...Define anisocytosis. varying cell sizes Define poikilocytosis varying cell shapes From which cells do B cells arise? stem cells in bone marrow From which cells do plasma cells differentiate? B cells How can a Nissl stain be used to differentiate microglia from oligodendroglia? Microglia are not discernable in a Nissl stain while oligodendroglia appear as small dark nuclei with dark chromatin In what type of CNS tissue (white or grey) are oligodendroglia predominant? white matter Into what cell type does a monocyte differentiate in tissues? Macrophages Name 2 substances produced by an eosinophil. histiminase and arylsulfatase Name the three types of leukocytic granulocytes. basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils Name the two types of mononuclear leukocytes. lymphocytes and monocytes What are 2 functions of T cell lymphocytes? - cellular immune response regulation of B lymphocytes and macrophages What are 2 morphological features of microglia? - small irregular nuclei - and relatively little cytoplasm What are 3 examples of peripheral lymphoid tissue? - follicles of lymph nodes white pulp of spleen unencapsulated lymphoid tissue What are 3 functions of a macrophage? - pagocytosis of bacteria, cell debris, and senescent red cells - scavenges damaged cells and tissues - can function as an antigen presenting cell What are 3 morphological characteristics of monocytes? - Large - Kidney-shaped nucleus...
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...Cell phone is dangerous Firstly Electromagnetic radiations (EMR) are high signal waves emitted by an antenna to help a cellphone to communicate with other. These radiations are harmful to mankind because its known fact human body has chemical reactions that produce tiny electric fields in the body. When using cell phone this high frequency electromagnetic signal boundaries human body, which results in severe damage to internal parts related to legs, heart, ears and hands. When cell phone interacts with high Electromagnetic radiations, it can explode its power source. Some groups argue that EMR is harmless in fact they are helping humankind to make life easier by carrying digital information. They also argue that EMR is low-frequency signals that carry signals to a cellphone ad they don't have any impact on human body. EMR became most integral part of every technology, and they don't have any relation with a human body to impact. Usually, EMR will-will carry digital information in the form of electric signal waves that are magnetized and emitted through an antenna to travel a long distance, and those magnetized signals can react with magnetism and muscular impression of the human body. There is much research held to study these effects that are proven that these signals will have the strong impact on human body. Many research stated that 70% of IT professionals are facing the problem with this effect on their bones, especially on thighs where they hold the laptop for a long...
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...The cell is the basic functional in a human meaning that it is a self-contained and fully operational living entity. Humans are multicellular organisms with various different types of cells that work together to sustain life. Other non-cellular components in the body include water, macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids), micronutrients (vitamins, minerals) and electrolytes. A collection of cells that function together to perform the same activity is known as tissue. Masses of tissue work collectively to form an organ that performs specific functions in the body. Despite this structural organization, all activity boils down to the cell – a complex unit that makes life possible. Parts of the Human Cell The cell contains various structural components to allow it to maintain life which are known as organelles. All the organelles are suspended within a gelatinous matrix, the cytoplasm, which is contained within the cell membrane. One of the few cells in the human body that lacks almost all organelles are the red blood cells. The main components are: * cell membrane * endoplasmic reticulum * Golgi apparatus * lysosomes * mitochondria * nucleus * perioxisomes * microfilaments and microtubules Cell Membrane The cell membrane is the outer coating of the cell and contains the cytoplasm, substances within it and the organelle. It is a double-layered membrane composed of proteins and lipids. The lipid molecules on the outer and inner part (lipid...
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...joints of human body. Together these structures form the human skeleton. Skeleton can be defined as the hard framework of human body around which the entire body is built. Almost all the hard parts of human body are components of human skeletal system. Joints are very important because they make the hard and rigid skeleton allow different types of movements at different locations. If the skeleton were without joints, no movement would have taken place and the significance of human body no more than a stone. Components of Human Skeleton Human skeleton is composed of three main components; Bones, Associated cartilages and Joints. Bones: Bone is a tough and rigid form of connective tissue. It is the weight bearing organ of human body and it is responsible for almost all strength of human skeleton. Cartilages: Cartilage is also a form of connective tissue but is not as tough and rigid as bone. The main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor. Bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts while cartilages are not. Joints: Joints are important components of human skeleton because they make the human skeleton mobile. A joint occurs between “two or more bones”, “bone and cartilage” and “cartilage and cartilage”. Divisions of Human Skeleton: Human skeleton can be divided into two divisions. Axial Skeleton: Axial skeleton forms the axis of human body. It consists of Skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage. Skull: Skull is that part of human skeleton...
