...Ergonomics, human engineering or human factors engineering is the science of creating products or designing machines which maximize safety, comfort or efficiency of people who use them. People who work with ergonomics apply general principles of industrial engineering, psychology, anthropometrics, which is the science of human measurement, and even biomechanics to adapt certain designs of products or workplaces to peoples constitution, strengths and limitations. This science also takes into consideration peoples reactions and the amount of time they need to process a specific task or information received from their environment, as well as the capacity of dealing with certain psychological factors, mainly stress and isolation. Once a study about a certain group of peoples reactions to their environment has been made, people who design with ergonomics attempt to develop the best possible design for a system or product. Ergonomists view people and a the object or machine they will use as a sole unit, and the ergonomic approach to design blends the persons abilities with those of the machine. When designing one must take into account the several limitations of both the mechanical and the human factor involved in a certain workspace. Human beings need to rest or experience less stress when realizing a certain task or they will spend their energies quickly and begin making mistakes when working, they are also subject to illness, accidents and the need of rest. The...
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...Human Factors has been a crucial part of the aviation industry for some time now. The reputations of Airlines are depended on the safety that they provide in order for the passengers to feel secure during the flight without any problems. But the modern world still experiences the hard ship of dealing with human factors that affect the pilot in control hindering decision making as well as the ability to act quicker resulting in accidents occurring. It is known that 70% of fatal accidents are related to human factors, of which 20% is fatigue. It is evident that fatigue is a major implement in accidents occurring with the loss of passengers and money in airlines, which is why they are a concern in the aviation industry. The question that most pilots have to face when they have been involved in an accident is whether the accident was caused by a human error or a mechanical failure, most being human errors and this essay will be based on the concept of fatigue as well the risks and management that can be supported to improve this human factor. There are two types of fatigue if it was to be categorised: Physical fatigue and mental fatigue. Physical fatigue is when the individual experiences lack of strength within himself, such as lifting objects where the muscles are fatigued. On the other hand, mental fatigue is to do with the mind not physically such as the level of consciousness decreases as time goes resulting in decrease in attention. This can be dangerous when a task that needs...
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...Human Factors Analysis and Classification System Abstract As aircrafts become more reliable over the years, humans have progressively become more of a causal factor in aviation accidents. Thus, being able to analyze an accident from a human factor perspective is of paramount importance. However, a proper framework of accident analysis is necessary to address the complex and often nebulous nature of human error. The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System Maintenance Extension (HFACS-ME) is one such framework that serves as an accident investigation and data analysis tool. This article will analyze how HFACS-ME is used from an applied perspective and demonstrate its utility using case studies. Human Factors Analysis and Classification System Maintenance Extension The Human Factors Analysis & Classification System (HFACS) was originally developed to analyze and classify human errors and other factors contributing to aviation incidents. HFACS combines features from Heinrich’s “Domino Theory” and Edward’s “SHEL Model” as well as Reason’s model to uncover factors that contribute to accidents (Schmidt, J. Lawson, D., n.d.). The Maintenance Extension of HFACS termed HFACE-ME was created to address aviation maintenance related incidents and facilitates the recognition of defective or absent defenses at four levels namely, Unsafe: Management Conditions, Maintainer Conditions, Working Conditions, and Maintainer...
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...Design principles Unit 2 Learning outcomes • Introduce concepts of usability and user experience • Understand fundamental design principles • Develop – awareness of how to apply them in design – Critical ability to evaluate other people design 2 Usability • “Extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use.” – ISO 9241-11:1998 Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) -- Part 11: Guidance on usability. 3 Usability • Usability is a quality attribute that assesses how easy user interfaces are to use. • Five quality dimensions: – Learnability: How easy is it for users to accomplish basic tasks the first time they encounter the design? – Efficiency: Once users have learned the design, how quickly can they perform tasks? – Memorability: When users return to the design after a period of not using it, how easily can they reestablish proficiency? – Errors: How many errors do users make, how severe are these errors, and how easily can they recover from the errors? – Satisfaction: How pleasant is it to use the design? – http://www.useit.com/ 4 Usability • Quality = absence of problems – discover usability problems and reduce their frequency and severity. – It can be measured – Objective data (performance data derived by behavioural data, user observations) – Subjective data (self-report, questionnaire...
