...I chose this article HPV in inner city teenagers because I remember hearing about the vaccine at the end of high school and being told it was probably too late for me to have the vaccine! I was interested in find out how many girls are getting the vaccine these days. I plan to have all my children, boys included vaccinated against HPV. As future health professional I may also find myself in the position to recommend the vaccine to the patients or clients I work with. The article states that the current recommendations are to vaccinate young people before they become exposed to HPV. However women up to the age of 26 may “catch up” and get vaccinated. Only about a third of adolescent women have had all three doses of vaccine as recommended. While cervical HPV rates are highest among young women, rates of infection in other parts of the body (e.g, mouth, anus) are currently being examined. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of HPV in the three main sites on the body in a group of young unvaccinated inner city women. METHODS Participants In the Bronx, New York City, 97 sexually active women aged 15-22 were enrolled in the study at Mt. Sinai Adolescent Health Center between July 2005 and March 2006. All women coming in for gynecological exams, sexually transmitted infection treatment or screening, and follow up for abnormal pap smears or genital warts were included. The women in the study were  mostly African American (54%) and Latina (39%) with an with a median...
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...19.7 million new STIs cases in the United States each year” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013, pg. 2). Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STI (Centers of Disease Control, 2014). “Human papillomavirus are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect the epithelium” (Centers of Disease and Control, 2012, pg. 1). According to the Centers of Disease Control, there are “79 million Americans that are currently infected with HPV. About 14 million people become infected each year” (Centers of Disease Control, 2014). With the number rising so quickly in the United States, they have developed vaccines to help minimize youth and young adults from contracting the infection. CDC recommends that all teen girls and women through the age of 26 and all teen boys and men through the age of 21 get vaccinated" (Crow, 2012, pg. 3). The vaccines best protect the individuals that are not sexual active before they receive the vaccine. "About 21,000 of HPV-related cancers could be prevented by getting the HPV vaccine" (Centers of Disease Control, 2014, pg. 2). Human papillomavirus has been linked to different types of cancers. Cervical cancer is the leading cancer linked to HPV. “In the early 1980s, cervical cancer cells were demonstrated to contain HPV’s DNA. Epidemiologic studies showing a consistent association between HPV and cervical cancer were published in the 1990s” (Centers of Disease and Control, 2012, pg. 1) There are approximately 500,000 cases of cervical...
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...HPV- Will We Let It Kill Our Families? In recent months, three letters have been gaining an increasing amount of recognition throughout millions of American homes, colleges, hospitals and courtrooms - HPV. The letters do not just spell out the commonly used acronym for the sexually transmitted human papilloma virus, with the aid of a new vaccine coupled with a Texas law, HPV has recently managed to spell out a mixture of controversy and celebration as well. HPV is the second most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States. Some estimates put it at a rate of one million new cases a year, and forty to fifty percent of sexually active women will contract it by the time that they die. HPV is a family of viruses that cause genital warts in men and women, it is also known to cause cellular changes that can lead to cancer of the cervix in women and anal cancers especially in homosexual men. Cervical cancer kills about five thousand women per year. Scientists have discovered over sixty types of the human papilloma virus. Visible genital warts occur in only about one percent of sexually active adults infected with the HPV virus while other types of HPV are sub clinical infections. The types of HPVs that cause genital warts are not associated with increased cancer risks and are caused by HPV types 6 and 11. HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35 have been linked to cervical cancer. These high-risk HPVs have also been linked to increased risk of cancers of the vulva, anus...
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...Gardasil and Cervarix prevent infections and provide immunity from Human Papillomavirus (HPV) a classification of viruses that can affect the skin and the moist membranes of different parts of the body, including the mouth, throat and genital area of teens. HPV increases their risk for developing particular types of cancers. The vaccine Gardasil and Cervarix can be administered through needle injections as a series of three shots over a period of six months, for young girls up through age 26, and young boys through age 21 (Allen, H., 2014). Generally speaking, common sexually transmitted infections like HPV6 and HPV11; the cause of most cases of genital warts; and HPV16 and HPV18, are known as developing factors of cancers of the neck of the womb, or cervical cancers and are preventable...
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...by human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States affecting 20 millions of Americans at age of 16 to 24 years old. Men and women get in contact with HPV when they engage in any kind of sexual relation such as vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse because HPV spreads through skin to skin contact. The HPV infection is asymptomatic and without medical treatment may result in cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancer (Lindley et al. 18). Being the cervical cancer the most frequent cancer among women. Prevalence of HPV among females at age of 14 to 59 years old was 42.5%. Being the prevalence among 20-24 years old women equal to 53.8%. Thus, an important public health...
