...APA Annotated Bibliography on Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Woman Castellsagué, X., Drudis, T., Paz Cañadas, M., Goncé, A., Ros, R., Pérez, J. M., & ... Bosch, F. (2009). Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in pregnant women and mother-to-child transmission of genital HPV genotypes: a prospective study in Spain. BMC Infectious Diseases, 9(1), 1-12. Retrieved May 27, 2009, from EBSCOhost Academic Search database. This article talks about the studies on HPV infection and transmission of the virus in pregnant women to the child yielding inconsistent results. The cohort studies consisted of 143 participants, 66 HPV positive and 77 HPV negative pregnant women and their offspring. Detection of cervical HPV-DNA yielded a 6.5% result (54/828) from provided data. Sexual behavior-related variables, previous histories of genital warts or sexually transmitted infections, and presence of cytological abnormalities were statistically significantly and positively associated with HPV-DNA detection in pregnant women recruited in the cohort. Louvanto, K., Rintala, M. A., Syrjänen, K. J., Grénman, S. E., & Syrjänen, S. M. (2011). Incident cervical infections with high- and low risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections among mothers in the prospective Finnish Family HPV Study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 11(1), 179-189. Retrieved June 22, 2011, from EBSCOhost Academic Search database. The authors talk about the increase or decrease risk of incident of HPV infections in pregnant women...
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...A case of a patient, Miss. Tracy Rewini, of age 66 years, suffering from advanced stages of cervical cancer which is already spread to her liver, pancreas and bowel has been presented for us to do critical analysis, case study and to prepare a plan of palliative care for her. Miss. Rewini has been suffering with this disease since three years. Cervical cancer is special type of cancer which is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) that affect cells of the cervix- lower part of the uterus which connects vagina (Bosch, Manos, Munoz, Sherman, Jansen, Peto, & Shan, 1995). It is caused when abnormal cells grow out of control on cervix (Stewart, & Kleihues, 2003). The care plan is discussed in following part of essay. As Miss Rewini is Maori women,...
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...Cancer is not just one disease, but a large group of almost 100 diseases. Its two main characteristics are uncontrolled growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of these cells to migrate from the original site and spread to distant sites. If the spread is not controlled, cancer can result in death. Cervical cancer in which I will be discussing in this essay…is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix. Various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cervical cancer. When exposed to HPV, a woman's immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. Early-stage cervical cancer generally produces no signs or symptoms. Some symptoms may include: vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause. Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor and Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse Cervical cancer begins when healthy cells acquire a genetic change also known as mutation that causes them to turn into abnormal cells. Healthy cells grow and multiply at a set rate, eventually dying at a set time. Cancer cells grow and multiply out of control, and they don't die. The accumulating abnormal cells form a mass. Cancer cells invade nearby tissues and can break off from a tumor to spread elsewhere in the body. It isn't clear what causes cervical cancer, but it's certain that HPV plays a role. HPV is very common, and most women with the virus never...
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...Abstract For the past several years, there has been a growing awareness of the epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases. One disease in particularly, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), affects over six million individuals every year, comprised mostly of girls between fifteen and twenty-five years of age. Because there are over a hundred strains of this disease, contributing to about 70% of all cervical cancer cases, scientists have researched and developed a vaccine to protect against several strains of HPV. This vaccine is called Gardasil. The research that led to the development of the vaccine started in the 1980s, and finally in June of 2006 a pharmaceutical company, Merck & Co., had the vaccine approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Keywords: epidemic, Human Papilloma Virus, vaccine, Gardasil, Merck & Co Ethical Issues and Principles with Gardasil After 5 years of clinical trial, Gardasil has been proven to protect against four of about 40 types of HPV, according to the CDC's informational brochure. HPV strains 6 and 11 are responsible for 90 % of genital warts diagnosed in the United States, and HPV strains 16 and 18 are responsible for 70 % of cervical cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). More specifically, Gardasil is expected to reduce the incidence of HPV related genital disease, including cervical, penile, vulvar, vaginal, anal cancer, precancerous lesions, genital warts, and laryngeal papillomatosis. In order to produce...
