controls the text's direction for just the content of that tag.
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The lang Attribute
The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but this attribute was kept in HTML only for backward compatibility with earlier versions of HTML. This attribute has been replaced by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents.
The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character language codes. Example

English Language Page

This page is using English Language

The xml:lang Attribute
The xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The value of the xml:lang attribute should be an ISO-639 country code as mentioned in previous section.

Generic Attributes
Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML tags.
Attribute

Options

Function

align

right, left, center

Horizontally aligns tags

valign

top, middle, bottom

Vertically aligns tags within an
HTML element.

bgcolor

numeric, hexadecimal, RGB values Places a background color behind an element

background

URL

Places a background image behind an element

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Names an element for use with
Cascading Style Sheets.

class

User Defined

Classifies an element for use with Cascading Style Sheets.

width

Numeric Value

Specifies the width of tables, images, or table cells.

height

Numeric Value

Specifies the height of tables, images, or table cells.

title

User Defined

"Pop-up" title of the elements.

We will see related examples as we will proceed to study other HTML tags.

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CHAPTER

HTML Formatting

If you use a word processor, you must be familiar with the ability to make text bold, italicized, or underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how text can appear in HTML and XHTML.

Bold Text
Anything that appears within ... element is displayed in bold as shown below:
Example

Bold Text Example

The following word uses a bold typeface.

This will produce following result:

Italic Text
Anything that appears within ... element is displayed in italicized as shown below:
Example

Italic Text Example

The following word uses a italicized typeface.

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This will produce following result:

Underlined Text
Anything that appears within ... element is displayed with underline as shown below:
Example

Underlined Text Example

The following word uses a underlined typeface.

This will produce following result:

Strike Text
Anything that appears within ... element is displayed with strikethrough, which is a thin line through the text as shown below:
Example

Strike Text Example

The following word uses a strikethrough typeface.

This will produce following result:

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Monospaced Font
The content of a … element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts are known as variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example, the letter ‘m’ is wider than the letter ‘i'). In a monospaced font, however, each letter has the same width.
Example

Monospaced Font Example

The following word uses a monospaced typeface.

This will produce following result:

Superscript Text
The content of a … element is written in superscript; the font size used is the same size as the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height above the other characters.
Example

Superscript Text Example

The following word uses a superscript typeface.

This will produce following result:

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Subscript Text
The content of a … element is written in subscript; the font size used is the same as the characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height beneath the other characters.
Example

Subscript Text Example

The following word uses a subscript typeface.

This will produce following result:

Inserted Text
Anything that appears with-in ... element is displayed as inserted text. Example

Inserted Text Example

I want to drink cola wine

This will produce following result:

Deleted Text
Anything that appears within ... element is displayed as deleted text. 36

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Example

Deleted Text Example

I want to drink cola wine

This will produce following result:

Larger Text
The content of the … element is displayed one font size larger than the rest of the text surrounding it as shown below:
Example

Larger Text Example

The following word uses a big typeface.

This will produce following result:

Smaller Text
The content of the … element is displayed one font size smaller than the rest of the text surrounding it as shown below:
Example

Smaller Text Example

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The following word uses a small typeface.

This will produce following result:

Grouping Content
The and elements allow you to group together several elements to create sections or subsections of a page.
For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a element to indicate that all of the elements within that element relate to the footnotes. You might then attach a style to this element so that they appear using a special set of style rules.
Example

Div Tag Example

HOME |
CONTACT |
ABOUT

Content Articles
Actual content goes here.....

This will produce following result:

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The element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So, if you have a part of a sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you could use the element as follows
Example

Span Tag Example

This is the example of span tag and the div tag along with CSS

This will produce following result:

These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a section of a page.

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6

CHAPTER

HTML Phrase Tags

The phrase tags have been designed for specific purposes, though they are displayed in a similar way as other basic tags like , , , and , you have seen in previous chapter. This chapter will take you through all the important phrase tags, so let's start seeing them one by one.

Emphasized Text
Anything that appears within ... element is displayed as emphasized text.
Example

Emphasized Text Example

The following word uses a emphasized typeface.

This will produce following result:

Marked Text
Anything that appears within ... element, is marked with yellow ink.
Example

Marked Text Example

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The following word has been marked with yellow

This will produce following result:

Strong Text
Anything that appears within ... element is displayed as important text.
Example

Strong Text Example

The following word uses a strong typeface.