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...follows a human being from birth to death. There are many factors that cause aging, and many theories that use these factors to explain aging. Aging cannot be stopped; however, the debate stands on how life can be prolonged. This essay will discuss theories of aging, and ways that these theories give for life prolonging. Aubrey de Grey uses the analogy between a human being and a machine. He states that the same way machines deteriorate, the human body gets old. Similarly to machines in need repair, humans use different medications in order to cure their diseases and prolong their lives[1]. However there is still no unique definition on the cause of aging but there are many theories on what causes aging. In order to define aging, Grey quotes Edward Masoro’s : “deteriorative changes with time during postmaturational life that underlie an increasing vulnerability to challenges, thereby decreasing the ability of the organism to survive.”[2] Grey is a renowned scientist who graduated in Cambridge. Grey thinks that life can be prolonged to extremes. According to Grey there are seven components of aging. The Economist properly paraphrases him when saying “The seven sisters that Dr de Grey wishes to slaughter with SENS are cell loss, apoptosis-resistance (the tendency of cells to refuse to die when they are supposed to), gene mutations in the cell nucleus, gene mutations in the mitochondria (the cell's power-packs), the accumulation of junk inside cells, the accumulation...
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...learners to understand aspects of the anatomy and physiology of human body systems. Learners will be able to gain an overview of the organisation of the human body before looking at how body systems work together to provide energy for the body. Learners will have the opportunity to investigate how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the body. Unit introduction This unit introduces core knowledge of cellular structure and function, and the organisation of the body as a whole, and then builds on this to develop a more detailed knowledge of the fine anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in energy metabolism. Learners will examine the homeostatic mechanisms involved in regulating these systems to maintain health. Learners will be given the opportunity to undertake practical activities which will require them to take measurements of the cardio-vascular system, the respiratory system and of body temperature, using noninvasive techniques to investigate normal responses to routine variations in body functioning. This unit provides the core understanding of human physiology that underpins the study of the specialist physiology units within this programme. The unit also provides an overview of body functioning that is valuable for anyone working or intending to work in a field relating to health and social care. Learning outcomes On completion of this unit a learner should: 1. Know the organisation of the human body 2. Understand the functioning of the body systems...
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...Parts of the Human Cell The cell contains various structural components to allow it to maintain life which are known as organelles. All the organelles are suspended within a gelatinous matrix, the cytoplasm, which is contained within the cell membrane. One of the few cells in the human body that lacks almost all organelles are the red blood cells. The main organelles are as follows: * cell membrane * endoplasmic reticulum * Golgi apparatus * lysosomes * mitochondria * nucleus * perioxisomes * microfilaments and microtubules Cell Membrane The cell membrane is the outer coating of the cell and contains the cytoplasm, substances within it and the organelle. It is a double-layered membrane composed of proteins and lipids. The lipid molecules on the outer and inner part (lipid bilayer) allow it to selectively transport substances in and out of the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous structure that contains a network of tubules and vesicles. Its structure is such that substances can move through it and be kept in isolation from the rest of the cell until the manufacturing processes conducted within are completed. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum – rough (granular) and smooth (agranular). * The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER / granular ER) contains a combination of proteins and enzymes. These parts of the endoplasmic reticulum contain a number of ribosomes giving it a rough appearance. Its...
