...Ethics in Medicine Galen College of Nursing Ethics in Medicine Eugenics 1. The purpose of Eugenics was to eradicate inferior people that were deemed to be “un-fit” in society all in the attempt to develop a perfect world full of perfect people. 2. Eugenics was most popular during the years between 1930s and 1940s. 3. (A) Eugenicide was practiced using gas chambers, sterilization, forced segregations, and by restricting marriages. (B) Groups targeted included Jews, Blacks, women, poor people basically anyone that was inferior and serve no purpose in their eyes. (C) No. 4. No. 5. It was practiced in Germany by Hitler. People were taken from old age homes, mental institutions were they were sterilized, euthanatized, and eliminated. 6. Yes eugenics it continues to be practiced in subtle ways. I believe it is more so targeted towards African Americans. However, potential ways are seen in abortions and birth control, also it is seen in the foods we eat like pesticides, steroids, and preservatives. Willowbrook State School 1. It was overpopulated and the conditions were inhumane, deplorable, and unsanitary. 2. Hepatitis study where children were exposed to the hepatitis virus by injection or by consuming hepatitis infected fecal matter. 3. Being that Robert Kennedy was a public figure and respected man of the community, he drew attention to the inhumane conditions at Willowbrook which lead to the development of a 5 year plan to correct the issues afflicting the facility...
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...Ethical Considerations and Implications for Transgender Medicine In Western society gender and sexuality are believed to be binary and there is little room for variance. As the decades progress, more and more sociologists, scientists, and therapists are acknowledging that gender and sexuality are largely a social construct. With this new understanding, physicians are forced to grapple with how to treat gender-variant patients both physically and emotionally. As many patients seek to match their bodies with their minds, at times risky surgical and hormonal treatments must be prescribed. The physician is forced to weigh the risks and benefits to the patient and oftentimes it is the physician's decision that will determine if the transgender patient will complete the medical part of his, her, or hirtransition, allowing the individual to continue living his or her life in a body congruent with his or her gender expression. The psychiatrist’s recommendation for SRS and hormonal treatment is imperative in the process and this paper will examine the ethical implications of the essential causal diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) and the recommendation of surgical treatment in order for patients to fit into the Western gender binary. A brief examination of co-morbidity of mental disorders and their affect on consent and provider views on competence and capacity are also warranted. Adolescent transgendered patients under the age of eighteen experience more difficulties with the...
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...HIPAA provides rights to patients over health information and limits who can see or receive health information. Patients or patient’s personal representation has rights to their own medical records; however do not have access to psychotherapy notes. HIPAA privacy rules limits on who can see your medical records. Any information pertaining conversations with medical staff, health insurance, billing information and health information is protected. For example, employers cannot see you medical records and can’t be shared; unless you give your employer, a written consent or authorization. If rights are being denied based on discrimination or a violation of HIPAA privacy or security rule occurs; a complaint can be filed. Therefore; HIPAA does affect medical records, but it also protects our health information. A complaint is filed; when a cover entity has violated health information either by privacy rights or violation of privacy rules or security rules. Any person can file the complaint. The complaint must be filed in writing either by paper or electronically. When emailing the complaint, a signature is not needed for consent forms or the complaint. An email represents the signature. The complaint must name the cover entity and description of the violation act of what you believed that was violated and what happened. The complaint must be filed within 180 days from the day the incident occurred. For an extension, you must show a good cause to the office of civil rights. A complaint...
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...While the field of prosthetics and medical enhancement may be a relatively new field, the history of medicine is well over 2000 years old. The concept of medical ethics have been a backbone of the practice from the start, “The most famous document in medical history, the Hippocratic Oath (c. 400 B.C.E.), which established a model of ethical and professional behavior for healers” (Paul 1399). According to the article “I. United States” written by a biomedical ethicist and a member of the medical ethics committee: the development of bioethics can best be understood against the background of the development of medicine in the United States from 1900. The twentieth century saw enormous growth in American medicine—in scientific understanding, the...
