...Press 0521804167 - Euthanasia, Ethics and Public Policy: An Argument Against Legalisation John Keown Frontmatter More information EUTHANASIA, ETHICS AND PUBLIC POLICY An Argument against Legalisation Whether the law should permit voluntary euthanasia or physicianassisted suicide is one of the most vital questions facing all modern societies. Internationally, the main obstacle to legalisation has proved to be the objection that, even if they were morally acceptable in certain hard cases, voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide could not be effectively controlled; society would slide down a slippery slope to the killing of patients who did not make a free and informed request, or for whom palliative care would have offered an alternative. How cogent is this objection? This book provides the general reader (who need have no expertise in philosophy, law or medicine) with a lucid introduction to this central question in the debate, not least by reviewing the Dutch euthanasia experience. It will interest readers in any country, whether for or against legalisation, who wish to ensure that their opinions are better informed. john keown is Senior Lecturer in the Law and Ethics of Medicine, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge. His previous publications include Abortion, Doctors and the Law (1988) and Euthanasia Examined (1995). © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521804167 - Euthanasia, Ethics and Public Policy: An Argument...
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...Code of Ethics Paper Tina Young HCS 335 February 11, 2012 Susan Morgan Code of Ethics Paper Nathan Smith Davis founded the American Medical Association (AMA) in 1847. The American Medical Association is a prestigious organization that bases its principles on core values and a code of ethics. The AMA mission statement that reads, “To promote the art and science of medicine and the betterment of public heath,” reflects their social responsibility and commitment to America’s health care industry ("American Medical Association", 1995-2013). Their ethics committee supports healthcare institutions and medical professional pursuing scholarly research. The goals of the American Medical Association are to improve the healthcare system for patients and medical professionals while establishing acceptable ethical behavior. This paper will address the association’s goals and social responsibility. Team B will analyze the relationship between the mission statement, code of ethics, and core values that are leadership, excellence, integrity, and ethical behavior. When establishing ethical policies from a theoretical standpoint, the relationship between the association’s culture and ethical behavior play a huge role in decision-making. In conclusion the team will discuss the importance of the “fit” between the ethical values of the American Medical Association’s current and potential members. The American Medical Association (AMA) is here to promote the art and science of...
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...Ethic Essay Virtue ethics is a choice of what the outcome will become. It would be the best choice for yourself even it would break a law or rule. It's what you believe in; that will benefit you after you realize it will cause you dearly also. It will also boost your morality. It's like breaking to a nightclub without paying the entrance fee and never got caught. For this situation, you can able to save the money and spend it on drinks instead of paying to enter only. Utilitarianism is a part of virtue ethics, and this could be a non-moral situation. It avoids suffering in which rightful or wrongful will be a result of some consequences. This ethics is for the greatness of numbers. It more relates to a religious-like Christianity. They decide to believe in happiness even it's against the religious law, and the consequences are not healthy. An example is to lie at to anyone to have happiness in life or for a better life. In medicine, it has its cure but will have its side effect. The cure is more important for most people than thinking about the side effect of the medicine. Deontological ethics is against utilitarianism. It's all about the rule in either they suffer or not the needs to follow. Following your duties is the correct moral rule. If you don't do your duty, you will be immorally behaving. Society and religion make their rules that need to be followed even it will have suffered. Some examples are food; we have to kill a living thing to live. These living things are...
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...final paper Ricardo Marquez Ashford BUS:670 Legal Environment Dr. Gary Gentry May 20, 2013 Outline of final paper My final paper will focus in the Peruvian generic medicine market. The Peruvian market is dominated by the leading laboratories who set the prices and control the brands. Peruvian customers are used to follow doctors prescriptions strictly and believe that the use of generics is dangerous. This situation allows the laboratories to capture the market and set the prices (Peruvian medicines are more expensive than in the USA). The Peruvian health agency; "Ministerio de salud" signed a cooperation agreement with national association of pharmacies for them to distribute 83 of the most used generic medicines along with the brand medicines. They never kept up the agreement, and the pharmacies refuse to sell generic medicines. The generic drug industry covers the marketing and sale of medication containing the same active ingredients and dosages as brand-name drugs manufactured by the pharmaceutical industry. Drugs can be prescribed under their chemical name without specifying a particular pharmaceutical brand or company. A key benefit of generic drugs is that they usually cost a fraction of the price of brand-name drugs. In this context, our company (consulting) is planning to open a franchise of pharmacies that will exclusively provide generic medicines to the customers. We have two investors that have different approaches for the business. Final paper will...
