...Medical research is an important step in gaining new knowledge about how the human body functions and to develop new medicines to combat diseases. Working with human participants during a clinical trial involves a certain set of ethics as the lives of the participants are at stake. In 1999, one of the largest and most prestigious medical research facilities, Duke University Medical Center, had federal funds temporarily suspended as an investigation into the research process was conducted (Weiss, 1999). Several areas of poor ethical decisions concerning the administrative procedures conducted during human trials prompted this investigation. Morals and sound judgments are the guidelines used in every ethical decision an organization conducts. Providing ethical guidelines is difficult as the morals and the judgment of those morals differs from one person to the next and one organization to the next. Nevertheless, the federal government has established formal guidelines to prevent inappropriate conduct during human trials for the protection of those lives. A routine visit by the federal Office for Protection from Research Risks (OPRR) found several issues at Duke, mostly with the center's own Institutional Review Board who maintains the reviews on the studies to ensure they adhere to federal regulations and are ethically appropriate (Weiss, 1999). According to Duke officials, the main problem with the study was the administrative process such as poor bookkeeping but one failure...
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...Business Research Ethics RES/351 University of Phoenix Business Research Ethics Unethical medical business research has occurred throughout time, and is particularly punctuated by the experiments conducted by at least 23 Nazi physicians on Jews, political prisoners, and the physically and mentally handicapped during World War II. Unethical medical procedures were performed without the knowledge, consent, or protection of the subjects (University of Phoenix, 2011, Week One Reading). Advancement in medicine requires testing on humans and animals; however, medical research is considered unethical if the testing is performed against the will of the subjects. During World War II, Nazi doctors performed up to 30 different experiments on concentration camp prisoners that caused the victims intense pain, mutilation, permanent disability, and at worst, death (Tyson, 2000). Many of the experiments were conducted to improve the performance of the German military personnel, to multiply the Aryan race, and to develop vaccines for diseases. Some of the experiments included studying the effects of high altitude on the brain, monitoring bodily reactions to freezing temperatures, infecting victims with bacteria or gas gangrene in inflicted battlefield-type wounds, and injecting poisons. Others included amputation to attempt bone, muscle, and joint transplantation, sterilization, and artificial insemination (Tyson, 2000). The sum of concentration camp victims...
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...Animal Experimentation has played a crucial role in medical advancements and medical training in the United States and around the globe for multiple decades now. In order for new medicines, treatments, and surgical procedures to be allowed legally, they have to proven to be safe and effective by government funded organizations, like the FDA. Animals used in research have been proven necessary for these newly founded medicines, treatments, and procedures to be brought into practice. For instance, kidney and liver transplantation. This type of research, animal experimentation, has lead the way for new drugs as well. While scientists search for a drug to cure Alzheimer’s Disease, my grandfather, William G. Jenkins, has passed away from the...
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...show the malicious intent of the company for short-term profits, despite the fatal and devastating impacts on the public. The Dalkon Shield Case Study Report Unethical Practices As inventors, Davis and Lerner, at first were following protocol by developing, testing, distributing, and refining their product to a small controlled portion of the public with good faith and due diligence along with documenting their studies and recording accurate results. The point Dalkon Shield’s life where unethical practices first become apparent was during the acquisition of A.H. Robins Company of the product from Dalkon Company. The first contributing factor was the financial motivations when Dalkon Company realized that their product needed corporate distribution especially since they lacked the sale team in the organization. A.H Robins Company just did not acquire the product, but put the two inventors became consultants for the company as well. This makes a biased unilateral perspective for pushing financial opportunity gains over appropriate procedural practices when offering this particular new product. The second contributory factor is utilization of a legal loophole that the IUD did not require filing a New Drug Application (NDA) with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because it was classified under medical device instead of a drug, thus there was not any current jurisdiction available at that time. The company intentionally took advantage of this loophole and lack of legal...
