...survey, a randomized experiment an observational study, a combination, or based on anecdotes. It was an observational study, although the author mentions that they randomly picked study subjects, they still manipulated the distance in which they were doing their study on. It qualifies as an observational study because it was a case-control study in which people with the ownership of weapons were closely observed and a proxy for their victim was interviewed. Step 2: Consider the Seven Critical Components in Chapter 2 (pp. 18-19) to familiarize yourself with the details of the research. As in Case Study 6.5 based on the original report, the seven questions can all be answered. The research was supported by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The source information was from the Departments of Internal Medicine (A.L.K., J.G.B., B.B.H.), Preventive Medicine (A.L.K.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology (A.L.K., G.S.), and Pathology (J.T.F), University of Tennessee, Memphis; the Departments of Pediatrics (F.P.R.), Epidemiology (F.P.R.), and Pathology (D.T.R), University of Washington, Seattle; Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle (F.P.R., J.P.); and the Departments of Biology (N.B.R., A.B.L.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (N.B.R.) and the Center for Adolescent Health (N.B.R.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland. The participants were proxies for their victims as well as control subjects who were matched to the victims. They...
Words: 974 - Pages: 4
...evidence from weaker, less valid evidence (LoBiondo-Wood et al, 2002). The question was framed around the elements of PICO; standing for “patients,” “intervention,” “comparison,” and “outcome” (Boston University Medline Plus, 2000a; Craig & Smyth, 2002). The PICO approach was developed around Evidence-Based Medicine (Richardson & Wilson, 1997), and was therefore designed for clinical studies, it can though be adapted to any research context. | | |People, patients or population - who are you asking the question about? | |Intervention - what intervention are you interested in? | |Control or comparison - what are you comparing the intervention to? | |Outcome - what outcome are you interested in measuring? | Table 1: PICO criterion People or population of personal interest means the intended study subjects, for example, Post qualifying nursing students studying Anaesthetic Practice. Intervention generally means the aspect of the people or population that is the main...
Words: 4518 - Pages: 19
...-philTitle : a study of morbidity nutrition and socio-economic character of the young smoker and non smoker. Introduction: Smoking is a practice in which a substance most commonly tobacco is burned and the smoke is tested or inhaled. This is primarily practiced as a route of administration for recreational use. The available absorption of tobacco through the lungs. The most common method of smoking today is through cigarettes. Primarily industrially manufactured but also hand rolled from loose tobacco. & rolling paper. It has been suggested that smoking related disease like hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , asthma, heart failure, diabetes are causer of more than one half of all long time smokers. But the disease may also be contracted by non- smoker. It is already proved that heart disease, hypertension, diabetes & many of lungs pathology are responsible for smoking. The prevalence of smoker in the age group between 18 years to 25 years is very high is Bangladesh. Most of them are the college & university going students associated with the people those are illiterate & lived below the poverty line. These people take smoking is a process of recreation. So it is the high time to think about the bad affects of smoking in general for both smokers & non-smokers. Objectives 1. To find out the morbidity of a smoker beside non-smoker. 2. Find out the health status of smoker beside non-smoker. 3. Economical, social, psychological...
Words: 378 - Pages: 2
...person in your own setting form whom you would obtain a valid opinion. The number of points assigned to each element is proportional to the number of elements that can be critiqued in each section (see decimal points in parentheses next to each item number). If you need more space to answer, please use the back of the page. Reference: Bordage G. Considerations on Preparing a Paper for Publication. Teaching and Learning in Medicine. 1989. 1(1):47-52. I. TITLE 1. (.33) The title correctly represents the content and breath of the study reported: the title is not misleading. 2. (.33) The title is clear, concise and gives importance to the study; the title captures the attention of the reader. If not suggest a title. II. AUTHOR(S) _ 3. (.33) The titles (diploma. appointment) and address of the author(s) are clearly indicated: the author(s) credentials can be appreciated. III. ABSTRACT 4. (.33) The abstract covers each and every component of the study and not only selected aspects: see reader's decision to read the paper or not: Objectives (purpose. goals. or research question) Design Subjects Setting Outcomes Materials Results Conclusion 5. (.33) The abstract contains precise information, actual data: the main results are presented. 6. (.33) The implications and benefits reported are...