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...Another potentially disturbing element of Chief Justice Roberts's opinion is the limitations he places on the federal spending power… The federal government could place conditions on the new Medicaid grants, Roberts argued, but could not threaten existing Medicaid funding without being unconstitutionally coercive. This part of Roberts's opinion is unfortunate, making it more likely that a few red states will reject the Medicaid expansion for no compelling reason.” (Lemieux, 2012) From the public health perspective, the decision of the Supreme Court does not seem beneficial. It is obvious that PPACA was intended to address the social inequalities that prevent millions of low income, uninsured citizens to benefit of decent health care. The law aims to accomplish the following major tasks: to raise the quality of medical care, to offer care based on the patients freedom of choice, the affordability of such treatments, and a nation to share both the costs and the benefits of healthcare. However, these goals turned out not to please everyone. According to Sorrell, “one probable reason is that there are significant differences in the priorities that Americans assign to these...
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... ETHICAL DILEMMAS FACING NURSES ON END-OF-LIFE ISSUES BASED ON CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS HELD IN ELDORET, KENYA ABSTRACT Problem Statement: A conference to discuss on ethical dilemmas is thought to be a good way of airing out issues. It is unfortunate that at times a patient in our care may die no matter what we do. Profound ethical questions on end of life issues confront the medical personnel as they watch and wait helplessly. This paper touches on ethics, law, social and public policy as they affect nursing practice. Setting: This is a conference proceedings report augmented with a case study of Nelly from a local setting and compares it with two others from elsewhere which were also presented during the conference. Conference was organized by Federation of African Medical Students Associations (FAMSA), Eldoret 2011. The author was a presenter and discussant. This paper is a compilation of the ideas, inspirations and reflections of the significant sessions and also fulfills some of the recommendations resulting from the distinguished panelists. Objectives: - i) To explore ethical dilemma issues on end of life which have a heavy bearing on Nurses and other health care providers. ii) To explain euthanasia as it relates to...
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...THE HEALTH INSURACE PORTABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY ACT (HIPAA) Abstract This paper will explain what HIPAA is, a brief history and background of it; why it is so important, what are the rules, who is protected, who needs to follow the rules and who does not, who can see the patent information, and what kind of right the patent has. In general, this paper will cover and the importance of HIPAA, and the impacts that have on consumers and providers. This paper examines Mark A. Rothstein (2013) The Federal Register published the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) omnibus amendments to the Health Insurance Portability Act (HIPAA) Privacy, security, Enforcement, and Breach Notification Keywords: HIPAA privacy and security of health care records. THE HEALTH INSURANCE PORTABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY ACT (HIPAA) Understanding HIPAA What is HIPAA? Department of health defined HIPAA as the federal Health insurance portability and accountability act. The objective is to make it easier for people to keep health insurance, protect the confidentiality and security of healthcare information and help the health care industry control administrative cost. HIPAA is written in 1996, enacted in April 14, 2001 and mandated in April 15, 2003. HIPAA is composed of two main rules; The HIPAA privacy rule and The HIPAA security rule. The HIPAA privacy rule provides for the privacy of individual’s personally identifiable health...
