...2013, the ICC had 122 state parties to the Statute of the Court. This large number of states included all of South America, most of Oceania, about 50% of Africa, and almost all of Europe. A paper published by the Political Science Department of Columbia University describes the statute as having the following obligations and limitations: “The statute empowers the Court to exercise jurisdiction with respect to these crimes under three conditions: 1) where a State Party refers a situation to the Prosecutor, 2) where the Prosecutor initiates an investigation proprio motu, and 3) where the UN Security Council refers a situation to the Court. Under the first two conditions, the Court may exercise. 25 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Part 2. Jurisdiction only over nationals of a State Party or over crimes alleged to have occurred on the territory of a State Party; however, where the Security Council has referred a situation, the Court may exercise jurisdiction over any individual alleged to have perpetrated a crime within its competence, regardless of the nationality of the person or the location of the crime” (Broache, 11). On March 31, 2005, the UN Security Council passed the referral of the situation to the ICC with a unanimous eleven votes in favor of the referral (Heyder, 3). This Security Council vote was the first time the Security Council used its power to refer a situation to the ICC, giving the ICC jurisdiction over a non-state party (ICC Now).ne 6th...
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...Sudanese Armed Forces. The Janjaweed help in the massacre, slaughtering hundreds like pigs. Bodies strewn about, lying in ditches as their family cries over them. Hundreds of men covered in soot and soil, coughing and sputtering, climbing out of oil holes and caves for little to no pay. This is Sudan (About Sudan). Over the years Sudan has steadily gone down the drain. Lead by the twice indicted president Omar al-Bashir, it has been plagued by genocide and war. Around 1955 the people of Sudan became fed up with the government and demanded...
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...Crisis in Darfur: An Educational Simulation July 10, 2009 U.S. Diplomacy Center Department of State PARTICIPANT BACKGROUND GUIDE INTRODUCTION: “CRISIS IN DARFUR” Whether the murder, rape, pillage, and displacement of tens of thousands in the Darfur region of Sudan is labeled a tragedy, or civil war, or ethnic cleansing, or genocide “in slow motion” 1, the world can’t ignore what is going on in western Sudan. According to the UN, over 2.1 million people are believed to have left their homes, and up to 70,000 have been killed. Other estimates put the death toll higher, up to 400,000. International media has only limited access due to the remoteness and instability in this vast region the size of France. So we don’t see all the day to day details of suffering as we did, for example, in late 1998 in Kosovo. Those images and reports helped trigger UN ultimatums and eventual NATO intervention in 1999. After the Holocaust, the world said “never again” should we stand by and watch while millions are slaughtered. After the Cambodian genocide of the 1970s, after the Rwandan genocide of 1994, and after the mass killings in Srebrenica in Bosnia in 1995, the world also stood by, and then said “never again.” And now we have Darfur. Thus Darfur can be seen as a profound test of the credibility of the international community: the United Nations, the international NGO community, the African Union, and citizens and governments around the world. Is there the will to act in Darfur or will we stand...
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...of Law and Diplomacy May 2007 The ICC in Northern Uganda David Lanz Introduction The creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC) via the entry into force of the Rome Statute on July 1st 2002 sparked enthusiasm. For M. Cherif Bassiouni, “The ICC combines humanistic values and policy considerations essential for the attainment of the goals of justice, redress and prevention as well as the need for the restoration of world order and world peace.”1 Ironically, five years after its creation, the Court has been accused of being an impediment to what it was created to promote: peace. With regards to Northern Uganda, Bassiouni remarks that the ICC indictments against five senior members of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), “was received negatively by some individuals involved in the Ugandan peace process,” who “have argued that it has undercut their efforts to advance peace initiatives.”2 The claim that the ICC’s intervention in Northern Uganda obstructs peace seems obvious. It is expressed in its simplicity by Father Carlos Rodriguez: “nobody can convince a rebel leader to come to the negotiating table and at the same time tell him that when the war ends he will be brought to trial.”3 This paper examines the criticism that the ICC obstructs peace in Northern Uganda. It aims to go beyond the simplistic framework of peace vs. justice, which suggests that the pursuit of peace requires abandoning aspirations of justice and that the ICC should immediately withdraw the indictments...
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...two rebel groups of citizens in Darfur, Sudan, rose up against the government, and blamed them for failing to take care of the country. Darfur had been facing a lack of resources, and other necessities to live. The two groups were called the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), and the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA). The government then released a militia, called the Janjaweed. They were to target civilians of the same ethnic group that the rebels were, and kill them. 2. The opposing forces of this ongoing genocide are the Janjaweed, and the two rebel forces, JEM and SLA. The Janjaweed was formed by the president of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, and the two rebel forces were formed by civilians. In early 2008, United Nation (UN) peacekeepers took over in Sudan, called UNAMID (United Nations – African Union Mission in Darfur), but they could not really help anyone. The United States is also involved in this genocide. They do very little, but they are one of many countries who officially state this as genocide. 3. The Darfur genocide is still ongoing, but progress is trying to be made for a resolution. In November 2005, the Sudanese government and rebels agreed to peace talks in Abuja, Nigeria, but progress was very slow. On July 14, 2008, the Chief Prosecutor of the International Crime, (ICC) Luis Moreno- Ocampo, announced that he was trying to find an arrest warrant for Bashir for starting genocide, and doing war crimes. In March 2009, the ICC finally issued a warrant for Bashir for...
