...Sensodyne is a toothpaste marketed for individuals with sensitive teeth[1] and/or dentine hypersensitivity. It is a registered trademark of GlaxoSmithKline which acquired it in 2001 in the purchase of Block Drug which developed it.[2] The root of the tooth, or the dentin, is made up of microscopic "tubules" or pores. In some people, the root becomes exposed because of gum recession or gingivitis. Because the tubules are porous, hot and cold sensations (from hot or cold foods or drinks) can reach the nerve endings easily; the nerves fire, causing a sensation of pain or sensitivity. Sensodyne works because the potassium ions and fluoride penetrate the dentinal tubules and depolarize the nerve, which blocks pain transmission. According to Nickolson (2007), “a dentifrice for desensitizing dentinal hypersensitivity needs to be used for at least two weeks to have an effect, and continued use is needed to avoid relapse” (p. 88). Sensodyne Dentinal hypersensitivity is a common problem with one in four adults suffering from this affliction. If you feel a sharp pain when brushing your teeth, eating hot / cold foods or even chewing something fibrous, chances are you might be suffering from sensitive teeth. It is usually caused when gums recede and therefore, the dentine is exposed. Dentine contains the channels to the nerves, when triggered by hot/cold/sweet/sour food or while brushing your teeth, will transmit the pain signal to the nerves. The most common trigger for sensitive teeth...
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...ASSIGMENT ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR Submitted to : Dr. JAMSHED Submitted by: QISMAT ALI KHAN COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ATTOCK OF COLGATE TOOTH PASTE The premium toothpaste market in India is a market that many players are aspiring to be a part of and Colgate has been trying for gaining a more and more market share of this market from a very long time and this is evident from the launch of a new and improved version of Colgate Sensitive Original, known as Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief. Earlier this premium segment of the market consisted of a lot of players like Colgate's very own Sensitive, Pepsodent's Sensitive, Miswak and a few more players in the market who were already charging a premium price from the consumers as compared to the other variants of toothpastes available in the toothpaste market i.e. the prices in this segment were at a premium of around 30 percent than the other toothpaste variants present in the market. Also, if Pepsodent was already present in this segment then why...
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...reactions in the body. Such reactions are known as hypersensitivity reactions. The traditional classification for hypersensitivity reactions can be divided into the following four (4) types: (1) Type 1 reactions (ie, immediate hypersensitivity reactions) involve immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils; (2) Type II reactions (ie, cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions) involve immunoglobulin G or immunoglobulin M antibodies bound to cell surface antigens, with subsequent complement fixation; (3) Type III reactions (ie, immune-complex reactions) involve circulating antigen-antibody immune complexes that deposit in post-capillary venules, with subsequent complement fixation; and (4) Type IV reactions (ie, delayed hypersensitivity reactions, cell-mediated immunity) are mediated by T cells rather than antibodies. (Medscape, Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions, np, 03/25/2014) Hypersensitivity can be associated to a number of immune system problems such as poison ivy reactions, reactions to transfusion of Type A blood with Type B blood, reaction to an exposure to a field of ragweed, and unsuccessful kidney transplant. In the case of kidney transplant there are three (3) types of rejection: hyperacute rejection, acute rejection, and chronic rejection. (Brown University, Transplant Rejection Therapy, np, nd) Each type of rejection is due to a type of hypersensitivity reaction. Hyperacute rejection occurs usually within...
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...Response and Hypersensitivity Puncture Wound Multimedia Activity After completing the Puncture Wound Multimedia Activity, complete the table below. List the four events of the inflammatory response covered in the activity in the order of occurrence. Rewrite the events in your own words, using vocabulary terms from Ch. 2 of the text. Vascular Events in an Inflammatory Response |Events |Simplified description of event |Professional description of event | |1st |Germs from the skin are introduced below the skin. |A person has an open wound and has not cleaned it. | |2nd |Surrounding cells leak fluid that affects the blood |.The area around the skin is not clean. | | |vessels. | | |3rd |The fluid affecting the surrounding blood vessels causes |By allowing the fluid to leak, other cells can become | | |the release of others sells into other tissue. |infected. | |4th |As the wounded part of the body reacts to the gems, |Cells are destroyed when the body reacts to germs. | | |Certain cells destroy these germs. | | Hypersensitivity Give a brief...
