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Human Resource Management

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Introduction

Pourquoi parler de marketing RH ? En quoi cette approche peut-elle changer la façon dont les professionnels RH appréhendent leur métier au quotidien ? Telles sont les questions de fond traitées dans cet ouvrage. Ce livre montre en quoi le marketing RH est une démarche globale et complète… et pas seulement un « gadget » éditorial ou un effet de mode. Le marché de l’emploi subit depuis de nombreuses années des évolutions substantielles. Citons par exemple le renversement de la loi de l’offre et de la demande pour les talents les plus critiques, ou encore la transformation de la notion même de carrière, moins linéaire et plus forcément prise en charge par l’entreprise. Face à de nouveaux besoins de talents et de compétences, les entreprises commencent à adopter – de manière plus ou moins consciente – un marketing RH, mais bien souvent par la partie la plus simple : la communication vers des cibles facilement identifiables, et aisément réceptrices, c’est-à-dire les candidats. Pour continuer à se développer, les entreprises se lancent depuis déjà quelques années dans le développement de politiques de marketing RH visant à attirer les meilleurs talents potentiels (étudiants) ou réels (ceux de la concurrence). En parallèle, elles s’attachent à retenir leurs propres effectifs, en appliquant les techniques marketing tradition-

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ENJEUX ET OUTILS DU MARKETING RH

nelles vouées à la captation du capital humain (études de marché, cartes de positionnement stratégique, plans de communication et de marketing). Pouvons-nous pour autant résumer le marketing RH à cette seule approche, fortement liée à l’acquisition de talents ? Ces démarches destinées à la rétention des talents font effectivement partie de la panoplie des outils marketing. Mais ce sont des pièces d’un puzzle qui se veut beaucoup plus complexe. En effet, il ne s’agit plus seulement pour la fonction RH d’attirer, de retenir et de développer les meilleurs talents : la fonction RH doit également (se) vendre. Elle doit adopter les outils du process pour renforcer sa crédibilité. Elle doit repenser ses modes d’action, en favorisant une démarche plus holistique, orientée clients, où l’adaptabilité organisationnelle doit remplacer la rigidité du process. La fonction RH est confrontée à des notions aussi diverses que le produit RH ou le service RH, les attentes de ses clients actuels ou futurs (les candidats, les salariés, voire l’ensemble des parties prenantes), l’analyse du(des) marché(s) interne(s) et/ou externe(s). Elle cherche à mieux comprendre son environnement pour l’anticiper.

Quand les ressources humaines s’inspirent du marketing
Si l’entreprise doit repenser sa façon de convaincre (et de séduire par sa marque employeur), la fonction RH doit revoir son positionnement, et, au-delà, sa stratégie d’approche de ses prospects et « clients » internes. Produit, service, comportement des clients, analyse du marché, positionnement, marque employeur, etc., toutes ces notions ont un point commun : elles relèvent du marketing. Selon Philip Kotler, le marketing « est l’ensemble des techniques et études d’applications qui ont pour but de prévoir, constater, susciter, renouveler ou stimuler les besoins des consommateurs et adapter de manière continue l’appareil productif et commercial aux besoins ainsi
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INTRODUCTION

déterminés ». Nous sommes a priori bien loin des ressources humaines. Et pourtant… Cet ouvrage confronte deux champs qui ne se côtoient pas si souvent, mais dont les similitudes nous amènent à évoquer le terme de « marketing RH », levier de ce changement d’attitude entre l’entreprise et son environnement. Le terme « marketing RH » n’est pas nouveau. Dans son ouvrage consacré au Marketing des Ressources Humaines, Philippe Liger en propose une définition assez générale : il s’agit d’une volonté « d’appliquer les logiques et les techniques du marketing et de la communication pour attirer les candidats et fidéliser les salariés ». Le fondement même du marketing RH est d’utiliser les techniques du marketing pour le triple objectif bien connu des ressources humaines, c’est-à-dire attirer, retenir et fidéliser les meilleurs talents. Mais ce n’est que la face visible d’un immense iceberg, jamais totalement exploré à ce jour.

Un marketing RH trop souvent réduit au seul pan de la communication
Vecteur d’un nouvel état d’esprit pour l’entreprise et sa DRH (Direction des Ressources Humaines), le marketing RH est bien trop souvent réduit à la seule portion congrue de la communication. Or, le marketing RH n’est pas qu’une affaire de séduction. S’il apparaît surtout centré sur la communication, ce n’est qu’un aspect du sujet : le marketing RH ne doit pas se restreindre uniquement au recrutement et à la fidélisation, ou encore être décliné comme un simple exercice de communication. De même, il ne peut prétendre à considérer seulement les salariés – actuels ou potentiels – comme audience unique. Il faut dépasser la vision d’un marketing RH trop centré sur l’aspect « marque » et sur la communication, oubliant ainsi des notions telles que le positionnement, les produits, les marchés, le prix ou les actes d’achat.