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...Organizational Responsibility Paper Annie S. Pyram University of Phoenix HCS/545 Terry Matherne April 9, 2012 The first baby boomers turned age 65 as of January 2011, Over the next twenty years, there will be an enormous increase for adults 65 and over. This elderly population will definitely need primary, acute and long term care. In comparison with today’s 12% it has been predicted that Americans who reach 65 and older will be one in five. In this paper, I will discuss the challenges and issues about the aging adult population in America. Due to this expected growth of the adult population over the next 50 years, there will be a great impact on the health care system in regards to the supply and demand of health care professionals. Many of the elderly populations are living longer, some are continuing to work by reducing their hours of work and some are expected to retire and the need for health care services will increase. The healthcare workforce must be equipped, trained and prepared to provide services for this aging population (Institute of Medicine, 2008). People born between 1946 and 1964 are called the baby boomers, has an enormous effect on the health care system in America. The rising cost of health care is spiraling out of control, increasing the cost of hospitalization for the elderly patient population. As the century...
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...Debate Paper Katherine Lund XBCOM275 October 13, 2013 Tynia Landry Debate Paper Imagine being terminally ill and in an insufferable amount of pain; would you prefer to suffer or permanently relieve the pain? Until 1999, a man by the name of Jacob “Jack” Kevorkian offered assistance to people who wished to end their own life with a physician assisted suicide also known as Euthanasia. The term Euthanasia was first used in the 17th century as a medical term to describe an easy, painless, and happy death. There are two types of Euthanasia, passive and active. Passive euthanasia is when a patient refuses their medical treatment which may hasten their passing; this is also considered legal euthanasia. Active euthanasia is the acceleration of death by the use of drugs and it can be either physician assisted or done by the patient themselves and is also considered illegal euthanasia. While active euthanasia is illegal in most of the United States as well as the world, there is controversy that it should be the terminally ill patient’s choice as to whether or not they live in pain or suffer. How can helping someone relieve pain and suffering be illegal? The ethics of euthanasia have been a debate since the 1800’s, with debates peaking every couple of decades. Many of the debates against euthanasia fall back to the ethics and how euthanasia can be used as a solution to lower medical costs, a failure to provide care for people with disabilities, or even that the doctor...
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...providers. Although health care providers are aware they can review the criminal history, negligence still occurs. Despite the awareness of patient and health care providers, health care crimes, such as narcotics, are ongoing. This paper will discuss health care professional regulation and criminal liability. Health Care Professional Neurologist A Neurologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of the nervous systems, the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves (Educational Requirements for being a Neurologist, 2014). Dr. Lambry, a neurologist from Kaiser Permanente, stated “It takes approximately 12 years to complete your education, pre-med and internship.” The first step for potential neurologist is get a science degree, which averages three to four years (Educational Requirements for being a Neurologist, 2014). In their junior year, neurologist must take and pass the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), which is a standardized exam required for admission by all medical schools (Educational Requirements for being a Neurologist, 2014). Once they pass the MCAT, neurologist must submit an application to the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM) (Educational Requirements for being a...
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...Kevin Patel 11/21/11 Paper Ethics in Accounting Accounting ethics in the field of accounting refers to the guidelines (consisting of judgments and moral values) that a professional needs to follow while practicing accounting. Just like the professionals in the field of medicine or law. An accounting professional also needs to strictly adhere to the ethics that have become a norm in accounting. The people who receive the services of an accounting professional not only rely on his skill and ability, but also on his professional integrity. People using the service of accounting professionals rely on their professional competency to take decisions and in the process also rely on the ethics followed by them. The general standards of society apply to people in professions such as medicine and accounting just as much as to anyone else. However, society places even higher expectations on professionals. People need to have confidence in the quality of the complex services provided by professionals. Because of these high expectations, professions have adopted codes of ethics, also known as codes of professional conduct. If people have confidence in them then they can make the work easy and finish it fast. These ethical codes call for their members to maintain a level of self-discipline that goes beyond the requirements of laws and regulations. The Association of Government Accountants believes that any members first and foremost serve the public interest in according with...