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...Pre-Clinical Assignment Anita Mall Delaware Technical Community College Diagnosis Pneumonia: * Definition- Inflammation of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli * Signs & Symptoms- Cough (productive or nonproductive), increased sputum (rust colored, discolored, purulent, bloody, or mucoid) production, fever, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, chills, headache, myalgia, and confusion in older adults * Assessment/Interventions- * Provide patient teaching and education on exercises (breathing and physical) that help prevent infection or pneumonia. * Have patient in Semi-Fowler’s or High-Fowlers position, especially during meals and drinking * Turn patient every 2 hours * Assess patient’respiratory status and vital signs every 4 hours * Provide adequate fluid intake * Administer prescribed meds (including oxygen) and monitor effects Diabetes: * Definition- (Mellitus) a group of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia * Signs & Symptoms- severe dehydration, hypovolemic shock (hypotension, weak and rapid pulse), severe hyperglycemia, shallow respirations, altered mental health status, abd pain * Assessment/Interventions- * Assess patient’s blood glucose before meals and before sleeping at night * Assess patient’s vital signs (especially BP) every 4 hours * Assess patient’s feet everyday * Provide patient teaching and education on the importance...
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...Generic Name: Levothroxine Classification: Thyroid hormone Action: Controls protein synthesis; increases metabolic rate, cardiac output, renal blood flow, O2 consumption, body temp, blood volume, froth, development at cellular level via action on thyroid hormone receptors. Adult Dose: PO 1.7 mcg/kg/day Side Effect: Life Threatening: Thyroid storm, cardiac arrest. Common: Anxiety, insomnia, tremors, headache, excitability, tachycardia, palpitations, angina, dysrhythmias, hypertension, nausea, diarrhea, increased or decreased appetite, cramps, menstrual irregularities, weight loss, sweating, heat intolerance, fever, alopecia, decreased bone mineral density. Contraindication: Adrenal insufficiency, recent MI, thyrotoxicosis, hypersensitivity to beef, alcohol intolerance (injonly) Nursing Implications (lab value, V/S, ect.): • Determine if the patient is taking anticoagulants, antidiabetic agents; document on chart, • Take B/P, pulse before each dose; monitor I&O ratio and weight every day in same clothing, using same scale, at same time of day. Nursing diagnoses: • Knowledge, deficient (teaching) • Noncompliance (teaching) Patient Education: • Teaching patient that product is not a cure but controls symptoms and that treatment is long term. • Instruct patient to report excitability, irritability, anxiety, sweating, heat intolerance, chest pain, palpitations, which indicate overdose. Drug Brand Name: Metformin (Rx) Drug Generic Name: Glucophage Classification:...
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...Food allergies affect around 4% of adults and 4-6% of children in the United States. The most common allergic reactions to food are cough, runny nose, sneezing, dizziness, chest pain, rashes, itching, hives, swelling, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Factors that influence food allergies include exposure as a child and breast feeding. Allergic responses can arise from a number of proteins found within any given food. There are thought to be two types of allergic reactions, immune reactions and non-immune hypersensitivity reactions. Biosignaling plays a major part in the immune reaction response to food allergies. When cells receive and act on signals sent throughout the body, they are communicating through biosignaling. These are the signals that will bring about a response. Intolerance of certain foods creates a reaction within the cells of the body and there are many different kinds of biosignals that can result. They include ligand-gated ion channels, receptor enzymes, g-protein coupled receptors, and steroid receptors. In food allergy reactions the most common type of biosignaling reaction would be receptor enzymes. Within this process the enzymes demonstrate specificity, amplification, adaptation and integration. Enzymes and signal molecules will fit in a binding site on a complementary receptor; in food allergies certain responses will bind to the site and produce a reaction. The enzymes can also activate a large number of molecules, therefore demonstrating...