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...by labor and management. Three examples are examined to explain the use of the model, understand construction site’s accidents and identify what prevention efforts should be performed. To identify the root causes of accidents, the existing construction accident investigation procedures should be combined with ARCTM which adopts both Contemporary Accident Causation Models and Human Error Theories. Then, ARCTM should be adopted as a tool to prevent the construction accidents. 1) Accident Causation Models Accident causation models are used to improve the industrial accident prevention programs. These models as Domino Theory (Heinrich 1959) and Multiple Causation Model (Petersen 1971) indicate that the root causes of accidents relate to both people and management systems. 2) Human Error Theories Human Error Theories can be realized in both Behavior Models as Accident Proneness Theory (Accident 1983) and Human Factor Models as Ferrel Theory (Ferrel 1977). Behavior models show that the main cause of accidents are workers. While the human factors models affirm that the main cause of accidents is human error. 3) ARCTM: Construction Model ARCTM is the outcome of developing and integrating number of the previously mentioned models. This model pictures the main three root causes of accidents: unsafe conditions, worker response to unsafe conditions, and worker unsafe acts. Accident Investigations Using ARCTM If accident occurs, ARCTM should be used by investigator after...
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...April 3, 2016 C H A P T E R 3 Evaluation Methods Learning Objectives 1. Recognize differences between evaluation methods and how they support the human factors design cycle 2. Design formative and summative human factors studies 3. Understand representative sampling and the implications for study design and generalization 4. Design an experiment considering variables that are measured, manipulated, controlled, and cannot be controlled 5. Interpret results and recognize the limitations of a study 6. Identify the ethical issues associated with collecting data with human subjects 1 April 3, 2016 PURPOSE OF EVALUATION 3 TIMING AND TYPES OF EVALUATION 5 LITERATURE REVIEW, HEURISTIC EVALUATION, AND COGNITIVE WALKTHROUGHS USABILITY TESTING COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION AND CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS IN-SERVICE EVALUATION 5 7 8 9 STEPS IN CONDUCTING A STUDY 10 STUDY DESIGN 11 ONE FACTOR WITH TWO LEVELS ONE FACTOR WITH MORE THAN TWO LEVELS MULTIPLE FACTORS BETWEEN-SUBJECTS DESIGN WITHIN-SUBJECT DESIGNS MIXED DESIGNS SAMPLING PEOPLE, TASKS, AND SITUATIONS 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 MEASUREMENT 15 DATA ANALYSIS 16 ANALYSIS OF CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS ANALYSIS OF DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES 16 17 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS AND COMMUNICATING RESULTS 18 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND TYPE I AND TYPE II ERRORS STATISTICAL AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE GENERALIZING AND PREDICTING ...
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...Running Head : Aviation Aerospace Human Factors in Aviation Aerospace Some of the greatest challenges in the operation and design of large machine systems such as aviation vehicles and aerospace vessels, arise from human factors . It is from such challenges that human-factor engineering has emerged, determined to optimize the interaction between man and machines for the purposes of safety and efficiency. As such, human-factors engineering concerns itself with operating procedures and the training of personnel , as well as issues of interface design (Britannica , 2008 ). These are crucial issues to aviation and aerospace, as human error has been identified as a primary contributor to more than 70 percent of commercial airplane hull-loss accidents. Graeber (1999) asserts that human error is a major concern within the areas of not only flight operations but in maintenance and traffic management as well. To remedy these matters, human factors engineering must identify the limits and characteristics of cognition , information processing and memory and how they can most effectively be integrated into the day to day operations of aviation and aerospace. This means going beyond mere personnel training and redundant safety protocols, but making knowledgeable and flexible observations about how humans interface with aviation and aerospace technology. Because technology tends to evolve faster than our ability to predict how humans interact with it, the overseers of aviation and...