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...* What is HPV? * The most common STD * Infects the skin and mucous membranes of humans * Impacts women far more than men * Almost considered normal to have * Statistics * Approximately 5.5 million new cases each year are reported * At least 20 million people in the United States are infected, most do not even know it * At least 50 percent of sexually active men and women acquire a genital HPV infection * Up to 30 percent of individuals infected with HPV are infected with multiple strands of the disease * Types of HPV * Over100 stands of HPV known * 30 forms are spread through genital contact * Around 12 are considered “low-risk” * Approximately 15 are considered “high-risk” * Low-Risk HPV * Often cause no symptoms * sometimes cause changes in a Pap smear * Does not progress to cancer * Can cause genital warts * Strain 6 and Strain 11 cause 90% of genital warts * High-Risk HPV * Can cause cervical cancer * Strain 16 and Strain 18 are believed to cause around 70% of cervical cancer * Could have no symptoms * Transmission * Transmitted through vaginal, anal or oral intercourse * Sometimes transmitted through sexual contact without intercourse * Very rarely a pregnant woman can pass HPV to her child during vaginal delivery. Resulting in warts on the voice box. * Prevention * HPV Vaccine ...
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...9883616 HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION These highlights do not include all the information needed to use GARDASIL safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for GARDASIL. GARDASIL [Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent (Types 6, 11, 16, and 18) Vaccine, Recombinant] Suspension for intramuscular injection Initial U.S. Approval: 2006 --------------------------- RECENT MAJOR CHANGES --------------------------Indications and Usage (1) Girls and Women (1.1) 12/2010 Boys and Men (1.2) 12/2010 Limitations of GARDASIL Use and Effectiveness (1.3) 04/2011 ----------------------------INDICATIONS AND USAGE ---------------------------GARDASIL is a vaccine indicated in girls and women 9 through 26 years of age for the prevention of the following diseases caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types included in the vaccine: • Cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancer caused by HPV types 16 and 18 • Genital warts (condyloma acuminata) caused by HPV types 6 and 11 And the following precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18: • Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2/3 and Cervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) • Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1 • Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) grade 2 and grade 3 • Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) grade 2 and grade 3 • Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) grades 1, 2, and 3 GARDASIL is indicated in boys and men 9 through 26 years of age for the prevention of the following diseases...
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...transmitted human papilloma virus, with the aid of a new vaccine coupled with a Texas law, HPV has recently managed to spell out a mixture of controversy and celebration as well. HPV is the second most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States. Some estimates put it at a rate of one million new cases a year, and forty to fifty percent of sexually active women will contract it by the time that they die. HPV is a family of viruses that cause genital warts in men and women, it is also known to cause cellular changes that can lead to cancer of the cervix in women and anal cancers especially in homosexual men. Cervical cancer kills about five thousand women per year. Scientists have discovered over sixty types of the human papilloma virus. Visible genital warts occur in only about one percent of sexually active adults infected with the HPV virus while other types of HPV are sub clinical infections. The types of HPVs that cause genital warts are not associated with increased cancer risks and are caused by HPV types 6 and 11. HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35 have been linked to cervical cancer. These high-risk HPVs have also been linked to increased risk of cancers of the vulva, anus, and bladder. Gardasil is a new HPV vaccine that has been approved by the FDA to prevent cervical cancer in girls between the ages of nine and twenty six years of age. The Gardasil vaccine actually protects girls who get the vaccine against four types of HPV, or human papilloma...
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...Cervical Cancer Caused by Human Papillomavirus Infection in Latin America: A Focus on Populations in Rural Honduras Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer affecting women worldwide, but is the most common cause of cancer death in women in developing countries, disproportionally representing 80% of the cervical cancer deaths in women throughout the world (Ferrera et al., 1997; Perkins et al., 2011). More specifically, in 2008, statistics recorded over 80,000 women in Latin America and the Caribbean were diagnosed with cervical cancer, and nearly 36,000 died from the disease (PAHO et al., 2012). This accounts for over 16% (incidence) and over 13% (mortality) of the world’s public health burden due to cervical cancer. These numbers indicate that incidence of cervical cancer in Latin America is among the highest in the world, along with Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia (Arrossi et al., 2003). Cervical cancer mortality has remained consistently high in Latin America despite significant health care spending increases due to poor quality services, as well as, limited population coverage, specifically in rural areas (Perkins et al., 2009). Most importantly; however, is that cervical cancer is the most prevalent cause of cancer in women in Honduras and the leading cause of cancer death for Honduran women (Ferrera et al., 1997; Garrett et al., 2013) It is critical to note that many epidemiological studies show that the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is detected in...