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...HPV Vaccine Information For Young Women - Fact Sheet [pic] Two vaccines are available to prevent the human papillomavirus (HPV) types that cause most cervical cancers. These vaccines are bivalent vaccine (Cervarix) and quadrivalent vaccine (Gardasil). One of the HPV vaccines, Gardasil, also prevents HPV types that cause most genital warts. Gardasil also has been shown to prevent some cancers of the anus, vulva (area around the opening of the vagina), and vagina. Both vaccines are given in 3 shots over 6 months. Why is the HPV vaccine important? Genital HPV is a common virus that is passed from one person to another through direct skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. Most sexually active people will get HPV at some time in their lives, though most will never even know it. HPV infection is most common in people in their late teens and early 20s. There are about 40 types of HPV that can infect the genital areas of men and women. Most HPV types cause no symptoms and go away on their own. But some types can cause cervical cancer in women and other less common cancers— like cancers of the anus, penis, vagina, and vulva and oropharynx (back of throat including base of tongue and tonsils). Other types of HPV can cause warts in the genital areas of men and women, called genital warts. Genital warts are not life-threatening. But they can cause emotional stress and their treatment can be very uncomfortable. Every year, about 12,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer...
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...Research Paper NURS 318P Women’s Health Care A controversial topic that is currently being considered is the application of an early HPV vaccination in younger girls and boys. This sensitive subject has ethical implications and valid points can be argued both for and against the concept. Individuals that are for early vaccination hold that the vaccine prevents transmission of HPV, decreases chances of developing future complications, and is more cost effective in the long run. Individuals that take a stand against early vaccination will say the vaccine promotes risky sexual behavior, is not safe, takes away from parent’s autonomy, and is not cost effective in the immediate period. The following information will give insight to both sides of the argument and a personal stance on the issue. The first example in support of early vaccination is the prevention of transmission of human papilloma virus (HPV). There are symptoms that can occur as a result of having an HPV infection. Gardasil is found to be successful in preventing HPV infections from types 6, 11, 16, and 18 (Donahou, 2013). A benefit of the HPV vaccine is the provision that there is use of accepted medical technology that will prevent serious diseases when possible and minimize pain and suffering (Donahou, 2013). Vaccinating both young girls and boys is found to reduce HPV transmission (Chen, Shepherd, & Becker, 2012). White states “this vaccination may help prevent the spread of genital warts in both...
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...papillomavirus (HPV). HPV infection is common and is transmitted via skin-to-skin contact and body fluids. HPVs are a group of more than 100 related viruses. About 40 types are sexually transmitted through genital contact.3 What are the symptoms of cervical cancer? At early stages, cervical cancer may not cause any signs or symptoms. At advanced stages, cervical cancer may cause abnormal bleeding (during sex or after menopause), unusual discharges and discomfort or pain...
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...2003). Cervical cancer mortality has remained consistently high in Latin America despite significant health care spending increases due to poor quality services, as well as, limited population coverage, specifically in rural areas (Perkins et al., 2009). Most importantly; however, is that cervical cancer is the most prevalent cause of cancer in women in Honduras and the leading cause of cancer death for Honduran women (Ferrera et al., 1997; Garrett et al., 2013) It is critical to note that many epidemiological studies show that the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is detected in 80%-90% of cervical carcinomas (Ferrara et al., 1997). Vaccination again the most common types of HPV has proven successful at significantly decreasing rates of cervical cancer in developed nations. In fact, mortality rates of cervical cancer are seven times higher in Latin America and the Caribbean than in North America (PAHO et al., 2012). High prevalence of HPV infection...
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...sexually transmitted diseases. One disease in particularly, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), affects over six million individuals every year, comprised mostly of girls between fifteen and twenty-five years of age. Because there are over a hundred strains of this disease, contributing to about 70% of all cervical cancer cases, scientists have researched and developed a vaccine to protect against several strains of HPV. This vaccine is called Gardasil. The research that led to the development of the vaccine started in the 1980s, and finally in June of 2006 a pharmaceutical company, Merck & Co., had the vaccine approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Keywords: epidemic, Human Papilloma Virus, vaccine, Gardasil, Merck & Co Ethical Issues and Principles with Gardasil After 5 years of clinical trial, Gardasil has been proven to protect against four of about 40 types of HPV, according to the CDC's informational brochure. HPV strains 6 and 11 are responsible for 90 % of genital warts diagnosed in the United States, and HPV strains 16 and 18 are responsible for 70 % of cervical cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). More specifically, Gardasil is expected to reduce the incidence of HPV related genital disease, including cervical, penile, vulvar, vaginal, anal cancer, precancerous lesions, genital warts, and laryngeal papillomatosis. In order to produce the vaccine, which costs patients about $360 for 3 shots, pleasant to American consumers, Merck...
