Week 2, Chapter 2

1. Why are males more likely to have a sex-linked trait than females? Answer

Men have only one X chromosome which makes the poor schleps chances of x linked traits bigger than women, who have two X chromosomes. Having two X chromosomes means that the trait can be cancelled out by the opposing X. 2 Characteristics such as hair color and height are called Answer 2 answers * phenotypes. * chromosomes. * genotypes. * zygotes.

3

A genotype Answer 3 answers * is a rodlike structure in the cell nucleus that transmits genetic information. * reflects an individual's physical and behavioral characteristics, determined both by environmental and genetic factors. * refers to the genetic makeup of an individual. * is a directly observable characteristic.

4 The DNA of humans and chimpanzees is between __________ percent identical. Answer 4 answers * 75 and 80 * 20 and 25 * 50 and 55 * 98 and 99

5 A person whose 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY Answer 5 answers * has PKU. * is male. * has Down syndrome. * cannot be a fraternal twin.

6 A zygote that separates into two clusters of cells instead of just one produces Answer 6 answers * fraternal twins. * identical twins. * Klinefelter syndrome. * triple X syndrome.

7 Which of the following is supported by research dominant and recessive diseases? Answer 7 answers * For a child to inherit a recessive disorder, only one parent must have the recessive allele. * Males are more likely than females to inherit recessive disorders carried on the autosomes. * Only rarely are serious diseases due to dominant alleles. * Only rarely are serious diseases due to recessive alleles.

8 Carriers of the sickle cell gene Answer 8 answers * can be treated if placed on a diet during infancy that is low in phenylalanine. * are more resistant to malaria than are individuals with two genes for normal red blood cells. * do not display symptoms until age 35 or later, often after the person has passed the gene on to his or her children. * develop sickle-shaped red blood cells that cause degeneration of the nervous systems.

9 People with asthma or hay fever tend to have mothers, not fathers, with the illness. The pattern of inheritance is best explained by Answer 9 answers * X-linked inheritance. * genetic mutation. * parental influence. * genetic imprinting.

10 Fragile X syndrome Answer 10 answers * is linked to over half of the cases of autism. * affects females more severely than males. * is the most common inherited cause of mental retardation. * Testgen s still do not copy to other applications.

11 __________ is a sudden but permanent change in a segment in DNA that can create __________. Answer 11 answers * Meiosis; X-linked inheritance * Mutation; genetic abnormalities * Genetic imprinting; codominance * Mitosis, modifier genes

12 __________ is associated with a dramatic increase in the risk of having a child with Down syndrome. Answer 12 answers * Maternal age over 35 * poor prenatal care * Prenatal malnutrition * Prenatal tobacco exposure

13 Most adopted children Answer 13 answers * have trouble developing feelings of trust and affection toward their adoptive parents. * begin to search for their birth parents during early adolescence. * do better if they are adopted after infancy. * become well-adjusted adults.

14 Higher-SES parents emphasize the importance of __________ for their children, whereas lower-SES parents emphasize __________. Answer 14 answers * intellectual abilities; psychological traits * psychological traits; external characteristics * external characteristics; psychological traits * become well-adjusted adults.

15 Among African Americans, extended-family living Answer 15 answers * results in an economic and emotional strain for most young mothers and fathers. * increases the likelihood of effective parenting. * usually occurs only in cases of single parenthood. * often is not passed onto the next generation.

16 The most common type of multiple birth occurs when Answer 16 answers * two ova are released from the ovaries and fertilized. * a zygote separates into two clusters of cells. * one ovum is fertilized by two different sperm cells. * two different ova are fertilized by one sperm cell.

17 Which of the following countries has the highest infant death rate? Answer 17 answers * Hong Kong * the United States * Ireland * Singapore 18 One important reason that the American people have been reluctant to accept the idea of publicly supported child care is that Answer 18 answers * American values emphasize independence and self-reliance. * most grandparents regularly participate in child rearing. * it is widely believed that daily separation from the mother is harmful to young children. * few mothers of very young children work outside the home.

19 According to the concept of epigenesis, Answer 19 answers * experiences and behavior do not affect genetic expression. * genetic inheritance constrains responsiveness to environmental influences. * development results from bidirectional interactions between heredity and the environment. * heredity restricts the development of some behaviors to just one or a few outcomes.

20 Most children born with sex chromosome abnormalities Answer 20 answers * have mental retardation. * appear normal until adolescence. * rarely survive beyond early childhood. * are more aggressive and antisocial than their agemates.

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QUIZ 3

1 What did the Michigan Maternal Infant Cohort Study find? Answer 1 answers 2 Lake Michigan fish are reeeeally bad for baby business. The found that even eating only a few meals per month of Lake Michigan fish was detrimental to the health of children born to the women who ate the fish. From your lovely PowerPoint presentation, I learned that babies may have a shorter gestation period, have lower birth weight, be born with smaller heads and their grown may be stunted.

2 Sperm Answer 2 answers * survive for up to 6 days after being released into the female reproductive tract. * are the largest cells in the human body. * are produced at the rate of 300 to 500 a day. * must travel through the cervix and into the ovary to fertilize the ovum.

3 About __________ percent of zygotes do not survive the first two weeks of pregnancy. Answer 3 answers * 30 * 5 * 15 * 1

4 The umbilical cord Answer 4 answers * permits the blood of the mother and the embryo to mix directly. * grows to a length of 6 inches to 1 foot during the course of pregnancy. * contains one large artery that delivers nutrients to the embryo. * seldom tangles because it is firm due to the force of the blood flowing through it.

5 In a study where mothers read aloud The Cat in the Hat for the last 6 weeks of pregnancy, after birth the infants Answer 5 answers * preferred hearing their mother read the familiar poem over other rhyming stories. * preferred the familiar rhyme over other rhymes even when the story was read by a stranger. * preferred hearing their mother read rhyming stories over non-rhyming stories. * preferred hearing their mother read a novel rhyming story over the familiar poem.

6 A __________ refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. Answer 6 answers * pollutant * toxin * chemical hazard * teratogen

7 Thalidomide, when taken by mothers 4 to 6 weeks after conception, often produced Answer 7 answers * cancer of the reproductive organs. * serious behavioral disorders. * gross limb defects. * growth retardation.

8 Men and women whose mothers __________ during pregnancy have an increased risk of genital abnormalities and cancer. Answer 8 answers * were exposed to unusually high amounts of radiation * regularly smoked cigarettes * drank alcohol heavily * took DES

9 It is difficult to isolate the precise damage caused by a single illegal drug during pregnancy because Answer 9 answers * most mothers who use drugs intake only minimal amounts. * the majority of babies born to drug using mothers do not survive for more than a few days. * most mothers who use drugs do not assent to participate in teratology research. * drug-using mothers often take several drugs, display other risky behaviors, and suffer from poverty and other stressors.

10 Complications due to cigarette smoking by pregnant women include Answer 10 answers * delayed language development and poor fine motor skills. * low birth weight, infant death, and childhood cancer. * deformed facial features. * infants born addicted to nicotine.

11 Which of the following is supported by research on alcohol use during pregnancy? Answer 11 answers * Mental impairment in children whose mothers drank heavily during pregnancy is usually not permanent. * Even less than one drink per day is associated with FAS-like symptoms. * When provided with enriched diets, FAS babies catch up in physical size during infancy and childhood. * Mothers of FAE infants typically drink more than those of FAS infants.

12 Pregnant women are advised to avoid __________ to reduce the likelihood of mercury exposure. Answer 12 answers * eating swordfish, albacore tuna, and shark * exposure to paint flaking off the walls of old buildings * inhaling car exhaust * changing cat litterboxes

13 An expectant mother who ensures that her meat is well cooked and has other family members change the cat's litter box is trying to avoid Answer 13 answers * herpes simplex 2. * rubella. * toxoplasmosis. * cytomegalovirus.

14 Folic acid taken around conception can lower the incidence of __________, and taken during the last ten weeks of pregnancy can reduce the risk of __________. Answer 14 answers * cleft lip; cleft palate * neural tube defects; premature delivery * anemia; low birth weight * maternal high blood pressure; premature birth

15 High emotional stress during pregnancy is related to Answer 15 answers * sickle cell disease. * cleft lip and palate and pyloric stenosis. * Down syndrome. * neural tube defects.

16 Which of the following is true when the mother is Rh-negative and her fetus is Rh-positive? Answer 16 answers * The harmful effects of Rh incompatibility can be prevented if the newborn is immediately placed on a diet low in phenylalanine. * The damage caused by Rh incompatibility can be avoided if the mother is given several blood transfusions containing the Rh protein during the last trimester of pregnancy. * First-born children are rarely affected by Rh incompatibility. * Rh-positive babies are routinely given a vaccine at birth to prevent the buildup of harmful Rh antibodies.

17 Toxemia during pregnancy is caused by Answer 17 answers * Rh incompatibility between the blood type of the mother and fetus. * a sharp increase in the mother's blood pressure. * extra sugar in the mother's bloodstream. * the mother's contact with the feces of infected cats.

18 A newborn's round face, chubby cheeks, and big eyes Answer 18 answers * contain fat stores to supplement nutrition until nursing proficiency develops. * are attractive to adults and ensure that babies will be picked up and cuddled. * is the result of a well-developed brain that leads to greater independence than most other mammals. * make it difficult for babies to pass through the birth canal during delivery.

19
The Apgar Scale rates characteristics of a newborn, including the baby's Answer 19 answers * reflexes, state changes, and responsiveness to physical and social stimuli. * length and weight. * heart rate, color, and muscle tone. * vision, hearing, and sense of touch.

20
The second leading cause of neonatal mortality is Answer 20 answers * sudden infant death syndrome. * low birth weight. * birth defects. * communicable diseases.

21
Which of the following summarizes the long-term consequences of birth complications found in the Kauai study? Answer 21 answers * Children who experienced birth trauma never fully acquired the same levels of cognitive development as the children in the control group. * Even children who experienced severe trauma eventually tested commensurately with their age mates on measures of intellectual development. * Children raised in supportive home environments were better able to overcome the effects of birth trauma than those raised in disorganized families. * None of the children with serious birth complications and troubled family environments achieved at the same rate as controls.

22
Newborn infants who are brain damaged often Answer 22 answers * spend about half of their total sleep time in REM sleep. * rarely cry. * cry one to two hours a day. * display disturbed REM-NREM sleep cycles.

23
Thirty percent of SIDS cases could be prevented if Answer 23 answers * mothers refrained from smoking during pregnancy. * parents used infant monitors to listen for signs of distress. * babies were placed on their sides or stomachs to sleep. * parents used warmer bedding in cribs.

24
Two-month-old Roderick lives in a home with two smoking parents. He has a mild respiratory infection and is placed in his crib on his stomach. Roderick is at high risk for Answer 24 answers * an ear infection. * a urinary tract infection. * SIDS. * delayed motor skills.

25
Bottle fed babies prefer the smell of Answer 25 answers * formula over the smell of their mother's breast. * any nonlactating women's breast over the smell of any lactating women's breast. * formula over the smell of any lactating women's breast. * any lactating women's breasts over the smell of formula.