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...My law and ethics understanding and beliefs In 1847 the American Medical Association revolutionized medicine in the United States. Members of this newly formed organization, met in Philadelphia as the first national professional medical organization in the world, dedicated themselves to establishing uniform standards for professional education, training, and conduct. They unanimously adopted the world's first national code of professional ethics in medicine. For more than 160 years since, the AMA's Code of Medical Ethics has been the authoritative ethics guide for practicing physicians. Ethics in Hand are pocket-sized guides to the Code of Medical Ethics for physicians and medical students. The Code articulates the enduring values of medicine as a profession. As a statement of the values to which physicians commit themselves individually and collectively, the Code is a touchstone for medicine as a professional community. It defines medicine’s integrity and the source of the profession’s authority to self-regulate. At the same time, the Code of Medical Ethics is a living document, evolving as changes in medicine and the delivery of health care raise new questions about how the profession's core values apply in physicians' day to day practice. The Code links theory and practice, ethical principles and real world dilemmas in the care of patients. The next time you hear a monotheist tell a non-believer that morals come from the Bible or that moral reasoning cannot provide an...
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...Title: Medical Ethics: History and Guiding Principles Author: Alan J. McGoldrick Course: Medicine, Disease and History Instructor: Professor Foss Date: June 15, 2012 Medical ethics are the moral guidelines and ethical laws that help to prioritize a medical professional's work responsibilities. The code of medical ethics outlines the proper conduct between medical professionals and their patients, communities, and colleagues. Each country has a different code of medical ethics, though most contain the same basic principles, and all share the same history of evolution, according to the World Medical Association. Medical ethics refers to the discussion and application of moral values and responsibilities in the areas of medical practice and research. While questions of medical ethics have been debated since the beginnings of Western medicine in the fifth century B.C., medical ethics as a distinctive field came into prominence only since World War II. (Porter, 1998) This change has come about largely as a result of advances in medical technology, scientific research, and telecommunications. These developments have affected nearly every aspect of clinical practice, from the confidentiality of patient records to end-of-life issues. Moreover, the increased involvement of government in medical research as well as the allocation of health care resources brings with it an additional set of ethical questions. Emerging Medical Ethics Through the Ages Ancient Medical...
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...CULTURE AND ETHICS IN GHANAIAN PROFESSIONAL LIFE Cultural elements invariably affect the delivery of professional services in whatsoever form. Professional practices are strongly guided by appropriate code of ethics. Sound ethical decision making is based on a process that involves multiple steps some of which are taken in advance and some of which are taken at the time ethical dilemma presents itself (Carter, Bennett, Jones & Naggy, 1999). The development and the application of ethical principles and standard in professional lives are strongly influenced by cultural elements. BREIF HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON WESTERN ETHICAL CODES The influence of culture on ethical professional practice could be traced back to the time of the development of some selected code of ethics. Professional codes in the West typically follow the Hippocratic tradition (Veatch, 19997) which is often acknowledged by both physicians and lay people as the foundation of medical ethics for physicians in the west. Among the Christian cultures, a new version of the Hippocratic oath called the oath According to Hippocrates insofar as a Christian may swear it (Jones, 1924), emerged for Christian physicians with some changes to reflect the culture of the Christian Kingdom. These includes removal of references to the Greek gods and goddesses, the dropping of the prohibition against surgery whilst strengthening the prohibition on abortion (Veatch, 19997). Similarly, the Percival’s medical ethics which become...