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...Darfur Genocide is about massive murders of innocent people. During the Darfur genocide, the African colony were murdered by the Sudanese government (non-military army). It is important to educate others about this harsh situation to prevent genocide from happening. The Darfur genocide happened in 2003 when the Sudanese government took over. It occurred in the country of sudan, Darfur.The region where it happened was in the eastern region of Red Sea Hills. It all started when some individuals weren’t liking the new colony that was happening during that time. So the whole village went against the government of Darfur. The victims were mostly Arabs(muslims). These people were victims because supposably there were one ones who tried and attack the government. Furthermore, the people they were killing were the Arabs.The only reason they were murdering them was because they didn’t want to follow the commands of their government. Also about 480,000 of the Darfur village were murdered, tortured, and raped....
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...organization, Invisible Children will be closing their doors. People have helped raise more than $30 million. In just five days, the Kony 2012 video attracted over 100 million views. The group’s leaders have said that they have accomplished many of their goals. They put this statement out, “Invisible Children has seen incredible strides toward the achievement of its mission- a permanent end to LRA violence. While Kony is still being pursued by regional security forces, the unprecedented political momentum galvanized by Invisible Children dedicated activists has helped secure and maintain an international coalition, working toward ending the LRA’s violence and bringing Kony to justice. As a result of these collective efforts, three of the five ICC (International Criminal Court)- indicated senior LRA commanders have been removed from the battlefield in the last three years, and LRA-affected communities in central and east Africa have experienced a significant improvement in safety and...
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...* International law * The new millennium * International vs. national * Codification * Natural law * Sovereignty * International conflict Sources of international law * Judicial decisions and the teachings of the most qualified publicists in the various nations * International conventions * International customs as evidence of a general practice accepted as law * General principles recognized by civilized nations International treaties and conventions Treaties | Conventions | Considered more serious in scope and function than conventions (for example, peace treaties and border treaties) | Sponsored by an international organization | Must be ratified by the states involved | Negotiated issues are often included in the title | International customs General practices are accepted as law: * Majority of world states recognize the authority of international customs * Must provide evidence of general practice * Accepted as law even if they are not codified (if practiced consistently over time by a majority of world states and if the custom is based in universal morality) General principles of law * What general principles are recognized by all legal systems? * Natural justice * Due process Subsidiary and other sources of international law * Subsidiary Sources * Judicial decisions * Juristic writings * Other Sources * Arbitration * Acts of international...
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...international tribunal/court can be convened). The law of the forum, where the dispute is being heard, will supply the procedural rules that will allow it to review the substantive matter (legal issues at stake). Disputes involving a private individual or company usually end up in a domestic court of a state. 3-1 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall Disputes between states 3-2 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall Are taken to an international tribunal, such as the ICJ (International Court of Justice) or the dispute resolution panel of the World Trade Organization (if both states are members) and the matter involves a trade in goods issue. The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a court of last resort which tries persons accused of the most serious crimes against humanity (crimes such as genocide). Settlement of Disputes in International Tribunals International Court of Justice International Criminal Court World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Procedures 3-3 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 4 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 1 3/7/2016 ICJ Jurisdiction International Court of Justice Principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It has jurisdiction to hear: • Disputes between states pursuant to its contentious jurisdiction. • Cases from organs and specialized agencies of the UN pursuant...
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...Title Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Date Answer Kenya is in danger of continuance the violence that marred its 2007 presidential election, throughout that one,133 died and nearly 60 million were displaced from their homes. Political order in African country nearly folded. Ending the crisis needed 2 months of negotiations mediate by former United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan and supported by the us and its partners. The negotiations resulted during a power-sharing agreement between the 2 adversaries within the election, President Mwai Kibaki and Raila Odinga. called the National Accord, the deal elevated Odinga to the post of prime minister and provided for the writing of a replacement constitution to deal with the causes of the conflict. Kenya's next elections, to be persevered March four and Apr eleven, 2013, ar arguably the foremost necessary and sophisticated since the country's come to multiparty politics 20 years past. If the elections ar mostly peaceful and viewed as "free and truthful," they are going to bring Kenya's new formation, adopted in 2010, totally into force and advance the country's progress toward changing into a contemporary democratic state. Conversely, if the elections ar marred by widespread violence and perceived as illegitimate by the Kenyan public, they're possible to plunge the country into a revived amount of political instability and set back Kenya's democratic advance...