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QUIZ 4

1
Which of the following demonstrates the cephalocaudal trend? Answer 1 answers * During the prenatal period, the head, chest, and trunk grow first, then the arms and legs, and then the hands and feet. * During infancy and childhood, the hands and feet grow ahead of the fingers and toes. * During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body. * During infancy and childhood, the legs and arms grow faster than the trunk.

2
Which of the following is consistent with the proximodistal trend of body growth? Answer 2 answers * During childhood, the arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet. * During childhood, the hands and feet develop more rapidly than the trunk. * During the prenatal period, the trunk grows first, followed by the chest and the head. * During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.

3
As the result of synaptic pruning, Answer 3 answers * seldom stimulated neurons lose their synapses. * overstimulated neurons lose their connections with other neurons. * stimulated neurons reproduce themselves at an astounding pace. * nonstimulated neurons die and are no longer useful to support the development of new skills.

4
The __________ is responsible for the unique intelligence of our species. Answer 4 answers * cerebrum * corpus callosum * cerebellum * cerebral cortex

5
Studies of children living in extremely deprived Romanian orphanages have demonstrated that Answer 5 answers * cognitive catch-up growth was most impressive for those children who were adopted before 6 months of age. * most of the children completely recovered if they were adopted before age 3. * only those who experienced inadequate nutrition were impaired in physical and cognitive functioning. * catch up in both physical and cognitive growth was dramatic regardless of when the children were adopted.

6
Which of the following experiences would promote experience-dependent brain growth? Answer 6 answers * practicing the violin * a game of peek-a-boo * singing a song * a trip to the playground

7
Cross-cultural research shows that Answer 7 answers * cosleeping is a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome in all cultures. * cosleeping is the norm for approximately 90 percent of the world's population. * mothers' total sleep time is decreased by cosleeping. * cosleeping children are at risk for later social problems, especially dependency.

8
One possible explanation for the high frequency of bedtime struggles in American homes is that Answer 8 answers * the amount of television violence viewed by young children results in conjured images of scary creatures and villains who may harm them. * American parents do not enforce bedtime rules or rituals as firmly as parents from other cultures. * American children are much more dependent than children from other cultures. * young children feel stressed when required to fall asleep without assistance. 9
Research suggests that mother-infant cosleeping may protect infants against Answer 9 answers * narcolepsy. * malnutrition. * sleep apnea. * sudden infant death syndrome.

10
In cultures where cosleeping is common, Answer 10 answers * mothers' total sleep time is decreased relative to mothers in cultures where cosleeping is rare. * parents and infants usually sleep on hard surfaces, such as floor mats or wooden planks. * infants are more likely to be bottle-fed than breastfed by their mothers. * mothers typically stress an individualist perspective rather than a collectivist perspective.

11
Babies in poverty-stricken regions of the world __________ are 6 to 14 times more likely to survive the first year of life. Answer 11 answers * who begin solid food before 6 months of age * who are breastfed * who are given vitamin-enriched commercial formula * who receive goat or cow milk

12
Compared to breast-fed babies, bottle-fed babies Answer 12 answers * are less likely to suffer from constipation or other gastrointestinal problems. * have more allergic reactions and respiratory and intestinal illnesses. * accept new solid foods more easily. * add weight and length slightly faster in the first few months.

13
Enrique is 2 months old, painfully thin, and in danger of dying. His mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk and bottle-feeding is inadequate. What is the most likely cause of Enrique's illness? Answer 13 answers * nonorganic failure to thrive * iron-deficiency anemia * marasmus * kwashiorkor

14
Kiana is two years old and has an unbalanced diet very low in protein. She has an enlarged belly, swollen feet, a skin rash, and thinning hair. What is the most likely cause of Kiana's condition? Answer 14 answers * kwashiorkor * iron-deficiency anemia * marasmus * nonorganic failure to thrive

15
Baby Nadia's body looks wasted and she is withdrawn and apathetic. However, she is offered enough food and no biological cause for her condition can be found. She most likely has Answer 15 answers * deprivation dwarfism * marasmus * kwashiorkor * nonorganic failure to thrive

16
Right before baby Dominic's mother leaves for work every morning, she takes her car keys off of a hook on the wall. Now, as soon as Dominic's mother unhooks her car keys, Dominic begins to cry. In this example, __________ is/are the conditioned stimulus/stimuli. Answer 16 answers * Dominic's crying * morning time * Dominic's mother's leaving for work * Dominic's mother unhooking the car keys

17
At first, baby Mario was easily awakened every night by a barking dog in his neighborhood. Several weeks later, Mario's sleep is not bothered by the dog's barks. This is an example of Answer 17 answers * extinction. * habituation. * recovery. * classical conditioning.

18
Infants from 2 days to several weeks old are able to imitate a wide variety of adult Answer 18 answers * reflexes. * fine motor skills. * facial expressions. * speech sounds.

19
Research on hearing in infants demonstrates that Answer 19 answers * they prefer Mozart's minuets with awkward breaks to those with pauses between phrases. * they can readily detect sound regularities that will facilitate later language learning. * they prefer listening to non-native languages. * they have trouble locating the direction of sounds.

20 Gibson and Walk used the visual cliff to study Answer 20 answers pattern perception. vestibular sensitivity. visual acuity. depth perception.

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QUIZ 5 1 In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, infants and toddlers Answer 1 answers * assimilate more than they accommodate. * "think" with their eyes, ears, and hands. * do not yet construct schemes. * use mental representations to organize their new knowledge about the world. 2
According to Piaget, during __________, children interpret experiences in terms of existing schemes, whereas in __________, old schemes are adjusted and new ones created to make sense of the environment. Answer 2 answers * accommodation; assimilation * equilibration; disequilibration * assimilation; accommodation * adaptation; organization 3
When 1-year-old James is given peas for the first time, he picks one up, throws it off high chair tray, and says, "Ball." According to Piaget's theory, James is most likely __________ the pea into his ball scheme. Answer 3 answers * organizing * equilibrating * accommodating * assimilating

4
In Piaget's theory, each time a child moves from a state of disequilibrium to a state of equilibrium Answer 4 answers * a state of cognitive discomfort takes place. * more effective schemes are produced. * children take in an increasingly narrow range of aspects of the environment. * there is more and more to throw existing schemes out of balance.

5
Two landmark cognitive changes that take place in sensorimotor substage four of Piaget's theory are __________ and __________. Answer 5 answers * deferred imitation; make-believe play * conservation; centration * intentional behavior; object permanence * dual representation; analogical problem solving

6
Baby Abby drops her toy keys off of the right side of her high chair three times in a row. Each time, Abby's father picks them up and gives them back to her. Next, Abby drops her keys off of the left side but looks for them on the right side. This is most likely because Abby Answer 6 answers * has not yet attained even rudimentary object permanence. * cannot yet engage in goal-directed behavior. * does not yet appreciate physical causality. * is making an A-not-B search error. 7
Violation-of-expectation studies provide evidence that infants have some knowledge of object permanence by __________, whereas Piaget argued that this ability emerges __________. Answer 7 answers * 6 months; by 12 months. * 4 months; by 8 months * 2 1/2 months; between 8 and 12 months * 2 1/2 months; between 6 and 8 months

8
The literature on infantile amnesia suggests that adults typically cannot remember events that happened during the first few years of life because Answer 8 answers * early memories are placed into a explicit memory system that is inaccessible once implicit memory develops. * adults cannot translate early preverbal memories into language. * memories are not formed during this time period. * most adults have forgotten these early memories due to the passage of time.

9
Which of the following would MOST likely be among an infant's first categories? Answer 9 answers * furniture * toys * vehicles * tools

10
According to Vygotsky, the force that drives a child's cognitive development is Answer 10 answers * the biological unfolding of genetic structures. * the physical world acting on the child. * joint activities with more competent others. * interaction with the physical environment.

11
Which of the following is supported by research on make-believe play? Answer 11 answers * Children are more likely to combine play schemes into complex sequences when they are playing with agemates than when they are playing with caregivers. * Most episodes of make-believe play during toddlerhood occur when children are playing with same aged children. * When adults participate in toddlers' make-believe play, it is more elaborate than when toddlers' pretend alone. * In cultures where make-believe play is more frequent with older siblings than with mothers, the pretend play of toddlers is hindered.

12
The Bayley Scales of Infant Development Answer 12 answers * do not reflect the same aspects of intelligence assessed in childhood. * show good long-term prediction of childhood intellectual functioning. * emphasize higher-order cognitive skills such as memory and problem solving. * are helpful in assessment of the newborn's adjustment to life outside the womb.

13
An intelligence quotient (IQ) Answer 13 answers * represents the number of test items passed as a function of individuals of the same mental age in the standardization sample. * is expressed as the ratio of an individual's chronological age to his or her mental age. * reflects the number of items passed divided by the number of items passed by an average child of the same age. * indicates the extent to which the raw score deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals.

14
Research has shown that family living conditions, such as those measured by the HOME, Answer 14 answers * are not associated with IQ for children living in poverty. * predict children's IQ scores beyond the effects of parental IQ and education * predict children's school performance better than their IQ scores. * show equally strong correlations with IQ for both adopted and biological children.

15
In contrast to the United States and Canada, most European countries Answer 15 answers * nationally regulate child care to ensure its quality. * offer government subsidized day care only to families of poverty. * do not require that caregivers have special training in child development. * provide child-care benefits only when both parents are working in the labor market.

16
Findings from the Carolina Abecedarian Project suggest that __________ is/are key for fostering the mental development of children born into extreme poverty. Answer 16 answers * nutrition and health services * parental involvement * intervention during the middle- and high-school years * beginning enrichment programs during infancy

17
Nativist Noam Chomsky believed that Answer 17 answers * children rely largely on imitation to acquire grammatical rules and vocabulary. * children's innate desire to verbally interact with others promotes language development. * children are born with a series of inborn modules that are specialized for different aspects of language acquisition. * the rules of sentence organization are too complex to be directly taught or discovered by a young child.

18
Chomsky's LAD Answer 18 answers * refers to linguistic tutoring processes by which parents provide children assistance in learning grammatical rules. * is made up of computer programs that attempt to generate the linguistic rules that are needed for language acquisition. * permits young children to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion. * involves language acquisition drills that are used to foster young children's vocabulary acquisition.

19
Research on babbling shows that Answer 19 answers * babies in industrialized countries begin babbling earlier than babies in developing countries. * the babbling of infants with different native languages sounds very different from one another. * atypical babbling is associated with language delays. * deaf babies begin babbling later than hearing babies.

20
Which of the following is an example of overextension? Answer 20 answers * The child uses the word "waterglasses" to refer to swimming goggles. * The child uses the word "soupcase" to refer to a suitcase. * The child uses the word "car" only when referring to her family's car. * The child uses the word "cat" to refer to all four-legged, furry animals.

21
Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech? Answer 21 answers * "grasscomb" for a rake * "Eggward" for Edward * "All done nap." * "doggie" for a wolf

22
In which of the following cases should the parents be concerned about their child's language development? Answer 22 answers * A 6-month-old infant who has not yet begun to coo. * A 20-month-old who has not yet combined two words. * An 18-month-old who has a vocabulary of about 50 words. * A 12-month-old who has not yet said her first recognizable word.