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...many of the arguments and discussions now current in biological research involving animals" in an article about the "bioethical imperative," as he called it, regarding the scientific use of animals and plants.[1] In 1970, the American biochemist Van Rensselaer Potter also used the term with a broader meaning including solidarity towards the biosphere, thus generating a "global ethics," a discipline representing a link between biology, ecology, medicine and human values in order to attain the survival of both human beings and other animal species.[2][3] Purpose and scope[edit] The field of bioethics has addressed a broad swathe of human inquiry, ranging from debates over the boundaries of life (e.g. abortion, euthanasia), surrogacy, the allocation of scarce health care resources (e.g. organ donation, health care rationing) to the right to refuse medical care for religious or cultural reasons. Bioethicists often disagree among themselves over the precise limits of their discipline, debating whether the field should concern itself with the ethical evaluation of all questions involving biology and medicine, or only a subset of these questions.[4] Some bioethicists would narrow ethical evaluation only to the morality of medical treatments or technological innovations, and the timing of medical treatment of humans. Others would broaden the scope of ethical evaluation to include the morality of all actions that might help or harm organisms capable of feeling fear. The scope of bioethics...
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...Code of Ethics Paper Ethical dilemmas in medicine are nothing new. They have been recognized and discussed in Western medicine since a small group of doctors. The Hippocrates was invented around the fourth century. New graduated doctors are to uphold this code of practice till today. In earlier times when doctors had only limited abilities to change the course of disease today can they intervene in ways that most fundamental processes of life and death. Ethical dilemmas in medicine are no longer considered the sole region of professionals. Professional code of ethics offers some guidance, but they are usually unclear and uncertain about what to do in specific situations. These codes assume that whatever decision is to be made is up to the professional not the patient. Today patients, families, and clergy want to become involved in ethical decisions. In large societal decisions such as how science medical resources, including high technology machinery, newborn intensive care units, and the expertise of doctors. While the doctors and patient relationships and individual cases are still prominent in bioethics. Bioethics began in 1950’ s as an intellectual movement among a small of doctors who started to examine the questions raised by the new medical technologies that were starting to emerge as the result of heavy costs of public funds in medical research after the war. That was joined by a number of scientists who has become disillusioned with what they saw....
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...comfortable methods. There are many arguments about these issues had been rising up from many different aspects, such as the actual definition of euthanasia and its practice; the physicians’ responsibilities and opinions; and ethics and religions stance of euthanasia. In my opinion, euthanasia and physician assisted suicide should be prohibited completely in all hospitals. Euthanasia is a physician purposely kills a patient by drugs with the approval from that person. Euthanasia can divide into two categories: passive and active euthanasia. Passive euthanasia is withdrawing any life-sustaining treatment (Palliate Medicine - 2011). In the other hand, active euthanasia is using drugs under administration of a physician. It can be voluntary, with the permission of the patients; involuntary, without a permission of a patient; and non-voluntary, with the permission of the second party due to the physical or mental condition of a patient (Health Policy – 2010). Involuntary is performing against the patient’s will, which is completely illegal. Active voluntary and non-voluntary are the main consideration of the society nowadays. One of the studies has shown the estimation of the percentage of deaths in the United Kingdom that involved euthanasia to be 0.16% (Palliative Medicine – 2011). Active euthanasia can be misunderstood and mistreated in many cases. The first case of mistreated euthanasia is about an incapacitated person, who is in a coma or a persistent vegetative state. Who can be the...
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...Unethical medical procedures When physicians begin to practice medicine they state in their Hippocratic Oath to “first do no harm” (Rothstein, 2010). This is a guiding principle of modern medicine. Our society entrusts our health and healing to doctors with the explicit understanding that these men and women are guided in their practice by a moral code that prevents them from subjecting their patients to procedures or tests that would be considered unjust, excessive, or beyond the boundaries of societal taste and ethics. Additionally we hold our doctors in a sacred trust to know when to exercise the authority of restraint when it comes to these unethical procedures. This restraint should be exercised even at times when the patient themselves may request a procedure or treatment that would be considered unethical. If a treatment would cause more harm than aid for a patient the doctor has a duty to deny the patient treatment. Unethical medical practices such as the dissemination of unneeded medicine, performing unneeded and life endangering surgeries and exploiting patients for profit can lead to harm to the patient. Doctors who perform procedures or treatments that are superfluous and result in detrimental consequences to the health of the patient are practicing unethical medicine. The rampant epidemic of prescription drug abuse in America can be traced back directly to unethical doctors prescribing medicine without validating a legitimate patient need. Recently we have witnessed...
