...The uncontrolled distribution of LSD to children at the Harvard Medical Center through Professors Alpert and Leary are all broad examples of how the neglect and mistreatment of the human population has deliberately killed us off and caused the arousal of unknown diseases and pathogens that seep into our body all due to a shot administered by our fellow doctors (Kansra, N. and Shih, W.C., 2012) ( Referred from http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/5/21/harvard-lsd-project-leary/ ). Human experimentation's dark history began when the line between treatment and experimentation was blurred. In the early 1960s, the public began to notice the ethical neglect for test subjects by their experimenters. Those charged with administering research funding, took not of the public furor generated by the exposure of gross abuses in medical research; doctors and scientist alike began to use the data and notes gather from the Nazi experiments before and after World War II, in order to conduct these unethical experiments. People who unknowingly and willingly volunteered to participate in these experiments, were placed into unkempt conditions and unsanitary environments. The promotional and uncontrolled distribution of thalidomide throughout America, labeled as an experimental drug; the administration of cancer cells to senile and debilitated patients at the Brooklyn Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital (Katz, 1972). As a result, the public was very sensitive to these experiments since...
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...experiments. The field of medicine is doing the same thing. Human experimentation has been done not only in the past, but also in the present. Examples are those human experimentation done by the Nazis to the Jewish people during the Holocaust, the Tuskegee syphilis study done by the Americans before World War 2, and the Willowbrook hepatitis study done by the doctors to the mentally disabled children. These experiments are done supposedly to find answers on how the human body responds to certain conditions or illnesses. Although the researchers claimed that it was for the sake of science, people rejected them because it was unethical, sadistic, and worst – monstrous. Human experimentation since then has take on different forms nowadays. The question remains, are we for or against it?...
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...1) Could this type of research be conducted today? Why or why not? This type of research could be conducted today, but not the same way that they handled he Tuskegee Syphilis. I read in the chapter, that Human experimentation is considered necessary for medical progress. Both animal testing and human testing have been used successfully to further medical knowledge and conquer disease. Medical research almost always carries with it some degree in risk. Human beings cannot be used for testing purposes unless they consent to participate. Obtaining informed consent is particularly important in nontherapeutic research, or research that will not directly benefit the research subjects. Justification for all medical research is that the benefits must outweigh the risk. Medical researchers must abide by the standers for testing that have been established by their medical associations, such as the AMA and the ANA. The HHS implements government standards for research. The government requires that all institutions that receive federal research funds, such as hospitals and universities, to establish an IRB that oversees any human research in that facility. 2.) What should the public have done, since they knew about the study? In my opinion the public should have asked questions about the intent of the study, asked if the patients would benefit from the research and if they had given their consent for the research. Also when they didn’t inform the men in the control group that developed...
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...Omri Flaisher 2-10-2012 Political Undertones in The Human Centipede In general, film and media (more specifically, independent film and media) tend to revolve around a central theme of political and social undertones, which in turn create consumer value and worth. However, many times these undertones are not consciously processed and retained. This may be due to the fact that many do not approach such activities with eyes open to such undertones, or perhaps it is merely due to the depth of the given undertones themselves. Regardless, a lack of awareness does not correlate to a lack of existence. Whether it’s the institution of imperialism in Avatar, or the relation of the later Star Wars films to the U.S. wars in the Middle East, political and social slant remains a driving factor for producers, as it allows those very producers to preach their personal views through their work. While it may be easy to write many movies off as purely visual stimulation, many times it takes a keen eye to delve further into the reason the movie was made in the first place. This supposition can be pulled into play in the case of The Human Centipede, a graphic independent horror film written by Dutch filmmaker Tom Six. Despite the general presumption that the movie was produced for shock value and shock value alone, a deeper look into setting, themes, and casting reveals a film that holds much greater social value than recognized by most. The movie begins chronicling the ventures of two...