23
Children prefer to listen to child-directed speech over other kinds of adult talk beginning at Answer 23 answers * birth. * 2 months of age. * 6 months of age. * 4 months of age.

24
Research on deaf children shows that Answer 24 answers * deaf children of hearing parents are more cognitively advanced than deaf children of deaf parents. * deaf children typically lag behind their hearing agemates in school regardless of whether their parents are hearing or deaf. * about 10 percent of deaf children have hearing parents. * deaf children of deaf parents show language and social skills that are on a par with hearing children.

25
According to Vygotsky, which of the following would be within a child's zone of proximal development? Answer 25 answers * A task that a child has recently mastered independently following the assistance of an adult. * A task that a child cannot yet handle on her own, but can do with the help of an adult. * A task that a child cannot accomplish alone or with the help of an adult. * A task that a child figures out how to accomplish through her independent activity.

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QUIZ 6

1. Describe DeVries' experiment on temperament in babies. 1) What did he intend to study? a. To show that difficult babies have the same problems in all cultures and that variations in temperament are the same across the board. 2) Describe how infants are "parented" in the Masai culture. b. Babies are carried on the back for 2 years and ‘fed on demand’. Male children are highly valued. The relatives all share child care responsibilities. (extra stuff found in an abstract) i. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6486251 3) How did he "run" the study? c. Out of 48 infants assessed, he chose 10 easy and 10 difficult babies to study over the course of a few months. 4) What happened during the study? d. There was a drought and of the 20 babies chosen, only 13 survived and were located, now aged 6-8 months old. 5) What did he ultimately conclude about babies' temperament? e. The conclusion was that the idea that easy babies adapt to change more readily was just squashed! The most surviving children were difficult ones which suggest a survival of the fittest sort of thing. =) Rock on, difficult babies!

2 In Erikson's theory, __________ is associated with a positive outcome of infancy. Answer 2 answers * the amount of food given * the quality of the caregiver's behavior * the amount of oral stimulation provided * breastfeeding

3
According to Erikson's theory, a mother who is sympathetic and loving is fostering her baby's sense of Answer 3 answers * self-regulation. * trust. * attachment. * autonomy.

4
According to Erikson, a mother who __________ is likely to promote autonomy in toddlerhood. Answer 4 answers * picks up her son's toys, puts away his books, and makes his bed on a daily basis * waits patiently while her son puts on his socks and shoes * criticizes her son whenever he incorrectly uses his fork or spoon * makes her son quit playing immediately whenever she needs to run an errand

5
__________ is evoked by the human face and first appears between __________ of age. Answer 5 answers * Laughter; 6 and 10 weeks * The social smile; 2 and 3 months * The social smile; 6 and 10 weeks * Laughter; 2 and 3 months

6
During the second half of the first year, infants' most frequent expression of fear is Answer 6 answers * too much stimulation. * separation anxiety. * fear of heights. * stranger anxiety.

7
__________ is/are common among babies of depressed mothers. Answer 7 answers * Depressed levels of the stress hormone cortisol * A negative mood and attachment difficulties * Extreme fear of strangers and disinterest in exploring the environment * Slow cognitive and motor development

8
Infants raised among the Efe hunters and gathers of Zaire, Africa, show little stranger anxiety because Answer 8 answers * they are discouraged from developing a strong emotional bond with anyone in the tribe. * a collective caregiving system exists. * an individualistic caregiving system exists. * they are discouraged from developing a strong emotional bond with their mother.

9
To try to get 1-year-old Jack to eat fish, his parents both acted delighted with the fish on their dinner plates. Jack's parents were using __________ to try to influence his preferences. Answer 9 answers * effortful control * emotional contagion * social referencing * emotional self-regulation

10
Parents who rarely intervene when their infant is distressed Answer 10 answers * are appropriately discouraging the expression of strong emotions in babies. * support their infants' developing ability to regulate negative emotion. * have infants who are less fussy and able to fall asleep on their own. * may hinder their infants' development of brain structures that buffer stress.

11 is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely. In Thomas and Chess's research, Josh would be classified as Answer 11 answers * slow to warm up. * uninhibited. * inhibited. * difficult.

12
According to the goodness-of-fit model, infants with difficult temperaments are often at risk for later adjustment problems because Answer 12 answers * these children usually suffer from a range of behavioral disorders that are resistant to effective parenting. * these children have neurological deficits that are difficult to correct even with positive, warm parenting. * these children frequently experience parenting that fits poorly with their dispositions. * parents of these children tend to resort to a lax, indifferent style of parenting.

13
Compared with securely attached infants, avoidant babies tend to receive ______ care. Answer 13 answers * disorganized/disoriented * understimulating, inconsistent * overstimulating, instrusive * unresponsive

14 In Bowlby's theory, babies in the preattachment phase Answer 14 answers * recognize their own mother's smell and voice. * respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger. * are wary of strangers. * display separation anxiety when the familiar caregiver leaves.

15
During the Strange Situation, a parent leaves the room in order to assess __________, and returns again to assess the infant's __________. Answer 15 answers * separation anxiety; secure base * separation anxiety; reaction to the reunion * secure base; reaction to the reunion * secure base; separation anxiety

16
Which of the following is supported by research on cultural variations in development? Answer 16 answers * There are no significant cultural variations in attachment patterns. * Because their grandmothers are the primary caregivers, babies in Mali show more avoidant attachment than American babies do. * German infants tend to be more securely attached than American babies. * Japanese infants rarely show avoidant attachment.

17
Research on child care in infancy indicates that Answer 17 answers * full-time but not part-time work during the first year is detrimental to attachment security. * more than one child-care arrangement increases the likelihood of attachment insecurity. * long hours spent in child care do not affect attachment quality. * most infants who are placed in full-time child care are insecurely attached.

18
A famous experiment by Harry Harlow of rhesus monkeys reared with terrycloth and wire-mesh "surrogate mothers" provided evidence that Answer 18 answers * sensitive caregiving is key to the development of a secure attachment pattern. * the infant's characteristics to the attachment relationship are more powerful than the caregiver's contributions. * infants are born with a set of innate signals that call the adult to the baby's side. * the development of emotional ties between infant and mother does not depend on hunger satisfaction.

19
Research on siblings indicates that by the end of the baby's first year, Answer 19 answers * the security of their preschool-age brother or sister's attachment often begins to decline. * infants are comforted by the presence of their preschool-age brother or sister during short parental absences. * their preschool-age brother or sister often begins to feel threatened and displaced. * preschool-age brothers or sisters rarely show affection for their younger sibling.

20
Compared with typically developing children, children with autism more often Answer 20 answers * engage in social referencing. * establish joint attention. * imitate an adult's novel behaviors. * use words to echo what others say and to get things they want, not to exchange ideas.

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QUIZ 7

1. Why does a child covering her eyes when playing "hide and seek" demonstrate the concept of egocentrism? Answer Well, sort of like Paiget three mountains problem, the child only sees things from her prospective sooOooo if the child covers her eyes she thinks no one can see her because she only sees darkness.

2
Six-year-old Sam spends most of his day at home alone and he rarely has any loving contact with a caregiver. He is very short in stature, shows decreased GH secretion, and serious adjustment problems. He most likely has Answer 2 answers * an iron deficiency. * a vitamin C deficiency. * a thyroxine deficiency * psychosocial dwarfism.

3
Which of the following is supported by research on nutrition? Answer 3 answers * Preschoolers require more fat, oils, and sat in their diets than do older children and adults. * Offering bribes ("Finish your broccoli and you can have a cookie.") is an effective way to get preschoolers to eat healthy foods. * Children who are routinely offered sweet fruit or soft drinks may develop "milk avoidance." * Peppery foods, like chili peppers, are disliked by children everywhere.

4
__________, often caused by unsafe water and contaminated foods, leads to several million childhood deaths each year. Answer 4 answers * Tuberculosis * Chickenpox * Diarrhea * Measles

5
In industrialized nations, the rate of childhood diseases has declined dramatically in the past 50 years, primarily as the result of Answer 5 answers * government-funded health insurance. * widespread immunization of infants and children. * generous government nutrition programs. * a reduction in the number of dangerous germs.

6
Compared to other industrialized countries, such as Canada, Denmark, and Sweden, the rate of childhood immunization is low in the United States because Answer 6 answers * of the relatively higher rate of unemployment of American parents. * many American children do not have access to the health care they need. * medically uninsured American children do not receive free immunizations. * of the relatively higher rate of poverty-stricken American children.

7
Researchers have suggested that one reason Americans have been slow to accept the idea of government-supported health insurance is because Answer 7 answers * the majority of businesses, even those that rely on low-wage and part-time help, offer health insurance to their employees. * the governmental provision of family services has failed in other industrialized countries. * Medicaid is available to all families who cannot afford to purchase private health insurance. * the United States has strongly individualistic values.

8
__________ are the most frequent source of injury during childhood. Answer 8 answers * Falls * Motor vehicle accidents * Burns * Drownings

9
Research conducted on schooled and nonschooled children in the Jimi Valley of Papua New Guinea indicate that Answer 9 answers * nonrepresentational scribbles are a universal beginning stage in drawing. * schooling does not influence children's first representational shapes and forms. * Testgen s still do not copy to other applications. * the tadpole form that children use to draw their first picture of a person is universal.

10
Piaget believed that the major function of make-believe play during the preoperational stage is to Answer 10 answers * strengthen logical reasoning skills. * build creativity and imagination. * exercise representational schemes. * facilitate perspective taking abilities.

11
According to Piaget, preoperational reasoning often seems distorted and incorrect because thinking during this stage Answer 11 answers * is limited to nonverbal images of experience. * is strongly influenced by the way things appear. * precedes the capability to form mental representations. * is oriented toward the child's own body.

12
Five-year-old Sushil is participating in Piaget's three-mountains problem. When Sushil is asked to pick the picture that shows what the display looks like from the doll's perspective, he will most likely Answer 12 answers * know that the correct picture is different from his point of view but not be sure which picture to pick. * pick the picture that shows his own point of view. * pick the correct picture and be able to explain why he chose that picture. * pick the correct picture, but not be able to explain why he chose that picture.

13
Three-year-old Gwen explains that her bicycle is sad because it is alone in the garage. Gwen is demonstrating Answer 13 answers * centration. * transductive reasoning. * irreversibility. * animistic thinking.

14
At lunch time, 4-year-old Christopher was convinced that his sister Emma had more sandwich than he had simply because her sandwich was cut into four pieces. This demonstrates that Christopher lacks Answer 14 answers * hierarchical classification. * animistic thinking. * egocentrism. * conservation.

15
In a conservation-of-liquid problem, young children do not realize that the water in the short, wide glass would attain its former height if it were poured back into the tall, thin glass. This characteristic of preoperational thought is known as Answer 15 answers * hierarchical classification. * centration. * irreversibility. * animistic thinking.