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...What is Sexually Transmitted Disease? What are the Common Sexually transmitted diseases? What are the Cause of Each Sexually Transmitted Diseases? What are the signs/symptoms and Diagnosis? What is the complications? What is the Effect of sexually transmitted disease? \ S exually transmitted infection is a broader term than sexually transmitted disease. An infection is a colonization by a parasitic species, which may not cause any adverse effects. In a disease, the infection leads to impaired or abnormal function. In either case, the condition may not exhibit signs or symptoms. Increased understanding of infections like HPV, which infects most sexually active individuals but cause disease in only a few has led to increased use of the term STI. Public health officials originally introduced the term sexually transmitted infection, which clinicians are increasingly using alongside the term sexually transmitted disease in order to distinguish it from the former. STD may refer only to infections that are causing diseases, or it may be used more loosely as a synonym for STI. Most of the time, people do not know that they are infected with an STI until they are tested or start showing symptoms of disease. Moreover, the term sexually transmissible disease is sometimes used since it is less restrictive in consideration of other factors or means of transmission. For instance, meningitis is transmissible by means of sexual contact but is not labeled as an STI...
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...the tissues of the cervix. This type of cancer is a slow growing cancer and can be hard to diagnose because sometimes women do not have any symptoms. Even though women sometimes do not show or have symptoms of cervical cancer it can be found with a regular Pap test; women should have regular Pap tests done annually, starting at the earliest age of 21. A Pap test is a procedure where cells are scraped from the cervix and looked at through a microscope. Women who have unusual bleeding, post menopausal bleeding, bleeding after intercourse, unusual vaginal discharge, or pain during intercourse should all be examined and tested for cervical cancer because these are all symptoms of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is usually caused by human papillomavirus infection, also known as HPV. HPV does not always cause cervical cancer but is known to be one of the leading causes. There are two main types of cervical cancer: adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Adenocarcinomas makes up for 10 to 20 percent of cervical cancers, and squamous cell carcinomas makes up for 80 to 90 percent of cervical cancers. Each type of cervical cancer is distinguished by the look of cells, taken from abnormal Pap tests, under a microscope. There are many risk factors of cervical cancer besides HPV. Pregnancy, family history, sexual history, smoking, oral contraceptive use, diethylstilbestrol, and a weakened immune system are all risk factors of cervical cancer. Teens under the age of 17 who have had...
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...Epidemiology Betty Foote University of Phoenix Epidemiology: Global and Public Health NUR/408 Michelle Hogsed October 24, 2015 Epidemiology Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted viral infection found in young women that is one of the primary causes of cervical cancer. Sexually active young women, with many different partners, are some of the highest contributors and recipients in the newly infected population. Use of physical barriers, like condoms, during sex, can lessen this transmission. HPV is divided into two groups, low risk, nononcogenic types and high-risk types that can cause cervical dysplasia and in rare cases, cancer. Vaccines provide some protection against developing diseases caused by the virus. Epidemiological studies continue to evolve moving treatment forward for better patient outcome. Education is still the most effective way to deter this behavior that contributes to the HPV infection. Epidemiology is defined as “the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such states, and the application of this knowledge to control the health problems.” (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p. 255). With HPV, public health officials and scientists are constantly following the occurrences of viral spreading and patterns of occurrence. Development of vaccines is based on this data and sample collection. Public health nurses...