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...19 March 2012 Life during the Holocaust: Life in the ghettos, Dr. Mengele’s medical care, and food in the camps Genocide during WWII was unbelievably cruel and awful. The Holocaust was sure to be remembered from this time period and have permanently engraved horrible memories into those who survived. During the Holocaust many victims suffered while living in the ghettos, soon to reach the camps they also suffered there as well. The encounters with Dr. Mengele were unbearable too. Elie Wiesel’s memoir Night is very important especially the fact that it accurately describes what really happened during the Holocaust. One of these many reasons is that Wiesel was an actual survivor of the Holocaust. His descriptions of his experiences in the ghettos, encounters with Dr. Mengele and his trouble with small amounts of food in the camp greatly make us only able to imagine what he went through. Elie Wiesel in his memoir Night, along with other victims of the Holocaust was faced with many obstacles while living in the ghettos, encounters with Dr. Mengele and forced labor. Living in the ghettos was the first step in being dehumanized. Elie Wiesel describes these experiences in his memoir Night. One example of these experiences that were described by Elie was that decrees were to be made in the Jewish ghettos. “We were no longer allowed to go into restaurants or cafes, attend the synagogue and must be in at sic o’ clock.”(Wiesel 9). These are for the Jews in the ghettos prior to full...
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...ey pts sc iK wer Ans Tran Answer Key Nature and the Environment Unit 1 A Picnic by the River A. New Words 1. litter 2. lunch 4. empty 5. throw B. Understanding the Context 1. (b) 2. (c) C. Focus on Details 1. picnic 2. hungry 3. empty 4. litter D. Summary 1. (3) 4. (4) 3. hungry 6. picnic Unit 4 Bird Watching A. New Words 1. boring 2. beautiful 4. park 5. feathers B. Understanding the Context 1. (d) 2. (a) C. Focus on Details 1. area 2. tomorrow 3. boring 4. feathers D. True or False 1. T 2. T 4. F 5. T 3. area 6. tomorrow 3. F 2. (2) 5. (1) 3. (5) Unit 5 Trees in the Forest A. New Words 1. forest 2. hundred 4. damage 5. visitor 3. recycle 6. government B. Understanding the Context 1. (b) 2. (c) C. Focus on Details 1. forests 2. hundred 3. Several 4. Visitors D. Summary 1. (2) 4. (5) 3. T 3. several 6. fee Unit 2 Let’s Recycle! A. New Words 1. environment 2. extra 4. money 5. return B. Understanding the Context 1. (a) 2. (d) C. Focus on Details 1. recycle 2. money 3. government 4. environment D. True or False 1. T 2. F 4. F 5. T 2. (3) 5. (4) 3. (1) Unit 3 Growing Roses A. New Words 1. bush 2. produce 4. Fertilizer 5. liquid B. Understanding the Context 1. (d) 2. (c) C. Focus on Details 1. problem 2. fertilizer 3. liquid 4. recover D. Summary 1. (2) 4. (5) 3. recover 6. problem Science and Technology Unit 6 An Easy Way to Shop A. New Words 1. website 2. online 4. button 5. item B. Understanding the Context 1. (c) 2. (a) C. Focus on Details...
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...The history of research ethics begins with the tragic history of research abuse by Nazi doctors during World War II. A total of sixteen German physicians practiced unethical medical experiments on Jews, gypsies, and political prisoners. These experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners were done without their consent. Unethical medical experimentation carried out during the Third Reich may be divided into three categories. The first category consists of experiments aimed at facilitating the survival of Axis military personnel. In Dachau, physicians from the German air force and from the German Experimental Institution for Aviation conducted high-altitude experiments, using a low-pressure chamber, to determine the maximum altitude from which crews of damaged aircraft could parachute to safety. Scientists there carried out so-called freezing experiments using prisoners to find an effective treatment for hypothermia. They also used prisoners to test various methods of making seawater drinkable. The second category of experimentation aimed at developing and testing pharmaceuticals and treatment methods for injuries and illnesses which German military and occupation personnel encountered in the field. At the German concentration camps of Sachsenhausen, Dachau, Natzweiler, Buchenwald, and Neuengamme, scientists tested immunization compounds and sera for the prevention and treatment of contagious diseases, including malaria, typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, yellow...