16
During a __________ task, 4-year-old Marissa is asked whether there are more oranges or fruits in a group of 2 apples, 3 bananas, and 5 oranges. She will most likely say __________. Answer 16 answers * conservation of number; there are more oranges * conservation of number; there are more fruit * class inclusion; there are more fruit * class inclusion; there are more oranges

17
Most 3- and 4-year-olds Answer 17 answers * believe in the powers of supernatural creatures. * think that violations of social conventions require magic. * know that things do not come true just by wishing them. * believe that magic can alter their everyday experiences.

18
A wealth of recent research suggests that Piaget __________ preschoolers' cognitive capabilities. Answer 18 answers * overestimated * accurately estimated * underestimated * disregarded

19
Ethnographic research has revealed that Answer 19 answers * young Yucatec Mayan children decide for themselves how much to sleep and eat. * in cultures where parents rarely converse with their children, children tend to frequently display attention-getting behaviors. * in cultures where parents rarely scaffold their children's learning, children tend to develop culturally relevant skills at a slower rate compared to other cultures. * Yucatec Mayan and Western children display impressive similarities in their make-believe play despite different cultural conditions.

20
According to Piaget, the most likely reason that a 4-year-old cannot solve a conservation-of-liquid problem is that Answer 20 answers * the child does not perceive the difference in appearance between the water levels in the two glasses. * the child's attention is captured by the height of the water and she finds it difficult to also consider the widths of the glasses. * the child does not understand the point of the , Is there the same amount of water in each glass, or does one have more? * the child does not understand that the amount of water in the two glasses is the same prior to the transformation.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
QUIZ 8

1
According to Erikson, one of the major functions of make-believe play is to allow children to Answer 1 answers * escape from the demands of their lives into a fantasy world. * try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure. * show their caregivers the things that are important to them. * represent their unconscious wishes and desires symbolically.

2
According to Erikson, the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly Answer 2 answers * indulgent id. * restrained id. * strict superego. * indifferent ego.

3
Studies of self-esteem demonstrate that preschoolers Answer 3 answers * usually rate their own ability as extremely high. * have not yet developed separate self-judgments concerning different activity types. * give up easily when faced with a challenging task. * tend to overestimate the difficulty of tasks.

4
Studies of emotional understandings demonstrate that preschoolers have difficulty Answer 4 answers * coming up with effective ways to relieve others' negative feelings. * predicting what a playmate expressing a certain emotion might do next. * judging the causes of basic emotions. * making sense of situations with conflicting cues about how a person is feeling.

5
Two-year-old Samantha has parents who are very punitive. When another child at her child-care center is unhappy, she is likely to respond with Answer 5 answers * strong feelings of empathy. * fear and anger. * sympathetic concern. * anxiety and distress.

6
Two-year-old Dominic spends much of his time playing alone with his toy trains. This type is play is known as Answer 6 answers * nonsocial activity. * parallel play. * cooperative play. * associative play.

7
Vinny and Marguerite are both building towers from the same large pile of blocks, but they do not talk to each other or direct each other's activities. They are engaged in __________ play. Answer 7 answers * parallel * nonsocial * cooperative * associative

8
Three-year-old Rico spends a lot of time playing alone. His parents should concerned only if he frequently __________ while playing alone. Answer 8 answers * works with art materials * engages in make-believe play * does puzzles and builds with blocks and Legos * engages in functional play involving repetitive motor action

9
How does peer sociability in collectivist cultures differ from that in individualistic cultures? Answer 9 answers * Sociodramatic play is more crucial for social development in individualistic cultures than in collectivist cultures. * Children in individualistic cultures spend more time in parallel play than children in collectivist cultures. * Children in collectivist cultures spend more time in joint make-believe play than children in individualistic cultures. * Children in collectivist cultures tend to play in smaller groups than children in individualistic cultures.

10
Most theories of moral development agree that truly moral individuals do the right thing Answer 10 answers * because they have developed compassionate concerns and principles of good conduct that they follow in a wide variety of situations. * to obey authority. * for the sake of conformity. * for fear of punishment.

11
Inductive parenting Answer 11 answers * teaches children to expect rewards for good behavior. * helps children see how their actions affect others. * promotes only momentary compliance, not lasting changes in behavior. * often leads to high levels of self-blame among children.

12
Which of the following is supported by research on punishment? Answer 12 answers * Children who are repeatedly punished often avoid interacting with the punishing adult. * Repeated use of physical punishment is more common with elementary school age children than with toddlers and preschoolers. * Children who are repeatedly punished are especially passive and withdrawn outside the home. * Repeated use of punishment usually produces lasting changes in children's behavior.

13
When parents do decide to use punishment, they can increase its effectiveness by Answer 13 answers * offering an explanation regarding the inappropriateness of the misdeed. * allowing children to act inappropriately and blow off steam from time to time. * telling their children that they are using punishment as a last resort. * using it in public as young children are very embarrassed by being scolded around others.

14
Research on the consequences of punishment reveals that in African-American families Answer 14 answers * physical punishment is positively associated with adolescent aggression and antisocial behavior. * physical punishment is generally considered wrong. * children view spanking as acts of personal aggression. * the more mothers had disciplined physically in childhood, the less their teenagers displayed angry, acting out behavior.

15
Research on punishment shows that spanking Answer 15 answers * is associated with a rise in problem behaviors regardless of the parents' childrearing style. * is a more effective form of discipline than time out and withdrawal of privileges. * is associated with a rise in problem behaviors if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive. * is viewed by most Caucasian-American children as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind.

16
Which of the following is supported by research on aggression during the preschool years? Answer 16 answers * Girls tend to inflict harm in more variable ways than do boys. * By the late preschool years, physical aggression drops off more sharply in boys than girls. * Girls resort to relational aggression more often than boys do. * Hostile aggression decreases with age.

17
Which of the following statements is supported by research on television and aggression? Answer 17 answers * Children's cartoons are the most violent of all TV programs. * Many TV programs depict ways other than violence of solving problems. * Most TV violence shows victims experiencing serious harm. * About one-third of prime time TV programs contain violent scenes.

18
Training in __________ is an effective treatment for aggressive children. Answer 18 answers * instrumental aggression * time out * social problem-solving * associative play

19
The case of David Reimer, the boy who was raised as a girl after a circumcision accident, demonstrates Answer 19 answers * gender reassignment surgery leads one to act in ways consistent with one's new sex. * the impact of sex hormones on a person's sense of self as male or female. * the stronger role of the environment over heredity in determining one's gender identity. * that gender stereotyping can have devastating effects on self-esteem.

20
Four-year-old Athena's mother often tells her that "cars and trucks are for boys." According to gender schema theory, Athena is likely to Answer 20 answers * avoid playing with cars and trucks. * be resentful when she sees other girls playing with cars and trucks. * ask her father to play cars and trucks with her. * seek out opportunities to play with boys who are playing with cars and trucks.

21
Which of the following demonstrates how children's gender schemas are likely to affect memory? Answer 21 answers * When shown a picture of a male firefighter, children may later remember him as a female. * When shown a picture of a male nurse, children may later remember him as a doctor. * When shown a picture of a female cooking, children may later remember her as a male. * When shown a picture of a female wearing a dress, children may later remember her as a male.

22
The authoritative child-rearing style is linked to Answer 22 answers * high self-esteem, moral maturity, and favorable school performance. * low self-reliance and high rates of anger and defiance. * poor emotional self-regulation and attachment insecurity. * low persistence, antisocial behavior, and poor school performance.

23
Emma's parents often tell her, "Do it because I told you so!" and resort to force and punishment when she resists. Emma's parents most likely have a(n) __________ style of childrearing. Answer 23 answers * permissive * authoritarian * uninvolved * authoritative

24
Which of the following is supported by research on child maltreatment? Answer 24 answers * Parents who maltreat their children often attribute their child's misdeeds to their own ineffective parenting style. * Every industrialized country except the United States and Canada prohibits corporal punishment in school. * Abused children tend to be temperamentally shy and passive. * Parents who harm their children suffer from some type of psychological disturbance.

25
Which of the following is supported by research on child abuse? Answer 25 answers * Mothers engage in emotional abuse more often than fathers. * Fathers engage in neglect more often than mothers. * Father engage in physical abuse more often than mothers. * Infants and young children are at the greatest risk for neglect.
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________________________________________________________________________________________
QUIZ 9

1
__________ is one of the few health conditions that increase with socio-economic status. Answer 1 answers * Otitis media * Asthma * Obesity * Myopia

2
Parents of obese children tend to Answer 2 answers * feed on demand during infancy. * reward their children's good behavior with food. * breast-feed their children into toddlerhood. * give their children several snacks a day.

3
The major reason that first graders write so large is that they Answer 3 answers * cannot visually distinguish fine details. * can only use their wrists and fingers. * fear that small writing is unimportant. * use the entire arm to make strokes.

4
Many experts argue that physical education programs in schools should put less emphasis on __________ and more emphasis on __________. Answer 4 answers * informal games; competitive sports * Western games; culturally diverse games * competitive sports; informal games and individual exercise * gymnastics and tumbling; diet and nutritional information

5
During a conservation-of-mass problem, Tom can mentally reverse the steps of the task in which the clay ball was smashed. This example demonstrates that Tom is capable of Answer 5 answers * reversibility. * seriation. * transductive reasoning. * decentration.

6
Nan sees that a chocolate cookie is bigger than a sugar one and then sees that the sugar cookie is bigger than an oatmeal one. Nan's mother then asks which is bigger, the chocolate cookie or the oatmeal cookie? If Nan is in the concrete operational stage, she will MOST likely say, Answer 6 answers * "the oatmeal cookie." * "the chocolate cookie." * "the sugar cookie." * "they are the same size."

7
Cross-cultural research on memory reveals that Answer 7 answers * Guatemalan Mayan children are better than American children at remembering the spatial arrangement of objects. * children who have no formal schooling do as well on list memory tasks as formally schooled children. * American children easily refrain from rehearsing object names when it is more effective to keep track of spatial relations. * children in non-Western cultures who have no formal schooling can benefit greatly from instruction in memory strategies.

8
Research on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) indicates that because of their difficulty concentrating, Answer 8 answers * children with ADHD can not stay focused for more than 30 seconds. * children with ADHD score lower than other children in IQ. * girls are diagnosed more frequently than ADHD than are boys. * ADHD often does not become evident until adolescence or early adulthood.

9
A common theme in characterizing the diverse symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is Answer 9 answers * excessive motor activity. * subnormal intelligence. * serious emotional disturbance. * an impairment in inhibition.

10
Research on children's theory of mind indicates that school-age children Answer 10 answers * do not yet realize that people can extend their knowledge by making inferences. * rarely engage in private speech while reading, writing, and doing math problems. * do not yet realize that second-order beliefs can be wrong. * understand that others can hold a belief that is false.

11
Which of the following contributes to the advantage of Asian over American children at mathematics? Answer 11 answers * Asian schools emphasize drill in computational skills more than American schools. * Compared to English number words, Asian-language number words are shorter and therefore can be more easily held in working memory. * In Asian classrooms, much less time is spent on underlying math concepts than in American classrooms. * Compared to American schools, multidigit problems are introduced later in Asian schools, when children are more cognitively sophisticated.