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...vasoconstriction by stimulation of alpha-adrenergic and serotonin receptors and inhibition of endothelial-derived relaxation factor release. It is a less potent vasoconstrictor than ergotamine. | This medication is a synthetic analogue of ergonovine, prescribed for treating postpartum hemorrhage. It works by increasing uterine contractions. | Most Common- High/low blood pressure, epilepsy and headache. CNS- Dizziness, hallucinations and ringing in the ear. G.Il- Nausea, vomiting, foul taste and diarrhea. Heart- Chest pain, palpitations and slow heart rate. Respiratory- Nasal congestion and difficulty in breathing. Potentially Fatal- Shock. | | Contraindicated in patients with high blood pressure due to pregnancy and hypersensitivity. | Check vitals every 15minutes and contractions carefully. Check the protocol /policy of the health care agency and follow then. | Drug Order | Mechanism of action | Indication | Adverse Reaction | Contraindication | Nursing Consideration | Generic Name: Oxytoxin Brand Name: Fetusin Classification: Oxytoxic | Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus and alveoli of the lactating brest. At coitus, uterine stimulation by oxytocin causes peristaltic activity that assists the migration of spermatozoa. During parturition, the hormone enhances the uterine contractions. | Oxytocin is used antepartum when an early vaginal delivery is desired. It is the drug of choice for the maintenance of labor once...
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...manage her current infection and cautions her parents to watch her closely for a reaction. Discussion Questions 1. What type of reaction is the health care provider concerned about and why? The type of reaction that the health care provider is concerned about is an allergic reaction to the penicillin. Since E.O is already allergic to bee stings and has a history of asthma, which are both Type I hypersensitivities, it is very likely that E.O could have an allergic reaction to the penicillin. Since penicillin is found in cow milk and the patient could have been exposed to it through milk, breast milk, or in utero, E.O could become sensitized to it. If E.O is further exposed to the allergen (being that her health care provider prescribed her penicillin), there could be an allergic reaction to it. Exposure to penicillin can result in the degranulation in mast cells and the release of histamine, which could cause the reaction, which is even more likely since E.O has two Type I hypersensitivities. 2. Explain the role of IgE and mast cells in type I hypersensitivity reactions. Why might E.O. react adversely to the antibiotic with the first use? During sensitization, IgE antibodies bind to the surface of mast cells, which makes the mast cells “sensitized.” When someone is exposed again to the same allergen, which results in the degranulation of mast cells and the release of histamine. Histamine will cause rapid constriction of E.O’s blood vessels causing a hypersensitive...
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...can result from immune system diseases because of an immune system attacking molecules and self cells. [pic] Asthma: Asthma, a chronic lung disorder, is caused due to inflammation of the air passage. Allergens, irritants or even stimulants such as physical activity can trigger the inflammation and induce variety of discomforts in a person. The symptoms of asthma include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, etc. [pic] Allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system.[1] Allergic reactions occur to normally harmless environmental substances known as allergens; these reactions are acquired, predictable, and rapid. Strictly, allergy is one of four forms of hypersensitivity and is called type I (or immediate) hypersensitivity. It is characterized by excessive activation of certain white blood cells called mast cells and basophils by a type of antibody known as Immunoglobulin E, resulting in an extreme...
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...1.0 Introduction Type II hypersensitivity is also known as antibody dependent cytotoxicity. This type of hypersensitivity is caused by antibodies that react with antigens present on cell surfaces or in the extracellular matrix. The antigenic determinants may be intrinsic to the cell membrane or matrix, or they may take the form of an exogenous antigen, such as a drug metabolite, that is adsorbed on a cell surface or matrix. In either case the hypersensitivity reaction results from the binding of antibodies to normal or altered cell surface antigens (Fisher, 2012). The antibody-dependent mechanisms that cause tissue injury and disease are illustrated in the figure below 2.0 Antibody- Dependent Mechanism The antibody-dependent mechanisms that cause tissue injury and disease are illustrated in the figure below; 2.1: Opsonization and Phagocyctosis The depletion of cells coated with antibodies is due to phagocytosis. The phagocyte Fc receptor recognizes the IgG antibodies as they are specific for the Fc portions of some IgG subclasses. In the event of IgM or IgG antibodies being deposited on the surfaces of cells, they activate the complement system by the classical pathway. The by-products of the complement activation are C3b and C4b, which are deposited on the surfaces of the cells and recognized by phagocytes that express receptors for these proteins. This results in phagocytosis of the opsonized cells and their destruction .The membrane attack complex is formed by complement...
