...International Financial Reporting Standards Introduction: IFRS are a set of rules developed and issued by IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) which is an independent body based in London, England. These rules will apply uniformly to financial reporting by public entities worldwide. The adoption of IFRS is widespread around the world with 120 countries requiring public corporations to adapt IFRS. Accounting standards as we know are a modern development although its traces date back 500 years. They are very important in today’s world in which the ownership and control of firm are different. The Role of Accounting Standards: Accounting standards are very important for the smooth functioning of capital markets. The managers are better informed than outside parties about the data and performance of the firm. However the outside parties control the capital which they can provide to the firm provided they rest assured about the sound quality of financials of the firm so as to ensure the safety of their capital. The more the safety, the less will be the cost of capital to the firm as the creditors and third parties will demand less rate of return. So the managers need to adhere to accounting standards and get it audited by professional auditors so as to ensure the true and fair picture of business. Hence the accounting standards dictate the allocation of capital in complex capital markets and economies. Benefits of IFRS 3.1 Countries: Different accounting standards are adapted...
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...Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to outline the history, current requirements and potential issues regarding the presentation of Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) for Australian reporting entities. Historically, there has been a long standing debate on what items should be included in income, operating income (dirty surplus) or an all-inclusive income (clean surplus). Dirty surplus accounting excludes all items not related to the current operations of the firm and is generally based upon by past firm transactions. The all-inclusive method recognises both operating income as well as revaluation increments (gains and losses) of net assets as part of income (clean surplus) (Hodgson, 2014). The all-inclusive income method was adopted by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in 1997 and subsequently the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), leading to ‘comprehensive income’ reporting. Comprehensive Income (CI) is the sum of Profit or Loss (P&L) and OCI. OCI comprises of items of income and expense not recognised in profit or loss as required or permitted by AASB (AASB, 2014) Recent Amendments permit P&L and OCI to be presented in as a single statement or in separate statements with the P&L section first. In the past, the FASB permitted a third alternative to recognize OCI in statement of equity (FASB, 1997), (AASB, 2011). Items within OCI also need to be grouped together, on the basis of whether they will eventually be ‘recycled’ to the profit...
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...and relationships can help to overcome these three related agency problems iv. Independent board of directors v. Independent board chair vi. Independent board subcommittees such as audit, remuneration and nomination 4. Stakeholder theory g) Reject the only important relationship is shareholders and managers, but consider from a much broader perspectiveshareholder is only one part of the group h) Stakeholders include employees, creditors, suppliers and so on, and they all have impact on the corporation to some extent. i) Company can only achieve its goal with a full and detailed understanding of the relationships it holders with different group of stakeholders. 5. Agency theory vs....
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...product of modernization which initially becomes the rules and regulations to govern the way in preparing financial statements. In these days, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are widely implemented, yet the underlying accounting practices are still unstandardized due to various factors of economic and cultural differences, just to name a few. In 2010, proposals were issued in Australia and New Zealand which aim to harmonize the standards as adopted in both countries (KPMG, 2010). The purpose of this paper is to study whether the given option of using the indirect method in reporting cash flow statement is beneficial to the users of general purpose financial reports. The paper is divided into five parts where it started off with a brief introduction of AASB 107, following by the reasons for harmonization, the arguments for and against the (in)direct method as well as some criticisms before moving into conclusion. Cash flow is vital to determine the potential of profitable firms as most firms under the basis of accrual accounting may still present favorable profits, despite having poor cash management. The objective of AASB 107 is to require the provision of information about the historical changes in cash and cash equivalents of an entity by means of cash flow statement (Australian Accounting Standards Board [AASB], 2013). In this paper, focus is concentrated in reporting cash flow from operating activities using either the direct method, whereby major classes of...