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...What Is Selenium? Selenium (Se) is a trace mineral that is required by the human body and is of fundamental importance in ensuring good health. Selenium was discovered in 1817 by Jons Berzelius and takes its name from the Greek word Selene (the goddess of the moon). Until recently, selenium was a little-known trace mineral. International research on Selenium has established that it is an essential component of the human diet in the sustaining of good health and general well-being because of its protective and preservative characteristics. It has also been found that selenium deficiency may lead to increased susceptibility to disease and ill health. Organic And Inorganic Selenium Explained Selenium exists in two chemical forms in nature, Organic Selenium and Inorganic Selenium. Inorganic Selenium can be found in different minerals in the form of selenite, selenate and selenide as well as in metallic form. In contrast, in vegetable feed Organic Selenium is an integral part of amino acids. Therefore, in nature animals receive selenium mainly in the organic form. Research had shown that Organic Selenium is far more beneficial for us as our body absorbs and retain Organic Selenium at a better rate. Organic Selenium vs Inorganic Selenium Organic Selenium Inorganic Selenium • Exists in the form of seleno-amino acids, i.e. selenomethionine. • Exists in the form of mineral salt. • Is actively absorbed by amino acid routes. • Is passively absorbed from the small intestine. • More...
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...Why We Study the Cell and Its Components The cell is the basic unit of all living organisms. Some organisms like bacteria have only one cell while other organisms are multi cellular. It is important to study the cell and its components because it enables understanding of our own life and opens up windows of opportunity for the future generations. Understanding cells and their component functions allows for better understanding of disease and the possibility of cures or better treatment options. Biologists study the cell in healthy and diseased states to develop new vaccines, medicines, plants with improved qualities and to gain a better understanding of how all living things live. The study of cells and its components is also helpful in solving crimes through forensic science. In biotechnology, the study of cells is used to clone plants and animals, and with time possibly for the production of organs. In studying cells it is important to know what organism the cell comes from. There are two types of cells, the prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The prokaryotic were the first type of cells to evolve. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus; bacteria are the best known prokaryotic cells. Organisms that contain eukaryotic cells include fungi, animals, and plants as well as some unicellular organisms. The eukaryotic cell is much bigger and contains membrane bound compartments where metabolic activities take place. The components of the cell include, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton...
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...learners to understand aspects of the anatomy and physiology of human body systems. Learners will be able to gain an overview of the organisation of the human body before looking at how body systems work together to provide energy for the body. Learners will have the opportunity to investigate how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the body. Unit introduction This unit introduces core knowledge of cellular structure and function, and the organisation of the body as a whole, and then builds on this to develop a more detailed knowledge of the fine anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in energy metabolism. Learners will examine the homeostatic mechanisms involved in regulating these systems to maintain health. Learners will be given the opportunity to undertake practical activities which will require them to take measurements of the cardio-vascular system, the respiratory system and of body temperature, using noninvasive techniques to investigate normal responses to routine variations in body functioning. This unit provides the core understanding of human physiology that underpins the study of the specialist physiology units within this programme. The unit also provides an overview of body functioning that is valuable for anyone working or intending to work in a field relating to health and social care. Learning outcomes On completion of this unit a learner should: 1. Know the organisation of the human body 1. Understand the functioning of the body systems associated...
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...Hydration SCI/241 20Jul2011 Aurora Merry ackwell Above all vitamins and minerals water is the most essential to the human body. Without water life would not exist. Water is amazing, it covers 70% of the earth, is the only substance on the earth that occurs naturally as a solid, a liquid and a gas, and is more necessary to human life to exist than any other substance. Water fills our cells, water is the main component in blood, that moves nutrients through the body, water helps with digestion, from saliva to moving waste through the bowels to elimination. Being only 2% dehydrated can cause some serious physical and mental degradation and being 15% can be lethal. (http://www.spartafit.com/nutrition/water.php ) Water is the foundation for every living thing, in this paper I will discuss why it is essential to health maintenance, the functions of water in the body, and the effects of dehydration. Water is mandatory for life. Water makes up about 60% of adult body weight, water isn't stored in the body, so there is a need for humans to always be taking in more water to replace what is lost through body processes such as respiration, perspiration, urination, etc. The body needs water to lubricate joints, for saliva, to aid in every part of the digestion process, to transport nutrients in the blood, and it is a major component in every cell. No body process would be possible without water. It is important to drink water, about 3 liters per day for women and 4 liters per...
