Ethics in Medicine
Galen College of Nursing

Ethics in Medicine
Eugenics
1. The purpose of Eugenics was to eradicate inferior people that were deemed to be “un-fit” in society all in the attempt to develop a perfect world full of perfect people.
2. Eugenics was most popular during the years between 1930s and 1940s.
3. (A) Eugenicide was practiced using gas chambers, sterilization, forced segregations, and by restricting marriages. (B) Groups targeted included Jews, Blacks, women, poor people basically anyone that was inferior and serve no purpose in their eyes. (C) No.
4. No.
5. It was practiced in Germany by Hitler. People were taken from old age homes, mental institutions were they were sterilized, euthanatized, and eliminated.
6. Yes eugenics it continues to be practiced in subtle ways. I believe it is more so targeted towards African Americans. However, potential ways are seen in abortions and birth control, also it is seen in the foods we eat like pesticides, steroids, and preservatives.

Willowbrook State School
1. It was overpopulated and the conditions were inhumane, deplorable, and unsanitary.
2. Hepatitis study where children were exposed to the hepatitis virus by injection or by consuming hepatitis infected fecal matter.
3. Being that Robert Kennedy was a public figure and respected man of the community, he drew attention to the inhumane conditions at Willowbrook which lead to the development of a 5 year plan to correct the issues afflicting the facility.
4. It took Senator Robert Kennedy to effect a difference because people tend to obey and respect choices of authority figures. Yes, it relates because people seem to obey and/or follow orders given to them by a person of power.

The Karen Quinlan
1. Karen Quinlan was a healthy 21-year old that lapsed into a coma after drinking and taking valium. She never regained consciousness and remained in a vegetative state. The situation in this case involves parents fighting for the right of their daughter to be taken off mechanical support and to die with dignity.
2. This case begins in 1975 and ended in 1976, with the father Joseph, being appointed guardianship by the Supreme Court. Karen was weaned from the ventilator and lived 9 more years until her demise in 1985 from pneumonia.
3. Ultimately, the decision making authority belongs to the court if an incapacitated person does not have a Will or Durable Power of Attorney.

Wendell Johnson: The Stuttering Doctor’s Monster Study
1. No, it was unethical.
2. Yes, children that had not stuttered prior to the experiment became stutters, children that originally stuttered, the stuttering worsened.
3. 22 orphaned boys and girls.
4. No, it is not ethical to exploit people for the greater good of many people.
Nuremburg Code
1. August 19, 1947.
2. 1. The need to have the voluntary consent of the human subject.
2. The experiment should yield useful, obtainable, and necessary results for the good of society.
3. The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment.
4. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury.
5. No experiment should be conducted where there is an a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects.
6. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment.
7. Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities of injury, disability, or death.
8. The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. The highest degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment.
9. During the course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be impossible.
10. During the course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he has probably cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill and careful judgment required of him that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject.

3. The subjects being experimented on decides what “the good of society” means.

Dr. Lauretta Bender
1. Electroshock, LSD, and Metrazol were used a treatment for mental disorders, more specifically autistic and schizophrenia. The subjects were injected with the LSD and Metrazol and given shock therapy.
2. 1942 to 1969.
3. She experimented on children.
4. The CIA.
5. Some received it as improper and unseemly, sadly no one did anything about it.

The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
1. Tuskegee, Alabama in 1932. This experiment last for 40 years.
2.
3. No.
4. No, I do not agree that this study was “for the good of science”
5.
6.
7. It all depends on the situation and in this case the end did not justify the means.
8. People of the Black community tend to believe that diseases are made to eradicate the Black population.

What is the Milgram Experiment?
1. This study reveals that people will obey and follow rules from people in authority no matter the consequences.
2. I would have failed this experiment because I would never purposely or intentionally harm another human being.
3. In the nurse/patient relationship, nurses are respected and are viewed as an important figures in the medical arena, so the patient will have a tendency to obey and follow the nurses’ instructions.
4. Supervisors are considered to be “people in power.” This can lead to abuse of authority, because supervisors know that there is a great level of respect for them and they know that people will do as their told.
5. Parents are view as authority figures by the child so they will obey and follow commands of the parents. I’m not sure how to relate child victims of abuse growing up to be the “abusers” to the Milgram concept.

The Baby Fae case
1. October 26, 1984.
2. Baby Fae was born prematurely with a heart condition that was 100% fatal if left untreated. Her mother was given options to either let her baby die in the hospital, take her home to die, or she could elect to have heart transplant performed on her daughter which would involve using the heart of a baboon.
3. The mother elected to have the heart transplant surgery for Baby Fae. The transplant was successful and Baby Fae became the first infant recipient of a baboon heart. Unfortunately, Baby Fae’s body rejected the heart and she died 21 days later.
4. Yes.

References
Lastname, I. (2010). Title of article with only first word capped or any proper noun. Title of Publication, 22(3), 325-340. doi or URL.