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...Accounting & Information Management The role of corporate governance in convergence with IFRS: evidence from China Yu Chen Zabihollah Rezaee Downloaded by UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH At 05:16 06 October 2015 (PT) Article information: To cite this document: Yu Chen Zabihollah Rezaee, (2012),"The role of corporate governance in convergence with IFRS: evidence from China", International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, Vol. 20 Iss 2 pp. 171 - 188 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/18347641211218470 Downloaded on: 06 October 2015, At: 05:16 (PT) References: this document contains references to 50 other documents. To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 1824 times since 2012* Users who downloaded this article also downloaded: Songlan Peng, Kathryn Bewley, (2010),"Adaptability to fair value accounting in an emerging economy: A case study of China's IFRS convergence", Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 23 Iss 8 pp. 982-1011 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513571011092529 Randy Moser, (2014),"IFRS and convergence in China and the USA", Journal of Technology Management in China, Vol. 9 Iss 1 pp. 56-66 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JTMC-12-2013-0042 Ronita D. Singh, Susan Newberry, (2008),"Corporate governance and International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS): The case of developing countries", Research in Accounting in Emerging Economies, Vol. ...
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...The IMPLeMeNTATION OF IFRS IN The UK DeVOLVeD ADMINISTRATIONS Ciaran Connolly Tony Wall The IMPLeMeNTATION OF IFRS IN The UK DeVOLVeD ADMINISTRATIONS by Ciaran Connolly Tony Wall Published by CA house 21 haymarket Yards edinburgh eh12 5Bh First published 2013 © 2013 ISBN 978-1-904574-94-1 eAN 9781904574941 This report is published for the Research Committee of The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Council of the Institute or the Research Committee. No responsibility for loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any material in this publication can be accepted by the authors or publisher. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Garnett Dickinson CONTeNTS Foreword .................................................................................................................... Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. executive summary ...................
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...é The Effects of Mandatory IFRS Adoption in the EU: A Review of Empirical Research October 2014 Information for Better Markets An initiative from the ICAEW Financial Reporting Faculty The Effects of Mandatory IFRS Adoption in the EU: A Review of Empirical Research forms part of the Information for Better Markets thought leadership programme of ICAEW’s Financial Reporting Faculty. ICAEW operates under a Royal Charter, working in the public interest. As a world leading professional accountancy body, ICAEW provides leadership and practical support to over 142,000 members in more than 160 countries, working with governments, regulators and industry to ensure the highest standards are maintained. The ICAEW Financial Reporting Faculty provides its members with practical assistance and support with IFRS, UK GAAP and other aspects of business reporting. It also comments on business reporting issues on behalf of ICAEW to standard setters and regulators. Its Information for Better Markets thought leadership programme subjects key questions in business reporting to careful and impartial analysis so as to help achieve practical solutions to complex problems. The programme focuses on three key themes: disclosure, measurement and regulation. We welcome comments and enquiries on this report and on the other aspects of the Information for Better Markets programme. To contact us, please email bettermarkets@icaew.com. © ICAEW 2014 All rights reserved. If you want...
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...and Financing of Companies Could Lead to Differences in Financial Reporting Introduction The major objective behind the development of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) has been to achieve financial reporting across different countries, which could be easily compared. In order to achieve this kind of comparability, it is very crucial that the IFRS be used by all the countries involved in the same way, and that these standards be interpreted as well as applied in a manner that is quite consistent in these countries thus leading to consistency in terms of rules or form of application and consistency in the actual manner in which they are applied. However, there are many factors that make it hard for countries and companies to apply these rules consistently (Whittington, 2005). Differences in the ownership structure and the way these companies are financed have been singled out as leading to the differences in financial reporting of these companies. In cases where countries do come up with very drastic changes or the professional accountants also fail to clearly interpret and use these IFRS in a manner that is consistent, then there is the risk of not achieving comparability. The differences in accounting practices across countries are not obvious when it comes to all accountants. Such differences that have been widely noted have to do with the ownership and financing practices of companies, which have the potential of leading to the differences in financial...