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...Ethical Scrapbook Part 1 Johnathan Hendricks CJS/211 October 19th, 2015 Leesa A. McNeil Ethical Scrapbook Part 1 Good Samaritan Acts- Oprah Winfrey The bulk of Winfrey’s giving has gone to educational causes, including charter schools, programs that support African-American students, and the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy in South Africa. According to Forbes, Winfrey had given away approximately $400 million to educational causes by 2012, including nearly 400 scholarships to Morehouse College, and more than $40 million in operating support for the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy in South Africa. She’s also given at least $10 million to A Better Chance. Its mission is to improve access to quality education for students of color, and has given $1 million or more to at least nine different charter school organizations in a number of different areas throughout the country (insidephilanthropy.com, 2015). Princess Diana Diana’s interests were reflected in the organizations of which she was Patron or President. These included the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children in London and the Royal Marsden Hospital, which specializes in the treatment of cancer. Her patronages also included Centrepoint, an organization working with the homeless, The National Aids Trust and The Leprosy Mission. The Princess's love of the arts was underlined by her involvement as Patron of the English National Ballet. During her lifetime she was at some time patron...
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...Can you imagine having no rights to your own body? How about being cut open with no sedatives or freezing to death in a tank of ice water? Most of the Holocaust victims who were test subjects in the Nazi medical experiments endured those things. According to Baruch C. Cohen’s “The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments,” during the Nuremberg trials after World War II, twenty doctors were convicted and charged with “War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity...revealed evidence of sadistic human experiments conducted at the Dachau, Auschwitz, Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen concentration camps” (15). The Nuremberg trials brought fourth the attention to the ethics of the doctors while conducting these experiments. Ethics was a big issue, because there was and is clearly a fine line between research and the well being of a person. Evidently the Nazi doctors did not find what they were doing to be unethical, however the courts obviously disagreed. During the trials many of the Nazi doctors referred to there experiments as purely “research.” This had many scientists and other doctors question whether or not the “research” could still be used after the fact. After World War II, the use of the data and research found from the Nazi’s medical experiments is ethical, even though the process to obtain the data and research was unethical. This idea led to a lot of controversy on whether or not the data was unethical or ethical due to the Nazis breaking the ethics code of medicine. ...
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...Ethics in Medicine Galen College of Nursing Ethics in Medicine Eugenics 1. The purpose of Eugenics was to eradicate inferior people that were deemed to be “un-fit” in society all in the attempt to develop a perfect world full of perfect people. 2. Eugenics was most popular during the years between 1930s and 1940s. 3. (A) Eugenicide was practiced using gas chambers, sterilization, forced segregations, and by restricting marriages. (B) Groups targeted included Jews, Blacks, women, poor people basically anyone that was inferior and serve no purpose in their eyes. (C) No. 4. No. 5. It was practiced in Germany by Hitler. People were taken from old age homes, mental institutions were they were sterilized, euthanatized, and eliminated. 6. Yes eugenics it continues to be practiced in subtle ways. I believe it is more so targeted towards African Americans. However, potential ways are seen in abortions and birth control, also it is seen in the foods we eat like pesticides, steroids, and preservatives. Willowbrook State School 1. It was overpopulated and the conditions were inhumane, deplorable, and unsanitary. 2. Hepatitis study where children were exposed to the hepatitis virus by injection or by consuming hepatitis infected fecal matter. 3. Being that Robert Kennedy was a public figure and respected man of the community, he drew attention to the inhumane conditions at Willowbrook which lead to the development of a 5 year plan to correct the issues afflicting the facility...
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...to the other half, belittling the children for every speech imperfection and telling them they were stutterers. Many of the normal speaking orphan children who received negative therapy in the experiment suffered negative psychological effects and some retained speech problems during the course of their life. Dubbed “The Monster Study” by some of Johnson’s peers who were horrified that he would experiment on orphan children to prove a theory, the experiment was kept hidden for fear Johnson’s reputation would be tarnished in the wake of human experiments conducted by the Nazis during World War II. The University of Iowa publicly apologized for the Monster Study in 2001. In this case, special obligations in human subject research and openness is being violated since humans are being used in the experiment and its even kept a secret to the public which is inhuman since some experienced psychological problems. 2. While animal experimentation can be incredibly helpful in understanding man, and developing lifesaving drugs, there have been experiments which go well beyond the realms of ethics. The monkey drug trials of 1969 were one such case. In this experiment, a large group of monkeys and rats were trained to inject themselves with an assortment of drugs, including morphine, alcohol, codeine, cocaine, and amphetamines. Once the animals were capable of self-injecting, they were...