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...system is said to be reliable when it is possible for 4 different clinicians, using the same system, to arrive at same diagnosis for same individual ● Examples: DSM-4, CCMD, ICD-10 ● Though diagnosis systems use more standardized assessment techniques and more specific diagnostic criteria than in the past, classification system is far from perfect ● Classification system said to be valid when it is able to classify a real pattern of symptoms, which can lead to an effective treatment ● However, problem with this is that the classification system is descriptive and doesn’t identify any specific causes for disorders Paragraph 2 (Study 1): Sane or Insane-Rosenhan (1973) Aim: test reliability of psychiatric diagnosis Procedure: field experiment Part 1 ● 8 healthy people (5 men, 3 women) gained admission to 12 different psychiatric hospitals ● Complained of hearing unclear, unfamiliar voices of same sex repeating words “thud” and “empty” ● Participants said they felt fine after admission to hospital (no more symptoms) Part 2 ● Rosenhan told staff at psychiatric hospital that pseudopatients will try to get admitted ● No pseudopatients were actually sent Results: Part 1 ● 7 diagnosed with schizophrenia ● Took average 19 days for discharge and were classified as “schizophrenia in remission” (possibility of symptoms coming back) upon discharge Part 2 ● 41 real patients were judged to be pseudopatients with confidence...
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...Even iPhone emojis have realized that families are now not only considered a male, female, and a blood-related child. For example, lesbian and gay couples are now able to have children by using a surrogate. Or a woman could conceive a child by using the sperm of her dead husband. Some children may even have three mothers, a genetic mother, a gestational mother and a rearing mother. Those who never thought they could have children are now able to do so. While some procedures may seem unethical, overall people are able to have children and families, and to me that is a...
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...The case of malpractice of Stacey Galette vs. Winthrop University Hospital. Stacey Galette of 34- years old brought a medical malpractice to the Brooklyn Supreme Court for the malpractice case action of a double amputee. This lawsuit was brought against Winthrop University Hospital, Doctors Paul Byrne M.D., Frederic Moon M.D., Michelle Quinones, M.D., David Halpern, M.D. Craig Zebudia M.D., Cynthia Fretwell, Women’s Contemporary Care Associates, P.C. and Nassau Surgical Associates, P.C. for medical malpractice. The 30-year-old Stacey Galette went to Winthrop University Hospital for a laparoscopic removal of an ectopic pregnancy procedure on October 6, 2009. Prior to discharge, the patient complained several times of abdominal, but she was...
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...Business Research Ethics Bobbie Stolze RES/351 October 15th, 2012 James Malachowski Business Research Ethics Today there are many cases of unethical business research that usually result in entire firms as well as individuals that are convicted and fined in the court of law. Unethical business research comes in many forms some of these forms are inappropriate questionnaires, research fraud, failure to maintain participant’s privacy, and even skewing research results. The following information is regarding scientific research fraud involving William McBride. McBride was an obstetrician who was found guilty of 24 counts of scientific fraud that ended up costing between five and seven million dollars after all was said and done. In 1980 McBride had announced that thalidomide was dangerous to women who are pregnant. He claimed that the drug would cause deformities of the limbs in mother’s unborn children. Several years later McBride had claimed that he completed research on another drug called Debendox, which is a drug used for treating morning sickness for pregnant women. McBride published this research and claimed that he has tested the drug on eight rabbits, and three of the rabbits ended up developing deformities because of the drug Debendox. Shortly following McBride’s research, the manufacturer of Debendox was forced to take the drug off the market even though there were only a few supporters of his research claim. It was later discovered by Phil Vardy was a scientist...
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...The history of research ethics begins with the tragic history of research abuse by Nazi doctors during World War II. A total of sixteen German physicians practiced unethical medical experiments on Jews, gypsies, and political prisoners. These experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners were done without their consent. Unethical medical experimentation carried out during the Third Reich may be divided into three categories. The first category consists of experiments aimed at facilitating the survival of Axis military personnel. In Dachau, physicians from the German air force and from the German Experimental Institution for Aviation conducted high-altitude experiments, using a low-pressure chamber, to determine the maximum altitude from which crews of damaged aircraft could parachute to safety. Scientists there carried out so-called freezing experiments using prisoners to find an effective treatment for hypothermia. They also used prisoners to test various methods of making seawater drinkable. The second category of experimentation aimed at developing and testing pharmaceuticals and treatment methods for injuries and illnesses which German military and occupation personnel encountered in the field. At the German concentration camps of Sachsenhausen, Dachau, Natzweiler, Buchenwald, and Neuengamme, scientists tested immunization compounds and sera for the prevention and treatment of contagious diseases, including malaria, typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, yellow...
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...consequences. Individuals do not think about how the products they are using were tested; they don’t realize what scientist did to test the product in order for them to use without having an issue. Animal testing shouldn’t be allowed to test any products or for medical studies; it is unethical and many animals are abused and harmed in various ways. Throughout history the practice of...