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...Accounting Horizons Vol. 24, No. 3 2010 pp. 355–394 American Accounting Association DOI: 10.2308/acch.2010.24.3.355 Global Accounting Convergence and the Potential Adoption of IFRS by the U.S. (Part I): Conceptual Underpinnings and Economic Analysis Luzi Hail, Christian Leuz, and Peter Wysocki SYNOPSIS: This article is Part I of a two-part series analyzing the economic and policy factors related to the potential adoption of IFRS by the United States. In this part, we develop the conceptual framework for our analysis of potential costs and benefits from IFRS adoption in the United States. Drawing on the academic literature in accounting, finance, and economics, we assess the potential impact of IFRS adoption on the quality and comparability of U.S. reporting practices, the ensuing capital market effects, and the potential costs of switching from U.S. GAAP to IFRS. We also discuss the compatibility of IFRS with the current U.S. regulatory and legal environment, as well as the possible macroeconomic effects of IFRS adoption. Our analysis shows that the decision to adopt IFRS mainly involves a cost-benefit trade-off between ͑1͒ recurring, albeit modest, comparability benefits for investors; ͑2͒ recurring future cost savings that will largely accrue to multinational companies; and ͑3͒ one-time transition costs borne by all firms and the U.S. economy as a whole, including those from adjustments to U.S. institutions. In Part II of the series ͑see Hail et al. 2010͒, we provide an analysis...
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...International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): Pros and Cons for Investors by Ray Ball* Sidney Davidson Professor of Accounting Graduate School of Business University of Chicago 5807 S. Woodlawn Ave Chicago, IL 60637 Tel. (773) 834 5941 ray.ball@gsb.uchicago.edu Acknowledgments This paper is based on the PD Leake Lecture delivered on 8 September 2005 at the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, which can be accessed at http://www.icaew.co.uk/cbp/index.cfm. It draws extensively on the framework in Ball (1995) and benefited from comments by Steve Zeff. Financial support from the PD Leake Trust and the Graduate School of Business at the University of Chicago is gratefully acknowledged. 1 Abstract Accounting in shaped by economic and political forces. It follows that increased worldwide integration of both markets and politics (driven by reductions in communications and information processing costs) makes increased integration of financial reporting standards and practice almost inevitable. But most market and political forces will remain local for the foreseeable future, so it is unclear how much convergence in actual financial reporting practice will (or should) occur. Furthermore, there is little settled theory or evidence on which to build an assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of uniform accounting rules within a country, let alone internationally. The pros and cons of IFRS therefore are somewhat conjectural, the unbridled enthusiasm...
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...Accountancy Jump to: navigation, search Accountancy (profession)[1] or accounting (methodology) is the measurement, statement or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by managers, investors, tax authorities and other decision makers to make resource allocation decisions within companies, organizations, and public agencies. The terms derive from the use of financial accounts. Accounting is the discipline of measuring, communicating and interpreting financial activity. Accounting is also widely referred to as the "language of business".[2] Financial accounting is one branch of accounting and historically has involved processes by which financial information about a business is recorded, classified, summarised, interpreted, and communicated; for public companies, this information is generally publicly-accessible. By contrast management accounting information is used within an organisation and is usually confidential and accessible only to a small group, mostly decision-makers. Tax Accounting is the accounting needed to comply with jurisdictional tax regulations. Practitioners of accountancy are known as accountants. There are many professional bodies for accountants throughout the world. Many allow their members to use titles indicating their membership or qualification level. Examples are Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA or FCCA), Chartered Accountant (FCA, CA or ACA), Management Accountant (ACMA, FCMA or AICWA), Certified Public Accountant...