12
Sternberg's triarchic theory helps explain why Answer 12 answers * out-of-school practical forms of intelligence are vital for life success. * out-of-school practical forms of intelligence are vital for life success. traditional intelligence tests often overestimate the mental abilities of many children. * children with severe impairments in language and communication sometimes show remarkable numerical and spatial skills. * a lengthy process of education is required to transform inborn abilities into mature intelligence.

13
A major shortcoming of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is that Answer 13 answers * his theory is at odds with the existence of prodigies who show precocious development in only one area. * it virtually ignores the role of cultural and educational experiences in intellectual development. * his intelligences are only weakly correlated with a single overarching mental ability or "g." * neurological evidence for the independence of his intelligences is weak.

14
Arthur Jensen's 1969 article "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?" was controversial because he argued that Answer 14 answers * the contribution of the environment to individual, ethnic, and SES differences in IQ is substantial. * IQ is malleable, but certain ethnic and SES groups do little to try to boost IQ. * heredity is largely responsible for individual, ethnic, and SES differences in IQ. * there are no significant individual, ethnic, or SES differences in IQ.

15
Herrnstein and Murray's 1994 book, The Bell Curve, suggests that Answer 15 answers * ethnic variations account for almost all of the total variation in IQ scores. * ethnic and social class differences in IQ are unfounded. * heredity plays a sizable role in the black-white IQ gap. * IQ variations are largely determined by differences in environment.

16
Adoption research has shown that Answer 16 answers * adopted children show an increasing resemblance in IQ to their adoptive mothers as they grow older. * IQ correlations between the score of adoptive relatives are higher than those of biological relatives. * when children of low-IQ mothers are adopted at birth by parents high in income and education, they score above average in IQ * children of low-IQ biological mothers do as well as children with high-IQ biological mothers when placed in similar adoptive homes.

17
When children are told that tasks "are NOT a test of how good children are at school problems," Answer 17 answers * African-American, Hispanic and Caucasian children perform similarly in both conditions. * they tend to do worse than when they are told that the tasks "are a test," even if they are not yet aware of negative racial stereotypes. * Caucasian, but not African-American, children do worse than when they are told that the tasks "are a test." * African-American and Hispanic children tend to do better than when they are told that the tasks "are a test."

18
Accumulating evidence suggests that Answer 18 answers * achievement tests scores are a better measure of a child's true abilities than teacher assigned grades. * high-stakes testing upgrades the quality of the education. * some teachers are narrowing the scope of what they teach to strings of facts to be memorized for testing programs. * most achievement tests have been developed to tap most of the skills covered in the classroom.

19
When compared with children who grow up hearing only one language, bilingual children are Answer 19 answers * less skilled in the language of the community. * often confused and mix the two languages up. * slower in all forms of language development. * more advanced in a variety of cognitive skills.

20
The use of stimulant medication to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) should be limited because Answer 20 answers * drugs cannot teach children ways of compensating for distractibility. * these drugs have a number of serious side effects and therefore cannot be taken for long period of time. * prolonged use of these drugs results in extreme hyperactivity. * children rapidly build a tolerance to these drugs.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
QUIZ 10

1
According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is Answer 1 answers * identity versus confusion. * industry versus inferiority. * autonomy versus shame and doubt. * generativity versus stagnation.

2
In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is resolved positively when experiences lead children Answer 2 answers * to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks. * to choose and make decisions for themselves. * to develop a sense of ambition and responsibility. * to gain a sense of trust or confidence that the world is good.

3
By 6 to 7 years of age, children have formed at least these four self-esteems: Answer 3 answers * foreclosure, diffusion, moratorium, and achievement. * familial, parental, peer, and teacher. * academic competence, social competence, physical/athletic competence, and physical appearance. * inner self, categorical self, remembered self, and generalized other.

4
Self-esteem
Answer 4 answers * increases steadily throughout the school years and then falls during the last couple years of high school. * drops over the first few years of elementary school and then rises from fourth grade on. * raises dramatically as soon as children enter school and remains high throughout the elementary school years. * remains stable during early childhood and elementary school and then plunges during middle school.

5
Natasha's parents have an authoritative child-rearing style. Natasha is likely to Answer 5 answers * be very anxious and insecure. * be extremely popular with her peers. * act overly dependent on others. * feel especially good about herself.

6
__________ are common, everyday explanations for the causes of behavior. Answer 6 answers * Expansions * Affordances * Epiphyses * Attributions

7
Research on child-rearing practices indicates that children often suffer from low self-esteem when parents __________. Answer 7 answers practice an authoritative child-rearing style. emphasize a focus on the child's self. are overly tolerant and indulgent. too often help or make decisions for their youngster.

8
Cooper's parents are overindulgent. As a result, he is likely to have an unrealistically __________ self-esteem and display __________. Answer 8 answers * low; insecurity and hesitancy when making decisions. * high; meanness and aggression. * low; withdrawal and depression. * high; altruism and generosity.

9
Research on self-esteem shows that Answer 9 answers * compared with previous generations, American children display more antisocial behavior. * previous generations achieved less well than today's American children. * the self-esteem of American children has dropped sharply over the past few decades. * in recent decades, American cultural values have decreased in a focus on the self.

10
Mastery-oriented children are more likely to attribute their successes to __________ their failures to __________. Answer 10 answers * outside help; outside interference * easy tasks; lack of ability * good luck; bad luck * ability; lack of effort

11 11

1. 11 When Vince receives a high test grade he attributes it to luck, but when he gets a low test grade he attributes it to not being smart. Based on research, Vince has developed Answer 11 answers * an incremental view of ability. * learned helplessness. * an attribution-retaining view of ability. * mastery-oriented attributions.

12
Kiela's best friend is angry because Kiela played with someone else during recess. Kiela talks to her friend and explains that, although she likes playing together, sometimes she wants to do something different. She asks her friend to understand her feelings and not be upset. Kiela is using Answer 12 answers * emotional understanding. * emotion-centered coping. * problem-centered coping. * coregulation strategies.

13
Two school-age children are fighting on the playground. They are most likely to follow a "stop fighting" directive Answer 13 answers * regardless of who gives it, because they would view the directive as fair and caring. * given by another child or group of children. * if it were given by the principal. * if the directive came from a teacher.

14
Rejected-withdrawn children Answer 14 answers * often blame others for their social difficulties. * tend to misinterpret the innocent behavior of peers as hostile. * show hyperactive, impulsive behavior. * are at risk for abuse by bullies.

15
Which of the following statements about bullying is true? Answer 15 answers * Peers often try to help victims of bullying, but end up being bullied as well. * The majority of victims are also aggressive and often are the instigator in fights. * Moving socially prominent bullies to another classroom is not an effective approach to bullying. * Girl bullies usually engage in verbal hostility.

16
Research on peer victimization shows that Answer 16 answers * girls are as likely as boys to be bullies and victims. * bullies and victims are not at higher risk for adjustment difficulties. * developing a school code against bullying can reduce peer victimization. * victimization doesn't become evident until middle school.

17
Manuel feels that his parents and peers disapprove of his plans to become a nurse. His parents have tried to encourage him to consider other career options such as engineer, lawyer, or pilot. Manuel is distressed and stops exploring the career options in which he is interested. Which of the following accurately describes Manuel's gender identity self-evaluation? Answer 17 answers * felt pressure to conform to gender roles * gender discontent * gender typicality * gender contentedness

18
Which of the following is supported by research on sibling rivalry? Answer 18 answers Sibling rivalry is greater among brothers and sisters than among same-sex siblings. Sibling rivalry tends to be more frequent among siblings who are close in age. Sibling rivalry often increases when siblings strive to be different from one another. During the middle childhood years, sibling rivalry tends to decrease.

19
Research demonstrates that only children __________ compared to other children. Answer 19 answers * do better in school * have lower self-esteem * exhibit higher rates of antisocial behavior * display poorer social skills

20
According to research on blended families, to which of these family structures do children MOST easily adjust? Answer 20 answers * a boy in a mother/stepfather family * a girl in a father/stepmother family * a boy in a father/stepmother family * a girl in a mother/stepfather family * _________________________________________________________________________________

QUIZ 11
Derek lives in the United States. Dala lives in a small tribal society in Brazil. Which of the following statements is correct? Answer 1 answers * Derek will experience a much longer period of adolescence than Dala. * Derek's adolescence will start much earlier, but not last as long as Dala's. * Dala will experience a much longer period of adolescence than Derek. * The period of adolescence should last roughly the same amount of time for both young people.

2
Which of the following statements is true? Answer 2 answers * Culture impacts whether boys or girls reach puberty first. * Boys reach puberty an average of 2 years earlier than girls do. * Girls reach puberty an average of 2 years earlier than boys do. * Boys and girls reach puberty at approximately the same time.

3
A teenage boy's first ejaculation is known as Answer 3 answers * testogenesis. * spremuration. * menarche. * spermarche 4
Imagine that you are a high school principal who is cognizant of the sleep "phase delay" research. Assuming all of the options below are within your power, which are you most likely to implement to improve student performance? Answer 4 answers * Administer any state- and federally-required "high stakes" tests in the afternoon. * Increase the length of morning classes to coincide with the alertness cycles of teenagers. * Start school an hour earlier in the mornings. * Institute an afternoon siesta hour, modeled after Spanish tradition.

5
How does sleep rebound sustain the sleep problems of adolescents? Answer 5 answers * They sleep more on weekends, leading to difficulty falling asleep on subsequent evenings. * They purposely sleep less one night in an attempt to fall asleep earlier the next, but homework and other evening activities interfere, resulting in even more lost sleep. * Teenagers take over-the-counter sleep medications in an attempt to get a better night's sleep, but have to wake up less than the medication-recommended eight hours later, resulting in drug-induced sleep problems. * Teenagers who sleep later in the mornings end up staying awake later into the night, which develops into a more problematic sleep cycle.

6
Which of the following are most likely to have a positive body image in adolescence? Answer 6 answers * early maturing boys and late maturing girls * early maturing boys and girls * late maturing boys and early maturing girls * late maturing boys and girls 7
Lorna, an anorexic teenager, has lost so much weight that her bones show clearly, her hair is falling out, and she has stopped menstruating. When she looks in the mirror, Lorna is likely to think, Answer 7 answers * "I just need to lose 10 more pounds." * "Now my parents will be proud of me." * "If only I could put weight back on." * "I really like the way I look now."

8
Research has shown which of the following to be factors linked to the development of homosexuality? Answer 8 answers * early interactions with homosexual adults * a mother who smokes during pregnancy * a DNA segment on the X chromosome * a later birth order with higher-than-average number of sisters

9
Which of the statements below is true of teenage mothers? Answer 9 answers * They are rarely on welfare. * They have fewer complications during pregnancy due to age. * They have a 30 percent likelihood of dropping out of school. * They are less likely to divorce if they do marry.