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ENJEUX ET OUTILS DU MARKETING RH

Si la recherche d’attractivité est indispensable pour l’entreprise, le marketing RH est une invitation à (re)découvrir des compétences jadis réservées à la mercatique pour encourager le département RH à mieux vendre, se vendre, et non seulement à ses clients internes (les salariés) mais également à tous ses clients. Le marketing RH propose une palette d’outils et de réflexions visant à aider la DRH à construire un plan pour optimiser son recrutement, fidéliser ses salariés, et enrichir la relation de l’entreprise avec son environnement et ses partenaires. En quoi le marketing RH est-il différent du marketing « classique » ? En rien ! C’est un cycle d’analyse du marché interne et externe, d’analyse des attentes, de développement des produits et des services, et de « commercialisation » de ces services auprès d’un public ciblé, issu d’une segmentation précise. Vente, commercial, produit, prix, distribution : autant de mots qui semblent très éloignés de la réalité de la fonction RH. Et pourtant… a priori loin des réalités RH, cet ouvrage permet de rendre compte que toutes ces dimensions sont parfaitement adaptées au champ des ressources humaines. Le marketing RH se définit comme un nouvel état d’esprit fondé sur des techniques marketing adaptées aux ressources humaines pour que l’entreprise et sa DRH puissent se vendre, vendre, fidéliser et se renouveler. Nous proposons ici d’explorer les ressources humaines sous l’angle du marketing, à l’origine de la dénomination de marketing RH, portail de réflexions pour une association croissante des concepts de marketing et de la politique de ressources humaines. Cet ouvrage revient très peu sur les enjeux actuels des ressources humaines ou sur les pressions sociodémographiques qui pèsent sur les entreprises (papy-boom, diversité, conception du travail, etc.) pour se concentrer sur la mise en place d’un plan d’action marketing RH.

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INTRODUCTION

Vers l’élaboration d’un plan marketing RH
Un véritable plan marketing RH vise à soutenir le développement, le lancement et la gestion des services proposés par la fonction RH. La mise en œuvre d’un plan d’action marketing RH passe par une série d’étapes bien définies à travers les six chapitres qui composent cet ouvrage : • Le chapitre 1 a pour objectif de bien comprendre les tenants et les aboutissants du marketing RH. • Le chapitre 2 revient sur une démarche essentielle et préalable permettant à l’entreprise d’identifier son marché RH pour espérer vendre le produit ou le service RH voulu : la segmentation RH. Il s’agit de repérer les acheteurs potentiels via une démarche de segmentation bien orchestrée et d’un ciblage parfaitement mené. • Une fois le marché et les cibles identifiés, il est essentiel d’élaborer sa stratégie de vente du « Produit » ou du service RH en utilisant un véritable marketing mix, c’est-à-dire en travaillant sur les quatre variables que sont le produit, le prix, la distribution et la promotion. Le chapitre 3 se focalise sur la première variable du mix : le produit (ou service) RH. • Le chapitre 4 s’intéresse à la variable « Prix » en RH. Oscar Wilde disait que les gens connaissent le prix de toute chose et la valeur d’aucune. Dans l’entreprise, plus rien n’a de valeur sans un prix. Cette évidence doit cependant être retravaillée à la vue des spécificités de la fonction RH. • Le chapitre 5 développe la variable distribution RH (ou « Place »), a priori encore un thème qui peut paraître éloigné des préoccupations RH. Pourtant, au cours des dernières années, c’est l’un des aspects de la fonction RH qui a le plus évolué. Ce chapitre permet de faire le point sur les canaux de distribution les plus appropriés, mais aussi les investissements à réaliser et l’accompagnement à mettre en œuvre.
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ENJEUX ET OUTILS DU MARKETING RH

• Le chapitre 6 traite du dernier « P » – pour « Promotion » RH –, le plus facile et le plus évident à mettre en œuvre. Trop de personnes assimilent le marketing à la communication ou à la publicité. Or, ce quatrième « P », partie visible de l’iceberg du marketing RH, n’a d’efficacité que s’il est précédé par une véritable réflexion sur les trois autres « P » précédemment évoqués (le « Produit », le « Prix » et la « Place »).
CHAPITRE 1 LES FONDEMENTS DU MARKETING RH (Qu’est-ce que le marketing RH ?) CHAPITRE 2 SEGMENTATION RH (Savoir segmenter sa population RH) Les quatre piliers du marketing mix au cœur du marketing RH CHAPITRE 3 PRODUIT Savoir définir sa prestation Recrutement Coaching Formation interne/externe Gestion de la paye Université d’entreprise Système de performance Référentiel de compétences Grading … CHAPITRE 5 PLACE Savoir diffuser sa prestation Service disponible « chez » le manager Service on-line Service disponible « chez » la DRH Service disponible à l’extérieur CHAPITRE 4 PRIX Savoir définir son prix Coût financier direct Coût financier indirect (immobilisation) Coût induit (risque) Coût transféré (impact sur les autres membres de l’équipe)

CHAPITRE 6 PROMOTION Savoir séduire, savoir acheter… et le faire savoir Bouche à oreille Communication interne Via le manager (argumentaires) Via l’externe E-mails Courrier personnalisé Intranet Affiches

Figure 1 : articulation de cet ouvrage

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