This will produce following result:

Text Abbreviation
You can abbreviate a text by putting it inside opening and closing tags. If present, the title attribute must contain this full description and nothing else.
Example

Text Abbreviation

My best friend's name is Abhy.

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This will produce following result:

Acronym Element
The element allows you to indicate that the text between and tags is an acronym.
At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the element.
Example

Acronym Example

This chapter covers marking up text in XHTML.

This will produce following result:

Text Direction
The … element stands for Bi-Directional Override and it is used to override the current text direction.
Example

Text Direction Example

This text will go left to right.
This text will go right to left.

This will produce following result:

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Special Terms
The ….element (or HTML Definition Element) allows you to specify that you are introducing a special term. Its usage is similar to italic words in the midst of a paragraph.
Typically, you would use the element the first time you introduce a key term. Most recent browsers render the content of a element in an italic font. Example

Special Terms Example

The following word is a special term.

This will produce following result:

Quoting Text
When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should put it in between ... tags.
Text inside a element is usually indented from the left and right edges of the surrounding text, and sometimes uses an italicized font.
Example

Blockquote Example

The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:
XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from earlie r work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.

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This will produce following result:

Short Quotations
The … element is used when you want to add a double quote within a sentence.
Example

Double Quote Example

Amit is in Spain, I think I am wrong.

This will produce following result:

Text Citations
If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an opening tag and closing tag.
As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the element is rendered in italicized text by default.
Example

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Citations Example

This HTML tutorial is derived from W3 Standard for HTML.

This will produce following result:

Computer Code
Any programming code to appear on a Web page should be placed inside
... tags. Usually the content of the element is presented in a monospaced font, just like the code in most programming books. Example

Computer Code Example

Regular text. This is code. Regular text.

This will produce following result:

Keyboard Text
When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text, you can use the … element to indicate what should be typed in, as in this example.
Example

Keyboard Text Example

Regular text. This is inside kbd element Regular text.

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This will produce following result:

Programming Variables
This element is usually used in conjunction with the and elements to indicate that the content of that element is a variable.
Example

Variable Text Example

document.write("user-name")

This will produce following result:

Program Output
The … element indicates sample output from a program, and script etc. Again, it is mainly used when documenting programming or coding concepts. Example

Program Output Example

Result produced by the program is Hello World!

This will produce following result:
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Address Text
The … element is used to contain any address.
Example

Address Example

388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills

Hyderabad

This will produce following result:

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7

CHAPTER

HTML Meta Tags

HTML lets you specify metadata - additional important information about a document in a variety of ways. The META elements can be used to include name/value pairs describing properties of the HTML document, such as author, expiry date, a list of keywords, document author etc.
The tag is used to provide such additional information. This tag is an empty element and so does not have a closing tag but it carries information within its attributes.
You can include one or more meta tags in your document based on what information you want to keep in your document but in general, meta tags do not impact physical appearance of the document so from appearance point of view, it does not matter if you include them or not.

Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents
You can add metadata to your web pages by placing tags inside the header of the document which is represented by and tags.
A meta tag can have following attributes in addition to core attributes:
Attribute

Description

Name

Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords, description, author, revised, generator etc.

content

Specifies the property's value.

scheme

Specifies a scheme to interpret the property's value (as declared in the content attribute).

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Specifying Keywords
You can use tag to specify important keywords related to the document and later these keywords are used by the search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.
Example
Following is an example where we are adding HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata as important keywords about the document.

Meta Tags Example

Hello HTML5!

This will produce following result:

Document Description
You can use tag to give a short description about the document. This again can be used by various search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.
Example

Meta Tags Example

Hello HTML5!

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Document Revision Date
You can use tag to give information about when last time the document was updated. This information can be used by various web browsers while refreshing your webpage.
Example

Meta Tags Example

Hello HTML5!

Document Refreshing
A tag can be used to specify a duration after which your web page will keep refreshing automatically.
Example
If you want your page keep refreshing after every 5 seconds then use the following syntax.

Meta Tags Example

Hello HTML5!

Page Redirection
You can use tag to redirect your page to any other webpage. You can also specify a duration if you want to redirect the page after a certain number of seconds.

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Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want to redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute. Meta Tags Example