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...BIOL 2010 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 2.9. 2.10. 2.11. 2.12. 2.13. 2.14. 2.15. 2.16. 2.17. 2.18. 2.19. 2.20. 2.21. Describe the physical organization of the human body and explain how interaction between body components is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis. Define the terms anatomy and physiology in reference to the human body. (LECT & LAB) Describe each of the following levels of organization of the human body: chemical, cellular, tissue, system, organism. (LECT & LAB) Identify the principal systems of the body. (LECT & LAB) Describe the standard anatomical position of the human body. (LECT & LAB) Compare common anatomical terms used to describe the various regions of the human body. (LECT & LAB) List by name and location the principal body cavities. (LECT & LAB) Define homeostasis and explain the effects of the lack of homeostasis on the body's function. (LECT & LAB) Describe the chemical level of organization of the human body. Describe the interrelationship of matter, elements, and atoms. (LECT) Identify by name and symbol the principal elements of the human body. (LECT) Diagram and label the structure of a typical atom. (LECT) Describe the function of electrons located in incomplete outer energy levels. (LECT) Define the terms isotope and radioisotope and give their functions. (LECT) Describe the three types of chemical bonding (ionic...
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...structure of the human body in health. Mastery of the subject lays a foundation for understanding other basic science subjects, and clinical subjects in subsequent years. The pharmacy anatomy course consists of a single module of lectures and seminars. Objectives: At the end of the course the students should be able to:- Describe the structure of the human body as seen by the naked eye in health. Identify different parts of the human body. Use medical/anatomical terminology. Describe physiological processes in health and disease using the anatomy terms. Describe the processes involved in the development of the human body. Describe congenital malformations and how they come about and the times when drugs can have teratological effect. UNIT I Introduction to Anatomy: Components of Anatomy, Methods for learning Anatomy, Anatomical terminology Introduction to Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, General introduction to tissues of the body, Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue UNIT II Human skeletal system: Types of bone, Histology of bone, Individual bones, Human Anatomy of major joints, Applied anatomy Human Muscular system: Histology of muscle tissue, Organization of different type of muscle, skeletal muscles UNIT III Human Alimentary system: Components and general organization; Gross anatomy, Histology of different components, Applied anatomy Human Respiratory system: Gross anatomy , Histology respiratory passages and lungs, Applied anatomy Human Cardiovascular...
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...Histology of the Heart The human heart is both as complex as it is simple in the design of the components of this critical organ that is essential to life. The human heart can be summarized as simply “a pump” to move our body’s blood and all its cellular components throughout our circulatory system. It is, however, the structure of the heart that makes it a marvel of design. The heart must continue to beat throughout the lifespan of the organism it serves to sustain life. The heart is positioned in the thoracic cavity between the lungs, posterior to the sternum, and is connected to our circulatory system by the superior vena cava and the aorta. Both of these great vessels serve to provide blood to the peripherals of our body and to the heart itself. The heart is divided into four chambers: the left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle. The atria are position superior to the ventricle and serve as a primary pump and holding chamber for blood before it enters the ventricle to be pumped to its respective destination. The human heart begins to beat, on average, at 21 days after conception and is one of the first functioning organs of the human embryo. The average heart in an adult human weighs approximately 300 grams and resembles the size of the individuals closed fist (Tortora, G.J. 2006). The heart is enclosed in a fibrous protective sac called the pericardium. The pericardium is composed of two layers; the outermost layer being dense connective...
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...organisms or populations to the environment. Anthropology – The study of human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology that includes: cultural, archeology and physical or biological anthropology. Applied anthropology – the practical application of anthropological and archeological theories and techniques. Artifacts – Objects or materials made or modified for use by modern humans and their ancestors. Biocultural evolution – The mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture. The concept that biology makes culture further influences the direction of biological evolution. Bipedally – on two feet walking habitually on 2 legs. Culture – behavioral aspects of adaptation including technology, traditions, language religion, marriage. Data – Facts from which conclusions can be drawn scientific information. Empirical – relying on experiment or observation. Ethnographies – Detailed descriptive studies of human societies – ugsaatnii zui Ethnocentrism – Viewing other cultures from the inherently biased perspective of one’s own culture – undestnii deerengui uzel Evolution – A change in the genetic structure of a population. The term is also frequently used to refer to the appearance of a new species. Forensic anthropology – An applied anthropological approach that deals with legal matters. Forensic anthropologists work with coroners, police and others in identifying and analyzing human remains. Genetics – the study of gene structure and action and the patterns...
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