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...2009 > hot topics 69 TOPICS HOT L e g a L i s s u e s i n p L a i n L a n g u a g e This is the sixty-ninth in the series Hot Topics: legal issues in plain language, published by the Legal Information Access Centre (LIAC). Hot Topics aims to give an accessible introduction to an area of law that is the subject of change or public debate. International law 1 overview What is international law? – difference between international law and domestic law – Why do States obey international law? – subjects of international law – How do international law and domestic law interact? 4 sources of international law Jus cogens – international conventions and treaties – Australian treaty practice – custom – general principles of law – judicial decisions and writings of publicists – ‘hard law’ and ‘soft law’. 8 states What is a State? – rights of States – self-determination – creation and recognition of new States – case studies. AUTHOR NOTE: Jane Stratton currently leads corporate social responsibility programs in a leading Sydney law firm, teaches law students at a Sydney university and independently, undertakes community development projects in Western Sydney. Her work has included legal and policy roles in the Public Interest Advocacy Centre, the Australian Human Rights Commission, UN High Commission for Refugees and the ICTY. She has experience in litigious and political advocacy. Jane holds qualifications in law (Honours)...
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...Internally displaced people returning to their homes following the end of fighting in Sudan’s Blue Nile state between the Sudanese army and fighters allied to Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), the dominant force in newly independent South Sudan. (Photo: REUTERS/Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah, September 2011) Internal displacement in Africa Burundi p. 41; Central African Republic p. 42; Chad p. 43; Côte d’Ivoire p. 44; Democratic Republic of the Congo p. 45; Ethiopia p. 46; Kenya p. 47; Liberia p. 48; Niger p. 48; Nigeria p. 49; Senegal p. 50; Somalia p. 50; South Sudan p. 51; Sudan p. 52; Uganda p. 53; Zimbabwe p. 54 In 2011, IDMC monitored internal displacement in 21 subSaharan African countries. There were an estimated 9.7 million IDPs in these countries, representing over a third of the world’s total internally displaced population. Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Somalia continued to be the countries with the largest internally displaced populations in Africa. The number of IDPs in Africa in 2011 was down from 11.1 million a year earlier, continuing a sustained downward trend since 2004 when there were over 13 million. Violent struggles between groups vying for access to natural resources, land and political representation and power were among the root causes of most of these displacements. These struggles were manifested either by armed conflicts pitting governments and their armed forces against armed opposition groups, or by inter-communal...
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...website, Joseph Kony was labeled as a “specially designated global terrorist.” Evidence and years of research reveal that Joseph Kony began this group in an attempt to become a powerful political figure. He did this by abducting children from their families, forcing them into sexual slavery, and fashioning them into child soldiers. The children would sometimes be forced to kill innocent civilians under the cruel orders of Kony and his top commanders. According to the [3] official website of Invisible Children, “in 2005 Joseph Kony was the first person to be indicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for crimes against humanity and war crimes.” The LRA originated in Uganda in the 1980’s to serve Kony’s main motive to overthrow the Ugandan government. However, in 2006 the organization dispersed in other countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, and the Central African Republic because of the Juba Peace Talks movement. It is estimated that Kony’s LRA killed approximately 2,500 people and holds about 4,000 members, most of which are children. “Its members are known for hacking off the lips and ears of their victims, looting villages and burning huts, and stealing clothes and medicine from the communities they terrorize” Through a structural funtionalist’s perspective, the focus is geared more towards the adherance to a normative belief system. They believe in an individual blame; that is deviant behavior is a result of inadequate...
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...Sudan and South Sudan’s Merging Conflicts Africa Report N°223 | 29 January 2015 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 brussels@crisisgroup.org Table of Contents Executive Summary................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. II. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... South Kordofan – the Epicentre of Sudan’s Conflicts ..................................................... A. The Government’s “Hot Dry Season” Campaign ....................................................... B. The Sudan Revolutionary Front ................................................................................ III. Internal Nuer Conflict in Unity State ............................................................................... A. Historic Disunity ........................................................................................................ B. Bul Nuer Rising .......................................................................................................... 1 2 2 4 7 7 8 IV. Merging Conflicts in Sudan and South Sudan ......................................................
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...International Logistics Specialized Aspects of Singapore Central Washington University Tien Nguyen Tuyen Do Dat Phan Global Supply Chain Management Professor Ozden Bayazit May 22, 2013 1. What are the rough dimensions of the country in miles? * 271.8 sq miles (703.96 sq km) 2. What is the population? What percentage lives in the 3 largest cities? * 5,076,700 people (City Population, 2010) * The percentage lives in the 3 largest regions: +North East: 747,216 (14.72%) +West: 893,739 (17.60%) +Central: 929,082 (18.30%) 3. What is the predominant language? How widely used is English in business? * Official language: Malay (14.1%), English (23%), Standard Mandarin (35%), Tamil (3.2%) (Singapore: history, geography, government, culture and trade, 2012). * English is used widely in most business, especially international trade * There are 2 types of English: +Standard Singapore English (SSE): business, school& formal speaking. +Singapore Colloquial English (Singling): informal speaking. 4. What are the principle cities and political divisions which would have an impact on transportation? * Singapore is itself a city-state. * Principle towns: * Toa Payoh * Ang Mo Kio * Choa Chu Kang * Bedok * Tampines (City Population, 2010) 5. What are the principle products for the country (top 3-5 in each of the following categories) - Overall (produced in the country): * Electronic integrated...
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