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...they have. Naturopathic medicine is by no means new, but has been becoming more and more popular as people are trying to stay away from pharmaceuticals. As Naturopathic medicine becomes increasingly popular, there are ethical considerations and challenges that must be addressed. The six main Principles of Naturopathic Medicine found in the Ethical Conduct of Naturopathic Doctors are: • First, to do no harm, by using methods and medicines that minimize the risk of harmful side effects. • To treat the causes of disease, by identifying and removing the underlying causes of illness, rather than suppressing symptoms. • To teach the principles of healthy living...
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...Code of Ethics Paper Tina Young HCS 335 February 11, 2012 Susan Morgan Code of Ethics Paper Nathan Smith Davis founded the American Medical Association (AMA) in 1847. The American Medical Association is a prestigious organization that bases its principles on core values and a code of ethics. The AMA mission statement that reads, “To promote the art and science of medicine and the betterment of public heath,” reflects their social responsibility and commitment to America’s health care industry ("American Medical Association", 1995-2013). Their ethics committee supports healthcare institutions and medical professional pursuing scholarly research. The goals of the American Medical Association are to improve the healthcare system for patients and medical professionals while establishing acceptable ethical behavior. This paper will address the association’s goals and social responsibility. Team B will analyze the relationship between the mission statement, code of ethics, and core values that are leadership, excellence, integrity, and ethical behavior. When establishing ethical policies from a theoretical standpoint, the relationship between the association’s culture and ethical behavior play a huge role in decision-making. In conclusion the team will discuss the importance of the “fit” between the ethical values of the American Medical Association’s current and potential members. The American Medical Association (AMA) is here to promote the art and science of...
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...And they would have their own laws to follow and they have to follow these to do their jobs Wright. The practice of conventional medicine is regulated by special laws that ensure that practitioners are properly qualified, and adhere to certain standards or codes of practice. Most complementary and alternative medicine practitioners are not regulated by professional statutory regulation. This means it is up to you to find out whether your practitioner has qualifications, and will conduct treatment in a way that is acceptable to you. Many complementary and alternative medicines have professional associations and/or voluntary registers, which practitioners can join if they choose. Usually, these associations or registers demand that practitioners hold certain qualifications, and agree to practice to a certain standard. However, in these cases there is no legal requirement that practitioners join an association or register before they start to practise. http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/complementary-alternative-medicine/Pages/complementary-alternative-medicine-CAM-regulation.aspx Code of...
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...Press 0521804167 - Euthanasia, Ethics and Public Policy: An Argument Against Legalisation John Keown Frontmatter More information EUTHANASIA, ETHICS AND PUBLIC POLICY An Argument against Legalisation Whether the law should permit voluntary euthanasia or physicianassisted suicide is one of the most vital questions facing all modern societies. Internationally, the main obstacle to legalisation has proved to be the objection that, even if they were morally acceptable in certain hard cases, voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide could not be effectively controlled; society would slide down a slippery slope to the killing of patients who did not make a free and informed request, or for whom palliative care would have offered an alternative. How cogent is this objection? This book provides the general reader (who need have no expertise in philosophy, law or medicine) with a lucid introduction to this central question in the debate, not least by reviewing the Dutch euthanasia experience. It will interest readers in any country, whether for or against legalisation, who wish to ensure that their opinions are better informed. john keown is Senior Lecturer in the Law and Ethics of Medicine, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge. His previous publications include Abortion, Doctors and the Law (1988) and Euthanasia Examined (1995). © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521804167 - Euthanasia, Ethics and Public Policy: An Argument...
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