Words: 1007 - Pages: 5
...Review of article: “Statin Use and Risk of Cerebral Aneurysm Rupture: A Hospital-based Case-control Study in Japan,” Y. Yoshimura, Y. Murakami, et al. Design and Data Collection The presented study is a case-control study design, meaning it is based on measuring the associations between statin administration and the likely rupture of a cerebral aneurysm in purposefully selected indicator and control populations. The foundation of the study grew from theoretical components tied to animal models used in the past. The underlying conditions of interest are important but not commonly seen in humans, making it difficult to know the best medical measurements and, if possible, prescriptive interventions for unruptured neurological disorders, which generally now can be dealt with by way of surgical interventions. The written assessment of the study indicated limited evidence of human studies showing the effect of statin drugs in reducing the risk of aneurysmal ruptures. The study model used in this investigation (case-control) is readily suitable to study uncommon diseases with low overall prevalence rates. However, given the impact such a condition could have on a population segment thought to have many years of productivity – and because of promising animal studies – the study was deemed beneficial as an initial step toward learning more about the drug’s beneficial indicators. The primary endpoint of focus was the likelihood of the rupture of an aneurism and the protective effect...
Words: 5143 - Pages: 21
...has made its way into all the areas of an organization. Adoption of technology in an organization may influence performance and growth through improvement in productivity, competitiveness, efficiency, and effectiveness. Technology helps an organization to re-engineer work practices, improve speed, maintain consistency and accuracy and increase reliability. In the past two decades, research has focused on the notion of technology adoption. Studies have examined various aspects of technology adoption at an individual and organizational level and in this paper will analyze if age can be a differentiating factor in adoption of technology in the workplace. Research examining age differences in technology adoption decisions A research study was conducted by Micheal G.Morris and Viswanath Venkatesh in the year 2000 to investigate age differences in individual adoption and sustained usage of technology in the workplace using the theory of planned behavior. The theory of planned behavior is a theory which links beliefs and behavior. The study was done over a period of 5 months among 118 workers. User reactions and technology usage behavior were studied majorly in this experiment by introducing a new software system to the workers. Research Method: The setting for the research done by Morris and Venkatesh was a medium-size financial accounting firm in a large mid-western city with approximately 300 employees. The firm was well established and had been in business for about 15 years...
Words: 1189 - Pages: 5
...the organization and delivery vary across geographic regions in ways that may influence its effectiveness (Domingo et al., 2015). In this article critique paper, I choose two relevant peer-reviewed articles using case-control study design to explore the effect of mammography screening on breast cancer survival. The first one is Mammography Screening and Risk of Breast Cancer Death: A Population-Based Case–Control Study (Suzie et al., 2011). STUDY AIMS The authors conducted a case–control study to assess the effectiveness of the Dutch population–based program of mammography screening. The hypothesis of this study was that mammography screening was associated with a decreased risk of dying from breast cancer. METHODS A. What was the main outcome of interest? The main outcome was the breast cancer. Data on breast cancer were obtained from the Comprehensive Cancer Center Rotterdam. Causes of death were obtained through linkage with Statistics Netherlands. B. What was the main explanatory variable of interest? Mammography screening was the main explanatory variable of interest. It was measured by the National Supervisory Committee of Population Cancer Screening Registry system. C. What type of study design was this? This was a case–control study. The study design was appropriate because, in order to evaluate the efficiency of mammography screening individually,...
Words: 1908 - Pages: 8
...tangible elements of the study plan: the research question, design, subjects, measurements, sample size calculation, and so forth. An investigator's goal is to create these elements in a form that will make the project fast, inexpensive, and easy. The other theme is the physiology of research-how it works. Studies are useful to the extent that they yield valid inferences, first about what happened in the study sample and then about generalizing these events to people outside. the study. The goal is to minimize the errors, random and systematic, that threaten conclusions based on these inferences. Separating these two themes is artificial in the same way that the anatomy of the human body does not make much sense without some understanding of its physiology. But the separation has the same advantage: It clarifies our thinking about a complex topic. . THE ANATOMY OF RESEARCH: WHAT IT'S MADE OF The structure of a research project is set out in its protocol, the written plan of the study. Protocols are well kn~wn as devices for seeking grant funds, but they also have a vital scientific function: helping the investigator to organize her research in a logical, focused, and efficient way. Table 1.1 outlines the components of a protocol. We will introduce the whole set here, expand on each of them in the ensuing chapters of the book, and return to put the completed pieces together in Chapter 19. The Research Question The research question is the objective of the study, the uncertainty that...