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...When looking for information concerning the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, there is a small assortment of books to choose from. I chose The Tuskegee Syphilis Study by Fred Gray because he was the lawyer in the lawsuits against the government, and I thought that he would be able to provide the most in-depth analysis of the event because he was actually involved in it. It was also written fairly recently, so that enables the book to analyze the long term effects that it has had on African-Americans, the South, and history in general. Gray’s book provides a very informative study, but if you’re looking for more information, check out James Jones’ Bad Blood. Gray takes a lot of information from this book which was written about 20 years before his. When searching the web for information on the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, the results were quite slim. Most of the results involved syllabi for college classes or websites much like our own that were prepared for a class. The website that I reviewed is from the Tuskegee University National Center for Bioethics, which was actually created from President Clinton’s apology and ideas for improvement of racial relations and medical testing. The webpage’s main purpose is to educate the public about the atrocities that were performed on African-Americans in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, and to help prevent an event like this from ever happening again The Tuskegee Syphilis Study by Fred D. Gray examines a medical study that occurred in Tuskegee...
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...Tuskegee Study Ezequiel W. Ferreras EN1320 - Composition 1 ITT Technical Institute ABSTRACT This paper is to prove how the Tuskegee study was morally and ethically wrong. Many of the men involved in the study died due to the experiments. This study has made it important for all patients to understand their options for treatment and outcomes and know that they have a choice. Any one can deny treatment if they wish to do so. Many doctors devote their lives to their patients and have learned from this major medical error. Tuskegee Study Some people may believe they don’t need to try as hard if they already achieved their goal, but if a physician does not do their best a patient can die and if no one did their best then there would be no doctors, lawyers or even teachers. However, when you apply the unethical concepts in this study it violates the professional code of ethics and the moral reasoning of the study. Albeit it is for a test to make history the obligations of a nurse are very important and must be followed. In Miss Evers’ Boys, physicians investigate in a medical study that takes place in Tuskegee Alabama, which dealt with watching African-American subjects discover the effects of untreated syphilis. The major objective of the study was to search for African-American males in the second stage of syphilis, and then from time to time perform exams on these men to find out the effects that syphilis had on their bodies. (Grey 1998) Raymond A. Vonderlehr...
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...Final Assessment HCMG730 HCMG 730 Ethical and Legal Perspectives in Health Care February 17, 2014 Final Assessment 1 Introduction The United States has been known for its role in different research. The era of the 1960’s proved to bring some interesting practices in society. It was a time that curiosity found its way into science, psychotherapy, and experimental social pleasure. The 1960’s the United States saw the government; specifically the CIA conduct experiments on the hallucinogenic drug, LSD. They used a host of individuals from the military to the mentally ill. In an effort to justify the experiments they relied on earlier research and the potential for military warfare. Researchers did not inform participates of the fact that they were taking LSD. To add to the lack of honesty and integrity they were not aware it would expose their gametes to possible damage. Researchers also used information of participates data forms to track individuals thought to be dissident during a period of wars. After all the experiments and chances taken by research subjects; they compromised lives and future generation and made LSD illegal in the latter 1960’s. Final Assessment 2 1. To what extent did the government have...
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...The historical cases of Humphrey’s “Tea Room” study (Sieber, 1977), Milgram’s “Obedience” study (Blass, 2007), Zimbardo’s “Prison Study” (Zimbardo, 2015) and Tuskegee study (Tuskegee University, 2015) showed the unethical research on human subjects. The studies were never reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB, 2014) because it was not around at that time. Today, the consideration of ethics needs to be a critical part of the substructure of the research process. In my study an informed consent would be covered with the range of procedures that must be implemented throughout the research. I have been tossed on two studies; I am doing this assignment with one of them. The ages involved in the study of the effects on health with social media, are ages 10 to 18, therefor, need parental or legal guardian consent. I don’t expect to anticipate any harm done to the participants since the participants will go about their normal routine day and would be studied by monitoring how often they use any form of social media and the effects of any metal or physical health concerns related to it. All the information you provide will be strictly confidential, and the participants name will not appear on the questionnaire. Instead, their questionnaire will contain an identification number only known to the researchers involved in the study. To satisfy the requirements of the IRB, I would have to assure that the following requirements’ are met: 1. Risk to subjects are minimized 2....
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