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...Week 1 Lizette Martinez Kaplan University HR420: Employment law Sarah Scott November 12, 2012 Introduction The Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) involves treating a woman an applicant or employee unfavorably because of pregnancy, childbirth, or medical condition related to pregnancy or childbirth. In 1978 congress amended title VII of the civil rights act of 1964 to enact the pregnancy discrimination based on pregnancy when it comes to any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoff, training, fringe benefits, such as leave health insurance, and any other term or condition of employment. Pregnant woman are entitled to take disability leave or leave without pay just as an employer who is not pregnant; it is also illegal to harass or discriminate towards a pregnant woman. Pregnant employees may also have additional rights under the family and medical leave act (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). What happened in the case? Provide a summary of what were the organization’s actions that were not in compliance with an employment law. In this case a pregnancy discrimination lawsuit at a giant Arkansas took place. Wal-Mart had rejected a pregnant applicant. Wal-Mart refused to rehire Jamey Stern because she was pregnant. Jamey Stern was told by the assistant manager to come back after she had given birth. The business had violated Title VII of the civil rights act of 1964 by discriminating towards an employer because...
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...Genital Mutilation Denena White Soc 121 Marnie Carroll August 13, 2012 Mutilation Page 2 Female Genital Mutilation Female genital mutilation is a cultural practice that is cruel and violent. This cultural procedure is performed on infants, young girls, and women of certain cultures. The utilitarianism theory would claim this cultural practice unethical because it does not achieve the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. The deontology theory will claim this cultural practice unethical because the action is wrong and dangerous according to medical studies. Female genital mutilation has no medical benefits, only severe dangers. Therefore, there should be laws preventing this procedure being practiced on infants and young girls. It should only be allowed to be performed on willing, consenting adults who are fully aware of the risks they are taking by following through with the procedure. Female genital circumcision originated in Africa and is now practiced in 28 African countries. It is also practiced in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and India. It is a cultural practice, not a religious practice. “Female genital mutilation is often called female circumcision. This implies that it is similar to male circumcision, but the degree of...
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...Animal testing, an imperative and common procedure that has raised controversy regarding humanistic values, has been a long-lasting debated question in the scientific community. In the pursuit of scientific knowledge, animal testing has been undoubtedly essential: It has allowed for the development of new treatments and vaccines, and a better understanding of the human body. Without the sacrifices made in animal experimentation, medical, educational and commercial advancements could not be possible. For these reasons, it is evident that animals are a scientific necessity to the well-being of humanity, and should be used for experimentation. Animal testing refers to experimentation carried out on living animals for the purpose of research in basic...
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...Because they are born months before their due dates, micro preemies face long NICU stays (Morrissette).” There is no specification to who will give birth to a micro preemie, it does not matter what type of ethnicity, age or what region of the world a person lives in, a female can still give birth to a micro preemie. “Nearly 13% of all babies in the U.S. are preemies, a 20% increase since 1990. A 2006 report by the National Academy of Sciences found that the 550,000 preemies born each year in the U.S. (Million-Dollar Babies).” Just because a female takes every medical precaution during pregnancy does not mean you will last until full term, a person is still at risk for giving birth to a micro preemie. “Premature infants have two ages: their chronological age, based on the day they were born; and their adjusted age, based on their due date (Tchang).” The cost to care for a micro-preemie can be very costly. Without medical insurance or any kind of healthcare a person or family can become severely in debt. Taking care of a micro preemie is a major burden to hospitals, families, and any...
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...The Role of Accounting in the Medical Office By Joy Hicks Medical Office Expert An accounting department plays an enormous role within the medical office. As the backbone of the organization, the accounting department allows the organization to operate at its fullest potential. Without an accounting department, it would be impossible for any type of organization to operate in a cost effective manner. General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are the common set of accounting principles, standards and procedures that companies use to compile their financial statements. GAAP, are simply put, the customarily accepted ways of recording and reporting accounting information. Each organization may operate differently but all have to follow by set guidelines within the organizations community, state and at the federal level. If these standards and procedures are not followed the U.S. Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) will fine the organization and possibly pursue criminal action to enforce compliance. Within accounting and financial management, there are four key elements recognized. The four elements are: Planning, Controlling, Organizing and Directing and Decision Making. The planning element allows an organization to set forth goals and guidelines to ensure the future success and accomplishments of the medical office. Controlling provides the organization the opportunity to ensure that all areas within the organization are following the previous planned...
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