Words: 4678 - Pages: 19
...Single Quantitative Study (e.g., Randomized Controlled Trial, Nonrandomized Controlled Trial, Case-Control Study, Cohort Study) Template | Citation (APA) | (Uchiyama, Kurosawa, & Inaba, 2006) | Title | MMR Vaccine & Regression in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Negative Results Presented from Japan | Database Source (& ID number) | PubMed (PMID: 16865547) | Type of Evidence | Non-experimental cohort study/casual comparative research | Hierarchical Evidence Rating Level | Level 4 | Your Summary of the Study/Publication (use paraphrasing, not quotes) | What was the stated research question/objective of the study? | To evaluate the correlation between the MMR Vaccine and Autism Spectrum Disorders | What research methodology was used (e.g., RCT, Case-Control, Cohort)? | Cohort StudyCasual Comparative Research | Describe the sample (including size)? | 904 patients with Autism Spectrum Disorders | How was the sample selected (e.g., randomization, inclusion/exclusion criteria)? | Inclusion Criteria: Young children born between 1976-1999 from the Yokohama Psycho-Developmental Clinic (YPDC) Regression reported from questionnaireExclusion Criteria: Young children who received the MMR Vaccine in foreign countries, reports denying regression in questionnaire, and subjects parents who provided no response or information on the questionnaire regarding regression. | What methods were used for data analysis? | The study analyzed data from clients of the Yokohama...
Words: 870 - Pages: 4
...Assignment cover sheet Note: (1) The attention of students is drawn to: the Academic Regulations, the Academic Honesty Policy and the Assessment Policy, all of which are accessible viahttp://students.acu.edu.au/309246 (2) A de-identified copy of your assignment may be retained for University quality (audit) processes, benchmarking or moderation. |Student ID Number/s: |Student Surname/s: |Given name/s: | |S00158530 |Patel |Purvi | | | | | |Course:Bachelor of nursing |School:Australian catholic University | |Unit code:HLSC122 |Unit title:Inquiry in Healthcare | |Due date:30/03/2014 |Date submitted:30/03/2014 | |Lecturer-in-Charge: Joe Perry |Tutorial Group/Tutor: T, 06 | |Assignment Title and/or number: Assignment 1 ...
Words: 1854 - Pages: 8
...longitudinal study examined social outcomes among young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and matched peers during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Design: Quantitative. Methods: Participants included 45 participants with JIA (M = 12.64 years post diagnosis), 46 peers, and their parents. Results: Young adults in both groups were similar on a variety of outcomes, including social self-concept, social competence, family relationships, friendships, and romantic relationships. In general, disease factors were not associated with adjustment. Clinical Implications: Interventions to assist social functioning may not be necessary for all children with JIA, but additional research is needed to identify potential subgroups at risk for difficulties. Khani, M., Ziaee, V., Moradinejad, M., & Parvaneh, N. (2013). The effect of positive family history of autoimmunity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis characteristics: A case control study. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 23(5), 569-573. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=2012347719&site=ehost-live&scope=site Abstract: To compare Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) patients with and without family history of autoimmune disease with respect to clinical features and laboratory data. Design: Quantitative. Methods: Sixteen JIA patients with family history of autoimmune disease were identified during study, 32 patients...