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...The Human Factor in Aviation Maintenance Kenneth L. Arrington Embry-Riddle University Abstract Aviation maintenance professionals have earned high levels of technical skills training associated with their profession, however research in a number of industrial sectors indicate that up to 80% of accident causes can be attributed to a breakdown in human interaction. Human error cannot be eliminated it is essential fact of the human condition (Maddox, 1998). Maintenance professionals will always try to avoid making errors. Unfortunately, even the most highly trained and motivated professionals will make mistakes, however, with suitable understanding of the human factor and appropriate training, professionals can mitigate the consequences of errors. The human factor component of aviation maintenance can be grouped in four general categories: 1. Effective training for technicians and inspectors; 2. On the job safety of maintenance workers; 3. Human error that compromises public safety; and 4. Overall cost of maintenance errors. The Human Factor in Aviation Maintenance Aviation is an industry where mistakes mean lives are at risk. Airplanes have become more complicated and sophisticated in their evolution within the past 50 years. Maintenance technicians must continuously update their proficiency and knowledge in airplane repair because of the enormous differences in new and old aircraft that are presently in use (Maddox, 1998). Aviation maintenance...
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...and invading their employees' privacy would be to evaluate each employees based on their activities. Have each employee make a report of their activities while the company is monitoring them as well the companies should put trust in their employees to report everything they're doing and when it is time to evaluate them cross compare what has been monitored and what the employees have reported. The consequence biased to one side would be if the company were to engage in just invading employee privacy there could be massive repercussions such as the company being sued etc. The other components are people security, establishing ethical behavior in the company, and managers taking the initiative to stop any leakage in the company. The human factor in is the stronger point in this situation its not the technology that's leaking information but the people the technology is just a tool to do so. The same goes for when it comes to monitoring and making sure that...
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...with options that are added to each office/faculty table. Office/faculty table options can include drawers, shelves, hutches, lateral file drawers, credenzas. However, these added options for the office/faculty tables can help a lot for the orderliness of the workplace same through with the organizations of the table. Many manufacturer of office furniture which offers high-end products, bargains a variety of office tables. But the thing is, does it exactly suffice the needs of their consumers? An office table is not just as plain as a normal table, it is necessary to have each and every specification that will help the user to perform their job accurately and will definitely not sacrifice the comfortability of the user, in that case Human Factors and Ergonomics is involved. Ergonomically designed office/faculty tables will help to...
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...RME 7: 1- Textbook Chapter 14 Question 8: Describe the interrelationships between the human factor requirements, the reliability requirements and maintainability requirements; that is their impact on each other. Provide some examples. The basic design objectives for the system and its element should be compatible with the system operational requirements, maintenance and support concept and the prioritized technical performance measures; comply with the allocated design to criteria and meet all of the requirements in the various applicable specifications. These three requirements, human factor, reliability and maintainability are design-dependent parameters, and also are considerations in system design. This system design endeavour needs an appropriate and on time application of engineering and management efforts to maximize the likelihood that the resulting system design will be operationally feasible. Operational feasibility points out that the system will perform in an effective and efficient manner in response to a given customer need. These requirements have a considerable effect on the ultimate worth of a system. The reliability is the most prominent design-dependent parameter. Whilst reliability deals with time to failure, maintainability has to do with time repair. Also usability is a parameter linking human factors with the system. In this regard, downtime and the waste of resources for maintenance stem for lack of the proper consideration of reliability and maintainability...