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...Epidemiology: Teens and Human Papillomavirus Carmen Holder NUR/408 Epidemiology: Teens and Human Papillomavirus Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease found in the young, sexually active population. It is presenting itself as a growing concern among the most vulnerable population; teenagers. Usually, there are no signs or symptoms associated with HPV so most people do not realize they are infected or that they are exposing a sex partner to the virus. There are more than 40 types of HPV that can infect the genital area, but the two most common types are HPV 16 and 18. These two types are responsible for approximately 70% of all cervical cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). This paper will define epidemiology and describe the epidemiology triangle as it relates to HPV. A specific type of epidemiology, descriptive, will be explained in addition to various levels of prevention. “The word epidemiology comes from the Greek words epi (upon), demos (people), and logos (thought), and it originally referred to the spread of diseases of infectious origin (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p. 255). It was not until the twentieth century that the field of epidemiology was recognized as a discipline. The focus of epidemiology is on evidence-based practice and the outcomes are used to guide a change in practice. Due to the many manifestations of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer, and other circumstances related...
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...conducted a study among 575 young MSM to quantify their behavioral intentions to initiate human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and to test an integrative model of HPV vaccine decision making. The integrative behavioral model (IBM) was used to inform this study. The IBM posits that a set of population-specific salient beliefs underlies the formation of attitudes toward HPV vaccination, perceived norms in favor or against vaccination, and perceived control over one’s ability to get vaccinated if desired. The effects of attitudes, norms, and perceived control on HPV vaccination are mediated by the individual’s behavioral intention (Ajzen, 1991). The IBM model, as applied to this particular issue, specifies that beliefs...
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...Understanding HPV Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. The virus is transmitted via oral, anal or vaginal intercourse. There are 2 types of the virus: “low-risk” may cause genital warts, and “high- risk” can cause cancer of vulva, penis, vagina, anus, throat, tongue and tonsils. There are a few vaccines that may help people from coming in contact with the virus, but the virus cannot be cured or treated, only prevented. The only way not to come in contact with HPV is to practice safe sex and get annual check –ups with a gynecologist or a primary care physician. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD), that affects the skin and mucous membranes...
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...Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most widespread sexually transmitted diseases in the U.S, transpiring in 79 million American. Most infections emerge in teenagers and adults in their early 20’s. There are many strains of HPV. Some, cause genital warts and some cause cancer. Both, males and females can get mouth/throat or anus/rectum cancer caused by HPV. Men can also get penile cancer and women can get cervical or vaginal cancer. On the contrary, most people that contract HPV never have any signs or symptoms and only realize they have HPV after they are tested because genital warts appeared (Cdc.gov, 2017). According to the Cdc.gov (2017), “every year, approximately 19,400 women and 12,100 men are affected by cancers caused by HPV”....
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...What is HPV? * The most common STD * Infects the skin and mucous membranes of humans * Impacts women far more than men * Almost considered normal to have * Statistics * Approximately 5.5 million new cases each year are reported * At least 20 million people in the United States are infected, most do not even know it * At least 50 percent of sexually active men and women acquire a genital HPV infection * Up to 30 percent of individuals infected with HPV are infected with multiple strands of the disease * Types of HPV * Over100 stands of HPV known * 30 forms are spread through genital contact * Around 12 are considered “low-risk” * Approximately 15 are considered “high-risk” * Low-Risk HPV * Often cause no symptoms * sometimes cause changes in a Pap smear * Does not progress to cancer * Can cause genital warts * Strain 6 and Strain 11 cause 90% of genital warts * High-Risk HPV * Can cause cervical cancer * Strain 16 and Strain 18 are believed to cause around 70% of cervical cancer * Could have no symptoms * Transmission * Transmitted through vaginal, anal or oral intercourse * Sometimes transmitted through sexual contact without intercourse * Very rarely a pregnant woman can pass HPV to her child during vaginal delivery. Resulting in warts on the voice box. * Prevention * HPV Vaccine ...
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