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...manage her current infection and cautions her parents to watch her closely for a reaction. Discussion Questions 1. What type of reaction is the health care provider concerned about and why? The type of reaction that the health care provider is concerned about is an allergic reaction to the penicillin. Since E.O is already allergic to bee stings and has a history of asthma, which are both Type I hypersensitivities, it is very likely that E.O could have an allergic reaction to the penicillin. Since penicillin is found in cow milk and the patient could have been exposed to it through milk, breast milk, or in utero, E.O could become sensitized to it. If E.O is further exposed to the allergen (being that her health care provider prescribed her penicillin), there could be an allergic reaction to it. Exposure to penicillin can result in the degranulation in mast cells and the release of histamine, which could cause the reaction, which is even more likely since E.O has two Type I hypersensitivities. 2. Explain the role of IgE and mast cells in type I hypersensitivity reactions. Why might E.O. react adversely to the antibiotic with the first use? During sensitization, IgE antibodies bind to the surface of mast cells, which makes the mast cells “sensitized.” When someone is exposed again to the same allergen, which results in the degranulation of mast cells and the release of histamine. Histamine will cause rapid constriction of E.O’s blood vessels causing a hypersensitive...
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...into the colon. It increases the amount of water and fat absorbed by the feces, softening the stool and making it easier to pass.Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. Increases renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. | Contraindicated with allergy to acetaminophen. Use cautiously with impaired hepatic function, chronic alcoholism, pregnancy, lactation. Adverse effects CNS: Headache CV: Chest pain, dyspnea, myocardial damage when doses of 5–8 g/day are ingested daily for several weeks or when doses of 4 g/day are ingested for 1 yr GI: Hepatic toxicity and failure, jaundice GU: Acute kidney failure, renal tubular necrosis Contraindications Hypersensitivity; severe chronic heart failure, bronchial asthma or related bronchospastic conditions; severe hepatic impairment. Adverse effects Bradycardia, AV...
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...before giving the drug for baseline date• Check the site to determine possible contraindications• Explain the procedure to the client for orientation• Observe the client after administering the drug to note any possible side effects• Assess client’s feeling to determine if the client is to generate a bowel movement• Check for the stool and document data for reference | Generic Name:FurosemideBrandName:LasixDosage:20mgRoute:IVFrequency:PRN | Classification:Loop DiureticsMechanism of Action:Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the proximal and distal tubules as well as the ascending in the loop of Henle | Indications:• Edema• HypertensionContraindications:Drug is not contraindicated in the patient but here are some:• Hypersensitivity to the drug• Anuria | Adverse Effects:The patient doesn’t experience any adverse effect of the drug but here are some:• jaundice• hearing impairment• hypotension• abdominal pain• dizziness | Nursing Responsibilities:ICU staff nurse is the one who administered drug but here are some nursing responsibilities:•...
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...NAME OF DRUG: Citalopram GENERIC NAME: Citalopram TRADE NAME: Celexa NORMAL DOSAGE & ROUTE: PO: (Adults) 20 mg once daily initially, may be ↑ in 1 wk to 40 mg/day CLASSIFICATION: T her. Class. antidepressants Pharm. Class. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ssris ACTION: Selectively inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the CNS. THERAPEUTIC EFFECT: Antidepressant action. INDICATIONS: Depression CONTRAINDICATIONS: ● Hypersensitivity; ● Concurrent use of MAO inhibitors or MAOlike drugs (linezolid or methylene blue); ● Concurrent use of pimozide; ● Congenital long QT syndrome, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, recent myocardial infarction, decompensated heart failure (↑ risk of QT interval prolongation); ● Concurrent use of QT interval prolonging drugs SIDE/ADVERSE EFFECTS: CNS: NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME UICIDAL THOUGHTS pathy onfusionrowsiness , S , a , c , d , insomnia , weakness , agitation, amnesia, anxiety, ↓ libido, dizziness, fatigue, impaired concentration, ↑ depression, migraine headache EENT: abnormal accommodation Resp: cough CV: TORSADE DE POINTES , postural hypotension, QT interval prolongation, tachycardia GI: abdominal pain norexia iarrhea ry mouth yspepsialatulence saliva ausea , a , d , d , d , f , ↑ , n , altered taste, ↑ appetite, vomiting GU: amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, ejaculatory delay, erectile dysfunction, polyuria Derm: sweating...
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