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...Graham Greene “I Spy” The text under stylistic analysis “I Spy” is written by Graham Greene in the style of fiction. It deals with author’s feelings and emotions about relations at school, relations in the family. The main theme of the story is how main character of the story Charlie Stowe was able to steal some of his father’s stock - a packet with cigarettes from his father’s shop, with the purpose to prove his classmates that he is not a little boy. The idea of the story is that real parents should pay enough attention to their children, to bring them up properly in order that there wasn’t conflict’s in their family. So in the beginning of the story we have an exposition, where we get to know about the main character Charlie Stowe; the time of the seen is night. Charlie Stowe waited in his bedroom until he heard his mother snore. Then we got to know that it was the time of war, as ’searchlight passed across the sky,… seeking enemy airship’. Then Charlie draught the thought the cracks in the window frame. We have a detached construction in the second paragraph from the world ‘But the thought of the tobacconist’s shop…’ where author pays our attention to the fact that Charlie wanted to smth with it. then we see that he was 12 years old and that boys at “County school” nocked at him because he had never smoked a cigarette. The author uses periphrases concerning to cigarettes “The packet were piled twelve deep below”. The cigarettes were called Gold Flake and Players...
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...Ergonomics Nov 29, 2011 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss ergonomics. How important proper ergonomics can be to both the employer and the employee. To talk about some of the education and training options available to companies for its employees. Some employer responsibilities and how OSHA enforces them. And finally, a look at a few organizations created to influence ergonomics. Introduction Ergonomics is basically the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities. Throughout this paper I will go over the importance of proper ergonomics, along with a certain medical disorder that can result from ergonomic hazards. Then discuss different types of ergonomic education and training, as well as the delivery options available. Look at some basic employer responsibilities as well as OSHA Enforcement. And briefly go over two organizations that influence human factors and ergonomics around the world. Importance of Proper Ergonomics The science of fitting workplace conditions and demands of the job to the capabilities of the working population is Ergonomics. Ensuring effective and successful ergonomic practices will help generate higher productivity, greater avoidance of illness and injury, and even a possible increase in job satisfaction among the workforce. The avoidance of illness and injury is extremely important in today’s workplace as many companies are dealing with...
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...Influence of time pressure on aircraft maintenance errors TAKAHIRO SUZUKI, TERRY L. VON THADEN, WILLIAM D. GEIBEL University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Introduction Even though proper maintenance is crucial for aviation safety, tracing the effect that human error in maintenance operations has on accidents and incidents remains a difficult task. According to a UK Civil Aviation Authority study (2003), maintenance and inspection deficiencies ranked fourth (12%) as a factor in aviation accidents overall. Other studies have described that as technology has improved, aviation accidents attributed to mechanical failures alone have decreased, yet those attributed to human error have not shown the same reduction (Wiegmann & Shappell, 2003). Aircraft maintenance requires high reliability and is an important concern in the human factors realm for several reasons. On the one hand, automation, which has reduced flight crew workload, does not apply in maintenance operations (Reason & Hobbs, 2003). On the other hand, maintenance tasks generally access critical areas where human errors lead to serious consequences (Reason, 1997). From a human factors perspective, in the current competitive environment of commercial aviation, occupational opportunities relating to aircraft maintenance technicians (AMTs) are declining. While oil prices soar, fares remain low due to competition (Bond, 2008). Employing fewer technicians and making turnaround at the airport gate shorter are...
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...and invading their employees' privacy would be to evaluate each employees based on their activities. Have each employee make a report of their activities while the company is monitoring them as well the companies should put trust in their employees to report everything they're doing and when it is time to evaluate them cross compare what has been monitored and what the employees have reported. The consequence biased to one side would be if the company were to engage in just invading employee privacy there could be massive repercussions such as the company being sued etc. The other components are people security, establishing ethical behavior in the company, and managers taking the initiative to stop any leakage in the company. The human factor in is the stronger point in this situation its not the technology that's leaking information but the people the technology is just a tool to do so. The same goes for when it comes to monitoring and making sure that information is not leaked from the its the people who have to monitor to make sure that...
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