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...an incident witnessed during clinical placement. This paper highlights an incident that occurred during a clinical placement. It will also address any legal or professional issues that surround it. Any details of the patient or institution have been withheld to maintain confidentiality. This is in line with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Standards of Conduct Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwifes (2008). Mr John Jones had suffered a stroke and had severe difficulties with swallowing (Dysphagia). He was unable to take in any fluid or medicine orally. These had to be given via a Pecutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) tube into his stomach. Mr Jones was aware of his treatment. However, during a shift a newly qualified nurse (NQN) tried to administer John’s medicine orally despite John’s refusal to accept the treatment. John was extremely upset and distressed by the nurse’s actions and verbally refused to take the drug orally. The drug was also documented to be given via the PEG tube. The incident was then witnessed by a more senior nurse who then administered the medication correctly. This incident outlines several issues concerning legal and professional accountability. According to Dimond (2011) ‘Accountability’ is defined as how far a person can be held in law to account for their actions. This seems an appropriate definition to give because a person who has to answer to the law then has a vital responsibility. Griffith & Tengnah (2008) however...
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...Seminar 5 First Draft – Physician Assisted Suicide INTRODUCTION In my term paper I am going to be answering the question is Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS) ethically justified? The debate on Physician-Assisted Suicide has been a topic of debate for many years. Born and raised in Michigan I remember all of the news on Dr. Jack Kevorkian assisting terminally ill patients in their death and the controversy on it. The dilemma is whether or not a physician should be allowed to assist a person in ending their life even if they are terminally ill. According to a recent article on The New York Times website, New Mexico just legalized Physician-Assisted Suicide for terminally ill patients. This ruling would make New Mexico the fifth state to allow physicians to prescribe to their terminally ill patients a fatal dose of medications to end their life (Eckholm, 2014). Proponents of Physician-Assisted Suicide believe that terminally ill people should have the right to choose go to the doctors and ask for their help to end their lives and stop their suffering. Of course there would have to be certain steps taken to make sure they were making the right choice. Many supporters of Physician-Assisted Suicide believe that there should be some psychiatric evaluation to make sure that the patient is of a sound mind in their decision to end their life. Opponents of Physician-Assisted Suicide believe that a person does not have a right to end their own life and that it goes against...
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...ad Administrative Ethics HCS/335 Health Care Ethics and Social Responsibility February 22, 2015 William Bross Administrative Ethics When it comes to administrative ethics in the health care field, this is where ethics issues are being dealt with on a constant basis. The hard part is of keeping the ethical line between what is right and legal is not an easy thing to figure out. In this article, it talks about patients' confidentiality, and in this article it is about critical care providers are often privy to confidential information in the course of the clinic. The dilemma can arise when confidential information is requested by family members or friends of the patient. The Critical care nurses must be aware of the regulations regarding confidentiality, as well as situations where the use and disclosure of protected health information are permitted. (Critical Care Nurse.2012;32[5]:61-65) This is where the critical care nurses must take the Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act (HIPAA) laws on how important they are in the health care field, and to make sure that use the line between what is right with the confidentiality for their patients. When it comes to the health care field there are privacy and confidentiality that needs to be enforced to the areas where it comes patient privacy and confidentiality. However, in this paper the legal and ethical issues that arise from both sides, when each party is bound by separate laws, as well as what happens...
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...MZUMBE UNIVERSITY (CHUO KIKUU MZUMBE) FACULTY OF COMMERCE PROGRAMME: MBA (CORPORATE MANAGEMENT) TASK: TERM PAPER SUBJECT CODE: BUS 5112 SUBJECT NAME: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT NAME: MARIAM LIANA Introduction This paper explores the impact of pharmaceutical patent laws on Anti-AIDS drug, substantial controversy which has been generated around the globe on ethical grounds. Pharmaceutical patents on Anti-AIDS drug availability in the third world countries, focusing on an ethics of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement. It highlights the value of essential drugs and generic production in developing countries, using India, Cipla as a case study. It also explores global ways to deal with unethical grounds to TRIPs. History of Cipla, Indian Pharmaceutical Company Cipla is one of the world's largest producers of generic medicines.Cipla is one of India's top five pharmaceutical manufacturers. Although Cipla's primary market is India, the company sells its products worldwide. Cipla's lines of more than 400 drugs include anti-asthmatic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant and anti-AIDS medications. Over the years, the company has developed strong research and marketing capabilities. In recent times, Cipla has attracted considerable media attention because of its efforts to offer AIDS drugs globally at very...
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