10
__________ adolescents are able to come up with new, general logical rules through internal reflection. Answer 10 answers * Concrete propositional * Concrete operational * Formal propositional * Formal operational

11
In preparing for a competition, 12-year-old Robi tries to think of all possible factors that might affect the distance that his remote-controlled car can jump off a ramp. He lists them and then tests them in an orderly fashion. Robi is using Answer 11 answers * operational thought. * hypothetico-deductive reasoning. * cognitive intuition. * concrete propositional thought.

12
Although Suzanna desperately wants to learn how to dive, she refuses to practice at the pool because "everyone will be watching me and laugh because I'm the only one who can't do it." Her thinking reflects Answer 12 answers * idealism. * the personal fable. * cognitive self-regulation. * the imaginary audience.

13
Carl is sure that his romantic passion for his girl friend, his deep concern over the poor and homeless, and his poetic appreciation of nature are far beyond anything anyone has felt before. This thinking is characterized by Answer 13 answers * the personal fable. * the imaginary audience. * cognitive dissonance. * juvenile obsession.

14
Which two factors predict higher scores on complex math problems? Answer 14 answers * strong mental rotation and spatial perception abilities * prenatal hormones and environmental stimulation * spatial ability and self-confidence * playing video games and engaging in manipulative activities

15
Which parents will probably have teenagers with superior school performance? Answer 15 answers * the Bates, who have an inconsistent parenting style * the Kidmans, who have a permissive parenting style * the Berrys, who have an authoritative parenting style * the Roberts, who have an authoritarian parenting style

16
Typically, parents of students who drop out of high school Answer 16 answers * try to encourage achievement but don't know how. * successfully completed high school themselves. * show little involvement in their children's education. * have serious emotional and personality problems.

17
The good news about American high school dropouts is that about one-third of them Answer 17 answers * return on their own to finish their education within a few years. * compete successfully for rewarding, well-paying jobs. * advance rapidly in their careers, though they must start low. * are happily married and satisfied with their lives.

18
Todd is a star high school athlete, who has recently exhibited severe mood swings and aggressiveness. An initial health screening also indicates that Todd has acne and high blood pressure. Todd is exhibiting symptoms indicative of Answer 18 answers * anabolic steroid use. * typical adolescent stress. * a previously undetected traumatic brain injury, probably acquired during football. * lack of sleep.

19
Which of the following statements can be explained by the 1972 federal government ruling regarding opportunities for males and females in educational programs? Answer 19 answers * Boys are routinely more physically active than girls. * The number of girls participating in sports increased dramatically over the next decade. * The number of co-ed physical education programs decreased. * Twenty-two percent of girls who were physically active in ninth grade are no longer exercising by twelfth grade.

20
The timing of menarche in girls is affected by Answer 20 answers * society's attitudes toward sex. * the girl's feelings about sex. * the pubertal rise in body fat. * the girl's feelings of self-esteem.
_________________________________________________________________________________

QUIZ 12

1
Yaya is trying to construct her identity. Based on Erikson's theory, which of the following would be of little concern to her? Answer 1 answers * defining who she is * helping her friends define what their values are * defining what she values * defining what directions she chooses to pursue in life

2
Erikson called the psychological conflict of adolescence Answer 2 answers * self-esteem versus identity. * desires versus reality. * identity versus desires. * identity versus role confusion. 3
Which of the following factors is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence? Answer 3 answers * living in a neighborhood with many people of different ethnicities * authoritative parenting * conditional support from parents and peers * "acting phony" to avoid peer disapproval

4
Tony has thought hard and talked to many people before selecting a career in music. When asked if he'd change his mind if something better comes along, he said, "I doubt it." He is characterized by Answer 4 answers * identity diffusion. * identity foreclosure. * identity moratorium. * identity achievement.

5
Katarina accepts her family's political and religious beliefs without . She is characterized by Answer 5 answers * identity moratorium. * identity foreclosure. * identity achievement. * identity diffusion.

6
When asked about his career plans, Simon says, "Haven't thought about it. Doesn't make too much difference what I do." He is characterized by Answer 6 answers * identity diffusion. * identity moratorium. * identity achievement. * identity foreclosure.

7
Shannon has begun to her parents' religious beliefs and is visiting other churches to find out about alternatives. She is characterized by Answer 7 answers * identity moratorium. * identity achievement. * identity foreclosure. * identity diffusion.

8
In response to the Heinz dilemma, Juanita explains, "He shouldn't steal it, because if he does he could go to jail." She is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? Answer 8 answers * Stage 3 * Stage 4 * Stage 1 * Stage 2

9
In response to the Heinz dilemma, Tom states, "The druggist can do what he wants and Heinz can do what he wants to do." He is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? Answer 9 answers * Stage 2 * Stage 3 * Stage 4 * Stage 1

10
In response to the Heinz dilemma, Maria says, "The law was written to protect people, but in this case it's hurting his wife. So he should steal it, since by breaking the law he is really following its original meaning." She is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? Answer 10 answers * Stage 3 * Stage 6 * Stage 5 * Stage 4

11
In response to the Heinz dilemma, Jodie states, "If he doesn't do everything he can to save his wife, his family and friends will be ashamed of him, so I think he should steal it." She is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? Answer 11 answers * Stage 4 * Stage 5 * Stage 3 * Stage 6 12
Although Kohlberg proposes six stages of moral development, Answer 12 answers * most people never move beyond Stage 4. * there is no evidence to support his theory. * his research was only able to verify the first three stages. * current research suggests there are at least eight stages.

13
Why are an individual's years of schooling such a powerful predictor of movement to Kohlberg's Stage 4 of moral reasoning? Answer 13 answers * Most colleges and universities require at least three undergraduate level classes on moral reasoning. * Moral reasoning increases with age; the more years of schooling an individual has, the older they are. * Attending college introduces young people to social issues that broaden their perspective-taking opportunities. * Post-secondary education is strongly affiliated with household income, which in turn correlates to moral development.

14
Civic responsibility involves Answer 14 answers * moral development at Kohlberg's Stage 4 or higher. * a focus on personal gain and material wealth. * lack of attachment to the community and wanting to make a difference. * knowledge of political issues and the means to resolve differing views fairly.

15
Teenagers in the United States spend more time together outside the classroom than do teenagers in Japan and Taiwan, because Answer 15 answers * more teens in the United States come from large families. * of a shorter school year and less demanding academic standards. * there is greater flexibility in school hours in Japan and Taiwan. * the United States has fewer public gathering places for teens.

16
Why is teenage depression often overlooked? Answer 16 answers * Its symptoms are often misinterpreted as stereotypical teenage behavior. * Depressed teenagers often have depressed parents who are unable to recognize the symptoms in their children. * Most cases of depression occur in girls, who are very good at hiding their symptoms. * Its characteristics are similar to those of ADHD.

17
Depressed youths Answer 17 answers * usually display a learned-helpless attributional style. * show increased levels of emotional self-regulation. * typically feel that they can control outcomes in school performance and peer relations. * show little change in cognitive skills.

18
The suicide rate Answer 18 answers * has almost disappeared among teenagers due to intensive efforts by school counselors. * is highest during childhood. * is lowest during old age. * jumps sharply at adolescence.

19
Which group has the highest suicide rate among its teenagers? Answer 19 answers * Hispanics * Caucasians * Native Americans * African Americans

20
Which of the following cognitive characteristics of adolescents contributes most directly to the sharp rise in suicide from childhood to adolescence? Answer 20 answers * impulsiveness * emotional distance from parents * personal fable * school environments

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QUIZ 13 Chapter 14

1
According to Levinson's theory each era of adult development begins with a(n) __________, which concludes the previous era and prepares the person for the next one. Answer 1 answers * anticlimax * transition * enlightenment * culminating life structure

2
The major difference between Levinson's and Vaillant's theories of adult development is that Vaillant's theory Answer 2 answers * was based primarily on research with women. * denies a strict age-related schedule of change. * focuses more on the transitions than the eras. * is more relevant to development in other countries.

3
Both Levinson and Vaillant agree that adult development is primarily shaped by Answer 3 answers * the unconscious forces laid down in childhood. * psychological changes that happen with age. * the quality of sustained relationships with others. * the kind of education and training a person has.

4
When Sheila and Robert select their mates, research suggests that Sheila will place more weight on __________, while Robert will emphasize __________. Answer 4 answers * intelligence and financial status; physical attractiveness and domestic skills * physical attractiveness and moral character; intelligence and sense of humor * health and strength; career plans and physical attractiveness * physical attractiveness and athletic ability; moral character and manners

5
According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, Answer 5 answers * most adults have been involved in a polygamous relationship at some time in their lives. * intimacy, passion, and commitment shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop. * initial passion turns into intimacy, which then leads to commitment. * monogamy is unlikely with this generation's increased lifespan, so most individuals are likely to have more than one long-term partner.

6
Because Asa's past relationships have been characterized by jealousy and emotional distance, he feels a great deal of mistrust for his love partners. He feels anxiety about people "getting too close" and stresses the need for independence in his relationships. Based on this information, we can conclude that Asa has a(n) __________ attachment history. Answer 6 answers * trusting * resistant * secure * avoidant

7
Which is true of the differences in friendships between men and women? Answer 7 answers * Men are more likely to feel competition with male friends and to be reluctant to disclose any weaknesses. * Women prefer to "do something" when they get together. * Men have more intimate same-sex friendships than women do. * Women are reluctant to divulge information about themselves in the fear that their friends may not reciprocate.

8
Harper leaves home to attend college and lives on her own until she marries. As her own children grow up and leave home, her parenting responsibilities in turn diminish. She eventually retires and endures the death of her husband. The sequence of phases that Harper has experienced is referred to as the Answer 8 answers * family life cycle. * social clock. * cultural structure. * developmental stage.

9
A marriage in which the husband is the head of the household and has responsibility for financial matters while the wife devotes herself to providing a nurturing, comfortable home for her husband and children is called a(n) __________ marriage. Answer 9 answers * balanced * fixedegalitarian * traditional

10
Kyra and Aidan relate to each other as equals, and share the power and authority in their family. Aidan helps with cooking and cleaning and Kyra maintains their financial records. They have a(n) __________ marriage. Answer 10 answers * liberated * traditional * egalitarian * feminist

11
Which of these factors is most likely to lead to spouse abuse? Answer 11 answers * The victim is nagging, hostile, and demanding. * The abuser is dependent, jealous, and possessive. * The victim is clingy, dependent, and immature. * The abuser is indifferent and distant to the spouse.

12
Which of the following is a strong predictor of divorce? Answer 12 answers * strong religious beliefs * having more than 1 child within the first 3 years of marriage * drinking or using drugs * poverty

13
Trisha's mother is a lesbian. Trisha will most likely be Answer 13 answers * a lesbian as well. * psychologically maladjusted. * heterosexual and well adjusted. * more traditional in her gender roles.

14 Which person is likely to face the most discrimination in the workplace? Answer 14 answers * Neva, an African-American woman * Nathan, a white male * Nell, a white female * Ned, an African-American man

15
Silvia quit a high-paying, executive career to stay home and care for her two young children. Based on recent research on this trend, Answer 15 answers * Silvia is an anomaly, as most successful women have worked too hard to give up their achievements for family reasons. * Silvia's work environment was probably the most significant reason for leaving. * a lack of available, high-quality child-care is the major reason that women like Silvia leave the workforce. * Silvia probably experienced an undue amount of pressure from her husband to rethink her family duties.