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...GLOBAL AVIATION GROUP 2013 Airline Disclosures Handbook Financial reporting and management trends in the global aviation industry kpmg.com KPMG’s Global Aviation practice KPMG is a global network of professional firms providing Audit, Tax and Advisory services. We operate in 156 countries and have 152,000 people working in member firms around the world. The independent member firms of the KPMG network are affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. Through its member firms, KPMG has invested extensively in developing an experienced aviation team. KPMG’s understanding of the aviation industry is both current and forward looking, thanks to KPMG’s global experience, knowledge sharing, industry training and use of professionals with direct experience in the aviation industry. KPMG member firms serve many of the market leaders within the airline sector. We are leading providers of external audit services with 33% market share of the top 50 airlines by revenue. We also provide other services to over half of these top 50 airlines. KPMG member firms’ strength lies in our professionals and their knowledge and experience gathered from working with a large and diverse client base. KPMG’s airline industry experience helps the teams understand both your business priorities and the strategic issues facing your company. KPMG’s Global Aviation practice’s presence in many international markets, combined with industry knowledge, positions KPMG...
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...IFRS: FASB and IASB Fair value measurements provide users of financial statements with an accurate picture of the value of a company’s assets. Both IFRS and GAAP require firms to include information regarding fair value measurement practices in the notes of financial statements. Under either system, companies will be required to report assets at either book value or fair value, depending on the situation. As a general rule of thumb, all assets in the same class must receive the same valuation treatment. In regards to the value of receivables, IRFS uses a two- tiered method that first analyzes individual receivables, and then looks at receivables as whole to determine if there is any impairment. Basic accounting and reporting issues related to recognition and measurement of receivables, allowance accounts, recording discounts, the allowance method to account for bad debt and factoring are pretty much all the same between GAAP and IFRS. However, IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) and FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) are taking steps by working to implement fair value measurement, the amount they currently could be sold for, for financial instruments. The FASB and IASB are facing opposition from various factors thus have adopted a piecemeal approach. Step one is to disclose the fair value information in the notes, and second step is the fair market option which permits companies to record some type of financial instrument at fair value in financial statements...
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...“Discuss and explore issues surrounding the recognition of elements in financial statements” Contents Title: 3 Introduction & Objectives 3 Definitions 5 Recognition 5 Measurement 6 Discussion 6 Revenue Recognition (IAS 18) 6 Property, Plant and Equipment (IAS 16) 8 Xerox Revenue Recognition Scandal 9 Recognition in the Annual Statements 10 Conclusion 13 Bibliography 14 Appendices 17 Appendix 1 – Standards from IASB 17 Appendix 2 – Proposed plan for FASB and IASB 18 Appendix 3 – TUI Travel Plc Annual Statement 21 Appendix 4 – Thomas Cook Annual Statement 27 Appendix 5 – PSA Peugeot Citroen Annual Statement 31 Appendix 6 – Daimler AG Annual Statement 37 Appendix 7 – Xerox Annual Statement 42 Title: Discuss and explore issues surrounding the recognition of elements in financial statements Introduction & Objectives Accounting has many elements to producing an annual statement each fiscal year; these different elements have regulations in which organisations have to abide by. Regulations have three categories; legislation, accounting standards and stock exchange regulations (Melville, 2008). Legislation can differ from country to country, which is the same for accounting standard board as each country has individually developed their own standards (Accounting Standards Board for the UK, also, International Accounting Standards Board that is trying to consolidate standards, which can be accepted globally). Attempts by...
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...on HK$2.8bn net cash and we forecast a free cash flow yield of 6% in FY12, rising to 10% in FY14. With a 75% payout ratio, Bosideng should generate a dividend yield of 8% in FY12. Bosideng is looking to make acquisitions in the highly fragmented menswear market. Past acquisitions have been successful and we don’t think it is likely the company will make any acquisition that depletes more than half of the cash pile at most; thus we think the dividend is secure. Market concerns are overdone Six out of nine analysts covering have a Neutral or Underperform (including the two international houses). We think the market’s concerns are overdone. The first major concern is competition but we think Bosideng has a strong and differentiated brand vs. domestic challengers. Importantly, foreign competitors have much less brand power than in the sportswear sector, where foreign brands endorsed by world...
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