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...Name: Instructor: English 1A September 15, 2015 A Bump In The Road In the year 2012, there was a significant number of women who were diagnosed with cervical cancer. 12,042 women in the United States were diagnosed, and my sister Amber unfortunately, fell under that statistic. At the time she did not have medical insurance and Amber had not been in for a routine check up in over three years. It was not until she had to go to the hospital for severe pain in her abdomen, when doctors discovered a cyst on one of her ovaries, her lack of urgency eventually cost her health. Amber was diagnosed with stage zero Cervical cancer in early August, This being one of the earliest forms, cancer cells are found on the surface of the cervix. During this time there was a lot of waiting and anxiety my sister and our family went through. Amber had many doctor appointments and went through some very painful procedures such as, a Colposcopy biopsy and an Endometrial biopsy. Being the supporting, loving, and helpful family we are, everyone was by her side every step of the way and helping care for her son while she had Doctor appointments. Since then it has greatly impacted her and our family on the way we live life, It brought everyone together, from taking her to appointments, to helping with her child, it showed...
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...How to protect yourself from HPV (Human Papillomavirus) Speech 1A Lisseth GomezFranco Mt. SAC Outline Title: How to protect yourself from HPV (Human Papillomavirus) General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform the audience on how to prevent themselves from acquiring HPV (Human Papillomavirus) Time: 5-7 minutes I. Introduction A. How many people in this class know what HPV is? Or have at least heard of it? B. Those of you who raised your hand to either of those questions know that Human Papillomavirus does not have a cure; but the good news is that the infection often clears on its own, if does not; the treatment is need it, there are many HPV treatment options. C. Of persons infected with mucosal HPV, 5% to 30% are infected with multiple types of the virus. D. Although we know Human Papillomavirus is one of the most common sexually-transmitted infection in the US, and one of the ones that does not have a cure, however; HPV often clears on its own, in case it does not, and there are treatments options. E. Things you need to know about HPV. What they are and their symptoms? What causes them? How to protect yourself from acquiring HPV? And what are the consequences if you don’t protect yourself? Transition***The first among of these points is what Human Papillomavirus is and what the symptoms are. II. Body A. We all know that around 80% of sexually active man and women will contract the HPV virus at some point during...
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...Essay 2: Assessment of the Community And Aggregate Population Aneilla Alcin, RN NSG 3028 Caring for the Community South University Thesis Statement and Introduction Understanding the relationship between health outcomes to the environment is part of the foundation of modern nursing (Nightingale, 1969). A windshield survey is an informal method used by community health nurses to obtain basic knowledge about a given community. It provides a subjective view of the various physical characteristics of a communal area as observed while driving or walking through a neighborhood. Community assessment is an essential function of community nursing. Understanding the various types of community will help clarify the process. The first type of community described is a “geopolitical community” (Harkness & DeMarco, 2012, p. 177). It is an aggregate of people living or working in a defined geographic area. The second is “phenomenological community” (Harkness & DeMarco, 2012, p. 177), which is a collection of people sharing common interests, or philosophies and inter/intra personal connections. Borders for this type of community are not as clear as a geopolitical community. A phenomenological community can exist within a geopolitical community. An example of this is the homeless. The third is a broader view, encompassing a society, a nation, or the international community of the world as we know it. The Community Assessment: Windshield Survey (Cut and paste...
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...Each year, approximately 14 million people are infected with HVP, the Human papillomavirus (Genital HPV Infection, 2015). This virus is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States of America (Genital HPV Infection, 2015). Most types of HPV show no symptoms, but some cause genital warts. HPV is also associated with many cancers such as cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and anal. About 40%-60% of all penile, vulvar, and vaginal cancers are caused by HPV. This virus also causes about 80% of all anal cancers and about 100% of all cervical cancers (Pandhi & Sonthalia, 2011). The 2015 estimates of cervical cancer are that 13,000 women will be diagnosed and about a third of that will die (Statistics about Cervical Cancer, 2015). Specifically, the HPV genotypes 16 and 18 are associated with 64% of these cancers (Petrosky et al., 2015). The HPV vaccines, Cervarix and Gardasil, protect against these oncogenic genotypes (Godi, Bissett, Miller, & Beddows, 2015). Even though there are risks with taking this vaccine, the HPV vaccine is safe and saves thousands of women from getting cervical cancer and other types of cancers because there have been studies done to examine the safety of the vaccine around the world and there is a less chance of being diagnosed with some autoimmune diseases the influenza vaccine. The vaccines themselves are noninfectious and actually have proteins that “self-assemble to form virus like particles that induce a protective immunity”...
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