16
In Levinson's theory of adult development, the underlying design of a person's life at a given time is called the Answer 16 answers * internal map. * ego integrity. * life structure. * transition.

17
According to Levinson, someone who characterizes their life as full of energy and abundance, contradiction, and stress is probably in the life structure for Answer 17 answers * middle adulthood. * late childhood. * late adulthood. * early adulthood. 18
Endia has what Levinson would characterize as "split dreams." This means that Endia Answer 18 answers * is probably identity diffused. * has several career paths or options available to her, and is unable to decide between them. * has images of herself in the adult world in which both marriage and career are prominent. * is unable to decide whether her marriage, motherhood, or career should be the focus of her life.

19
For which of these people is the age-30 transition most likely to be a psychological crisis? Answer 19 answers * Roberta, a successful office manager with a good marriage * Carlos, a divorced man who runs an expanding chain of stores * Grace, happily married with three children but no outside job * Miles, who has no romantic relationships and a boring job

20
Nasim stayed at home with her two children for ten years before resuming her career in her early thirties. She is likely to reach career maturity Answer 20 answers * at the same time that most men do. * just before she retires. * during her mid-30s. * during middle age.

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QUIZ 14 chap 15

1
Research has shown that dietary calorie restriction Answer 1 answers * increases blood glucose and insulin levels. * decreases bone density. * slows aging. * increases accumulation of body fat.

2
Naturally occurring dietary calorie restriction experiments with humans in __________ and __________ showed benefits like stronger immune-system responses. Answer 2 answers * Okinawa; the Biosphere * concentration camps; the space station * agricultural communes; contestants from the Survivor television show * large Romanian orphanages; Ethiopian drought survivors

3
Natural food substances, herbs, and a vigorous exercise regimen are all components of Answer 3 answers * a Type A lifestyle pattern. * a vegetarian lifestyle. * hardiness. * calorie-restriction mimetics.

4
Women who think of menopause in the con of medicine and health issues tend to focus more on Answer 4 answers * positive feelings and optimism. * negative symptoms and problems. * feelings of control and power. * improvements in their social status.

5
Cross-cultural research reveals that women are LESS likely to experience menopause as difficult, unpleasant, or uncomfortable if it Answer 5 answers * occurs earlier in their lives. * leads to improved social status. * is treated medically. * is associated with other health problems.

6
Dr. Hung teaches a course for older adults who are either entering college for the first time, or returning after a long hiatus. The purpose of the course is to help them acclimate to the demands of college coursework in the 21st century. If Dr. Hung's students are statistically average, then the majority of them are Answer 6 answers * older workers who were laid off due to age discrimination. * women. * men. * ethnic minorities.

7
Which person is likely to feel the most anxious about going to college? Answer 7 answers * Skipper, a 20-year-old college junior * Ginger, a 45-year-old returning female student * Thurston, a 55-year-old returning male student * Mary Ann, an 18-year-old college freshman

8
Why do mature-age women who return to school take longer to finish their degrees? Answer 8 answers * They are often unable to decide upon a degree, so end up taking additional courses as they switch majors. * Many attend college for personal fulfillment, so they are not under a "time clock" to finish the degree. * Multiple demands on their time interfere with course work. * Because of the discrimination they experience from male professors, they often drop courses and then take them again later with different, more supportive instructors.

9
The most important factor in the success of an adult college student is Answer 9 answers * taking a full course load. * studying at regular times. * receiving social support. * a high intelligence level.

10
A benefit to society at large of having many adult students in college courses is that it tends to Answer 10 answers * produce a calmer, more mature college atmosphere. * provide more work for college teachers and staff. * reduce negative stereotypes about older adults. * create an economic boom when they get better jobs.
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QUIZ 15 chap 16

1
In Erikson's theory of adult development, the major psychological conflict of midlife is called Answer 1 answers * autonomy versus shame and doubt. * controversy versus stability. * intimacy versus confusion. * generativity versus stagnation.

2
Which of the following is a product of generativity? Answer 2 answers * a close personal friendship with someone you work with * a strong, fulfilling marriage * a sense of dissatisfaction with the world as it currently is * volunteer work with Habitat for Humanity

3
At age 43, Darryl is a successful lawyer who gets a lot of satisfaction from guiding young lawyers starting out in the firm, coaching his daughter's basketball team, and being camp leader for his son's Boy Scout troop. According to Erikson, he has most clearly developed a sense of Answer 3 answers * generativity. * autonomy. * intimacy. * integrity.

4
According to Erikson, generativity is motivated by Answer 4 answers * the sense that one's days are numbered and the sense of quiet desperation that ensues. * a desire to be remembered by one's good works. * the need to protect one's children from danger, violence, and evil. * a "belief in the species" that promotes an optimistic world view, despite destructiveness and deprivation.

5
The negative outcome, or lack of a sense of generativity, of Erikson's midlife stage is __________ which focuses on self-indulgence. Answer 5 answers * generativity * stagnation * autonomy * insecurity

6
Elyse, who exhibits little generativity, recalls getting brand new school supplies one year, something that had never before happened in her home, and having them stolen by bullies in the older grades. According to McAdams' research, Elyse's recollection is an example of a Answer 6 answers * tale of tragedy. * theme of redemption. * theme of contamination. * commitment story.

7
Daquenette is high in generativity; Prescott is low in generativity. According to McAdams, Answer 7 answers * Daquenette's recollections of her life events are probably more accurate than Prescott's. * Daquenette and Prescott probably had similar numbers of positive and negative events in their lives, but they interpret the events differently. * Prescott probably has an extremely high number of "turning points" in his life. * Daquenette probably had many more positive events in her life than did Prescott.

8
According to McAdams, __________ that adults include in their life stories, the higher their life satisfaction, self-esteem, and certainty that the challenges of life are meaningful, manageable, and rewarding. Answer 8 answers * the fewer commitment stories * the more contaminated stories * the more redemptive events * the fewer redemptive events

9
In __________, children live with grandparents but apart from parents. Answer 9 answers * skipped-generation families * many states with strong grandparent visitation rights laws * many countries other than the United States * most cases of adult drug abuse

10
Mr. and Mrs. X are unemployed and caring for their two grandchildren. This is particularly stressful for them, as they live in poverty and Mr. X is a diabetic who uses a wheelchair and requires frequent medical attention. Mr. and Mrs. X's situation is more common among which ethnic group? Answer 10 answers * Caucasian-American * Asian-American * African-American * Native-American

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QUIZ 16 Chap 17

1
As Mrs. Cotner ages, she becomes excluded from important social roles and is gradually separated from the community. The outcome of this change will be that Answer 1 answers * Mrs. Cotner will experience reduced psychological well-being. * she spends more time caring for her grandchildren. * Mrs. Cotner's health improves as she is exposed to fewer contagious illnesses, such as the flu. * she becomes more active in leisure and volunteer activities.

2
Sarabi and her parents want to be sure that her grandmother continues to remain active and alert for as long as possible. They should Answer 2 answers * place her in a residential center where everyone around her is the same age. * support her as she remains active in the community. * talk her into resigning her current duties on the local school board and giving up her volunteer work so that she can rest. * have her move to a retirement community in Florida, even though it would be farther away from her family.

3
Mental abilities that decline at an earlier age typically depend on __________ intelligence, while those that continue to increase until later in life depend on __________ intelligence. Answer 3 answers * fluid; crystallized * crystallized; fluid * emotional; cognitive * cognitive; emotional

4
When older adults engage in selective optimization with compensation, they Answer 4 answers * attend to only certain parts of a conversation (selective optimization) and then try to fill in the missing pieces later (compensation). * tend to show gains in fluid intelligence. * select only activities that are personally valued to optimize their energy and they also develop ways to compensate for losses. * show losses in crystallized intelligence only.

5
Which sort of memory shows the smallest decline as people grow older? Answer 5 answers * prospective memory * recall memory * implicit memory * remote memory

6
When 70-year-old Mrs. Heinen realizes that she frequently recognizes faces, but cannot remember names or information about the person, she is exhibiting Answer 6 answers * a loss in implicit memory. * prospective memory deficits. * difficulty with remote memory. * associative memory deficit.

7
Mr. Hackebeil's grandchildren love to hear him talk about the things that he did growing up, and how different the typical lifestyle was back then. When he remembers events from his childhood, he is exhibiting __________ memory. Answer 7 answers * implicit * remote * prospective * recall

8
Why do older adults recall adolescent and early adulthood experiences more readily than their mid-adulthood lives? Answer 8 answers * Those events occurred during a period of rapid life change and were probably novel experiences that stood out more. * The memories of earlier life events have been recalled more, so the neural pathways to and from those memories are more easily traveled, thus leading to ease of recall. * Declines in fluid intelligence make information-retrieval of events in mid-life more difficult. * Deficits in recall memory make it harder for people to describe experiences.

9
Which of the following people is more likely to show greater cognitive declines, even after initial health and SES are controlled? Answer 9 answers * a cigarette smoker * a war veteran * a long-distance runner * an aging homemaker

10
Which of the following statements about continuing education for seniors is accurate? Answer 10 answers * Community senior centers experience little demand for course offerings for low-SES elders. * Higher-educated participants in Elderhostel courses report learning the most from their experiences. * Government-sponsored programs often partially cover Elderhostel costs for seniors. * Continuing education opportunities help elders overcome their own ingrained stereotypes of aging.
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QUIZ 17 Chap 18

1. In Erikson's theory of development, ego integrity versus despair involves Answer 1 answers * coming to terms with one's life. * preparing for death. * a final attempt to reconcile any unhappinesses in one's life. * heavy depression and disability for most adults.

2
Mr. Solimani reached the last years of his life feeling whole, complete, and satisfied with his achievements. While he made some decisions in his life that didn't turn out as expected, he acknowledges that the path he eventually followed was necessary for fashioning his life course. Mr. Solimani has achieved Answer 2 answers * tolerance. * a sense of disengagement. * a sense of integrity. * finality.

3
Nate, Tess, Leo, and Ian are all in their 80s. Nate arrives at this stage of life feeling whole, complete, and satisfied with his achievements. Tess regrets several major decisions in her life, but generally feels that her life turned out positively. Leo remains bitter and angry over some lost movie deals that he feels would have made his retirement worry-free, and expresses a great deal of anger and contempt for those in the movie business. Ian does not generally remember what happens from one week to the next, and depends heavily on his friendships with Nate, Tess, and Leo. According to Erikson's theory, who displays symptoms of despair? Answer 3 answers * Tess * Leo * Nate * Ian

4
Nate, Tess, Leo, and Ian are all in their eighties. Nate arrives at this stage of life feeling whole, complete, and satisfied with his achievements. Tess regrets several major decisions in her life. Leo remains bitter and angry over some lost movie deals that he feels would have made his retirement worry-free, and expresses a great deal of anger and contempt for those in the movie business. Ian does not generally remember what happens from one week to the next, and depends heavily on his friendships with Nate, Tess, and Leo. According to Erikson's theory, who has arrived at a sense of ego integrity? Answer 4 answers * Ian * Leo * Nate * Tess

5
70-year-old Jim expresses a great deal of anger and contempt for other people. According to Erikson, his behavior disguises a sense of Answer 5 answers * doubt. * self-contempt. * mistrust. * shame.