Words: 1253 - Pages: 6
...Alternative Proposals for Tough Gun Control Law is the Solution As violence and crime rate continue to increase, debates on tougher gun control also continue to escalate. While it is a popular notion that more weapons mean more gun-related injuries, many people vehemently oppose restriction on their freedom to own guns. Tougher gun control is an issue that is seen as black and white, though it is not. It is true that these dangerous weapons entails greater responsibility on the owner’s part. What I don’t understand is that we immediately opt to either say yes or a definite no, while saying yes means completely banning civilians to obtain guns. Saying yes on gun control absolutely does not mean a total ban. We can still buy and acquire these weapons for personal defense, while at the same time following strict policies for check and balance. Data on weapons effect does not prove correlation A psychological view known as weapons effect has been the basis for laws in gun control. The theory suggests that weapons can induce aggressive behaviour with tendencies to inflict harm when exposed with weapons (especially guns) for a relative time. While this is a good point, some studies have criticized its assumptions for its ecological validity (results cannot be used to conclude real life applications) perhaps due to the nature of the study itself. Still some argue that weapons effect does the opposite results according to other studies. For instance, results described by Kates and...
Words: 1144 - Pages: 5
...Gun Control in America Alicia Buford COMM 215 Instructor Bruce Massis May 20, 2013 Did you know that in the United States that there are almost as many firearms as there are citizens (Wadman, 2013)? Consequently, the second amendment of the constitution gives each American citizen “The Right to Bear Arms.” The right to bear these arms is a just that, a right but, along with that right comes responsibility. Since the days of the pioneers, firearms have been an element of the American tradition as defense and a means of hunting or activity. However, as we progress through the 21st century the use of guns has changed significantly. Some of the reasons for the change are the steady increase in crime and the battle for the right to have possession of hand guns. Due to the number of gun owners in America, one might think that we have a strong affection for guns and gun ownership rights. This could not be further from the truth. Americans views towards guns have shifted significantly. In a 1998 Harris Poll taken a year before Columbine, shows that almost 70 percent of Americans favor “stricter gun control” (Contexts, Fall, 2003). So what should we do about this? I believe that stricter gun control legislation should be the solution to much of the gun violence that is plaguing our nation. Restricting the right to bear arms, especially assault weapons should make our communities safer. Granted, many people in community all across this country own guns. A large...
Words: 1039 - Pages: 5
...Gun Control Essay 1 Gun Control Essay 06/14/2015 The right to bear arms is guaranteed in the constitution by the Second Amendment. Many politicians are looking to amend the constitution any way they can to ban handguns or at least Gun Control Essay 2 restrict sales. The argument between pro and anti gun control has been debated for years, both with valid points. Many studies and factual data shows that strict gun control only removes guns from law-abiding citizens, but does not actually help reduce crime. Studies have shown that gun control cannot stop people from committing the crime because if a handgun ban were issued, there is evidence that citizens would not comply with the law, strict gun control does not reduce homicide rates, and studies have found that high crime rates have stimulated purchasing of guns rather than high gun ownership stimulating crime. While the Founding Fathers of this country were developing the system of government, as set forth in the Constitution, many feared that a standing army controlled by a strong central government would leave them helpless. The Federal Constitution contained no provisions to prohibit a standing army or allow states to create their own militias. The Constitution was signed by thirty-nine men from the twelve states represented at the Constitutional Convention on September 17 1787; three delegates refused to sign because of the absence of a bill of rights. Two years later, the First Congress agreed on...
Words: 2074 - Pages: 9
...Gun Control Laws and Law Enforcement Gun Control Laws and Law Enforcement When a large structure such as the Washington monument is created, the nation remember the names of the people who constructed it. However, people do not remember the hammers that carved the stone. In today’s society when an active shooting takes place the tool is always blamed and receives most of the blame instead of the shooter. Politicians then look for ways to put laws into place to attack the issue. The gun laws being put in place effect a law enforcement officers' job in many ways. Laws get created in states requiring law enforcement to enforce, what I consider to be an unconstitutional attack on the second amendment. The debate on gun control has been going on for years, and it has become more of an issue within the past couple of months. Due to the recent active shootings President Obama has stated that there needs to be stricter gun laws to help lower the gun-crime rates in the United States. Citizens have owned guns for centuries and taking away their rights now because of people committing killing rampages would be unconstitutional. The crime rates are where they are today because of the choices people are making with a gun, and are not caused because someone simply owns a gun. The reaction is legislature that forces police officers to reestablish what the meaning of the second amendment means. Examples are laws that require officers to confiscate guns because a persons weapon...
Words: 1614 - Pages: 7