6
A group of children were sent out of Sudan by their families in an attempt to save them from the violence occurring there. Based on the experiences of the children who were World War II evacuees and refugees, we can expect that the adolescents in the group will fare best in which setting? Answer 6 answers * orphanages * independent living situations * boarding schools * foster homes

7
Findings from the study of World War II refugees would suggest that Answer 7 answers * the pain of childhood loss and trauma can intensify in later life. * children displaced from war will usually return to live in their home country when they become adults. * most refugees and evacuees were maladjusted. * most victims can make a complete recovery, when placed in a caring, supportive environment.

8
__________ is a self-destructive act that is common among elders who commit suicide. Answer 8 answers * Taking large doses of prescription medications * Turning on the gas in a house with closed windows * Asking other people to cause your own death * Refusing food or necessary medical treatments

9
The two types of events that prompt suicide in late life are Answer 9 answers * loss of independence and recent widowhood. * losses (such as retirement and widowhood) and chronic and terminal illness. * institutionalization (only if they are terminally ill) and widowhood. * institutionalization (particularly if they are still fairly independent) and terminal illness.

10
Elder suicide has declined during the past 50 years due in part to Answer 10 answers * improved medical care and social services. * more negative cultural attitudes towards suicide. * increased prevention efforts sponsored by the AARP. * increased cohabitation among older adults.

11
The increase in marital satisfaction in late adulthood is due in part to Answer 11 answers * engagement in more individual leisure activities. * greater financial security. * the transition from the role of the provider to recipient of caretaking. * increased perceptions of fairness as men contribute more to household tasks.

12
Which reason explains why elders have more difficulty dealing with divorce than younger adults? Answer 12 answers * The stigma of divorce is much harder to bear for those raised in earlier generations. * Financial consequences are severe due to the loss of assets in property settlements. * Relationships with others stay the same at a time when redefining identity is crucial. * It is harder to separate one's identity from that of the former spouse due to a relationship that has lasted their entire adult life.

13
Men have a more difficult time adjusting to widowhood than women do because Answer 13 answers * men tend to rely on their wives for social connectedness, household tasks, and coping with stress. * men have large numbers of emotionally satisfying ties outside of marriage. * they have financial worries due to the loss of the wife's job or estate. * they are resentful about performing essential household tasks that were handled by their deceased wives.

14
One possible reason that elderly women feel less need to remarry is that Answer 14 answers * they are often well-off financially due to estate and inheritances, and worry about ulterior motives of potential suitors. * they relish the time alone after a lifetime of carrying the emotional weight of the marriage. * their kinkeeper role and ability to form close friendships allows them to maintain satisfying relationships. * there are more widowed men than widowed women.

15
Which pair will probably have the closest parent-child tie as the parent reaches old age? Answer 15 answers * a father and son * a daughter and father who did not have custody of her as a child * a mother and daughter * a son and father who did not have much contact during the son's childhood

16
The incidence of elder abuse is __________ because __________. Answer 16 answers * underestimated; most acts take place in private and victims are often unable or unwilling to complain * overestimated; elders make up stories of abuse to gain attention and sympathy * overestimated; normal accidents and injuries that result from physical aging are mistaken for signs of abuse * underestimated; most social workers do not believe elders' claims of abuse or neglect

17
Richard often fails to bring food to his elderly mother, forgets to take her to necessary medical appointments, and leaves her for days at a time with no outside contact. Richard is engaged in which type of elder abuse? Answer 17 answers * physical neglect * physical abuse * financial abuse * psychological abuse

18
Mrs. Girgenti is experiencing psychological abuse. The abuser is most likely Answer 18 answers * a neighbor. * a family member. * one of her former co-workers. * a store clerk.

19
Satonaka has seen a large increase in "granny dumping" at her job. Satonaka probably works Answer 19 answers * at the police department. * at a homeless shelter. * in a nursing home. * in a hospital.

20
Effective prevention programs for elder abuse contain Answer 20 answers * legal action against potential abusers. * respite services such as elder day care and in-home help. * counseling on independent living skills for elders. * self-efficacy training for elders.
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QUIZ 18 chap 19

1
Because of life-saving medical technology, Answer 1 answers * 75 percent of the population will experience a quick death. * three-fourths of all deaths are long and drawn out. * most people experience death with little pain. * most deaths are now caused by illnesses, such as cancer, rather than by accidents or physical injuries.

2
What happens when cancer metastasizes? Answer 2 answers * It disappears. * Bits of tumor travel through the bloodstream and implant and grow in other vital organs. * Cancer completely overtakes one particular organ and destroys it. * A tumor multiplies, but it is benign.

3
Mrs. Beckett's body has succumbed to cancer. In the moments when her body can no longer sustain life, she gasps and experiences muscle spasms. She is experiencing Answer 3 answers * clinical death. * mortality. * the agonal phase of death. * terminal death.

4
Brianna was found unconscious in a swimming pool. Her heartbeat and breathing had stopped, and her dilated pupils indicated lack of oxygen to the brain. Yet paramedics were able to revive her. Brianna was in the __________ phase of dying. Answer 4 answers * agonal * clinical death * mortality * miracle

5
When Mr. Beisswenger has a heart attack, his wife calls the paramedics. She is overwhelmed with grief when they arrive and tell her that they are unable to revive him. Mr. Beisswenger is in the __________ phase of death. Answer 5 answers * mortality * clinical death * agonal * terminal death

6
__________ is defined as irreversible cessation of all activity in the brain and the brain stem. Answer 6 answers * Brain death * Clinical death * Persistive vegetative state * Mortality

7
Mrs. Koppekin's doctor has determined that her brain stem continues to function but there is no electrical activity at all in her cortex. Mrs. Koppekin is Answer 7 answers * brain dead. * in a persistent vegetative state. * in a coma. * experiencing imminent mortality.

8
Which of the following contributes to a sense of uneasiness about death for many people in North America? Answer 8 answers * the images of death seen in television shows, movies, and news reports * a lack of spiritual fulfillment and s about the afterlife * the distance that most people have from death * early experiences with death before a child was emotionally prepared to deal with it

9
Young Priscilla does not understand basic notions of biology, such as plants and animals containing parts essential for maintaining life. She also cannot break down the global category of "not alive" into dead, inanimate, unreal, and nonexistent. Therefore, when faced with the death of her grandfather, she is likely to Answer 9 answers * acknowledge that his body broke down: "His heart got hurt so it couldn't pump any more." * interpret it as a change in his behavior: "He's sleeping for a long time." * attribute his death to his age: "His body was old and just stopped working." * attribute death to a choice people make: "Why did Grandpa want to die?"

10
Mr. Honeywell really has no fear of death. He feels that a part of him will continue to live on through his children and through the engineering company that he built. Mr. Honeywell's beliefs reflect Answer 10 answers * evidence that a person has accepted the inevitability of death. * a form of denial of the inevitability of death. * symbolic immortality. * a personal fable.

11
Mrs. Polidoro has just learned that she has a terminal illness, but she refuses to acknowledge its seriousness. According to K bler-Ross's theory of dying, Mrs. Polidoro is in the __________ stage. Answer 11 answers * denial * depression * anger * bargaining

12
Mr. Nkoyongo, who is dying, yells at his wife and daughter, telling them they can't possibly understand his feelings because they get to keep on living. He also refuses phone calls from his friends. According to K bler-Ross, Mr. Nkoyongo is in the __________ stage. Answer 12 answers * denial * depression * anger * bargaining

13
Shayna, a fine singer who learned she had a terminal illness, prayed to God, "Just let me get through this, Lord, and I'll never sing anything again but gospel music." According to K bler-Ross, she is in which stage of the dying process? Answer 13 answers * denial * anger * bargaining * depression

14
One of the problems with medical treatment for the dying that emphasizes aggressive treatment rather than comfort care is that it promotes which of the stages of dying in K bler-Ross's theory? Answer 14 answers * morbidity * denial * bargaining * depression

15
Mr. Degerberger has terminal cancer. During the last week he has disengaged from his family and withdrawn into himself. According to K bler-Ross's, he has reached which stage of dying? Answer 15 answers * bargaining * acceptance * denial * anger

16
Rather than stages, K bler-Ross's observations on reactions to death are better viewed as Answer 16 answers * steps through which the dying progress. * coping strategies that anyone may call on in the face of threat. * reactions of the living as they watch their loved one dying. * an untested hypothesis with little validity in actual situations.

17
What can be considered ironic about the places where most people die? Answer 17 answers * Most people envision themselves dying away from home, when in reality 90 percent die in their own beds. * About 80 percent of deaths occur in hospitals, a place that focuses on saving lives. * Most people die at home, a place with very few medical supplies available to make the transition easier. * Although most people say they want to die surrounded by loved ones, this situation is actually very stressful for the family members involved.

18
Most Americans and Canadians would prefer to die in Answer 18 answers * their own home. * a child's home. * a hospital. * a hospice center.

19
Modern medical care has affected the choice of dying at home primarily by Answer 19 answers * making medical equipment more light weight and easier to move around, especially for spouses of elderly patients. * training medical doctors to provide care at home. * extending life so that dying people are older, sicker, and have more difficulty living at home until the end. * shortening how long a person typically takes to die.

20
Today, the term hospice refers to Answer 20 answers * medical care that is focused on prolonging a dying person's life. * a location providing specialized medical care to dying people. * alternative care for dying people that uses minimal medication. * a program of support services for dying people and their families.

21
Mrs. Dunn-Eagle, who is near death, has just taken part in an hour-long music vigil. Which of the following outcomes can we anticipate? Answer 21 answers * a greater will to live * greater alertness * increased wakefulness * slower, deeper, less agitated breathing

22
__________ is the practice of ending the life of a person suffering from an incurable condition. Answer 22 answers * Final-death experience * Withdrawing life support * Altruistic death fulfillment * Euthanasia

23
Alexa drew up a written document in which she specified the treatments she does and does not want in cases when she are near to death. Alexa's document is a(n) Answer 23 answers * health care plan. * euthanasia directive. * durable power of attorney for health care. * living will.

24
The Aborigines criticized the passage of euthanasia legislation in Australia's Northern Territory Answer 24 answers * but later became advocates of the practice once their elders started using it. * because it would discourage their elders from seeking medical care. * because their representatives were given a voice in the final vote. * even though euthanasia had been a respected practice in their culture for generations.

25
According to the __________, effective coping requires people to oscillate between dealing with the emotional consequences of death and attending to life changes, which when handled successfully have restorative, or healing, effects. Answer 25 answers * emotional-applied theory of loss recovery * Lund Stages of Grief * anticipatory grieving phase * dual-process model of coping with loss