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Ifs-Ipo Regulation in China

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Submitted By StevenLee1015
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Financial Regulation
Ruichang Lu
PKU GSM

General Information






Office: Room 462, Guanghua School of Management Building No. 2
Phone: 6275-6253
Email: ruichanglu@gsm.pku.edu.cn
Web: www.ruichanglu.com
Office Hour: By appointment






Teaching assistant: 黄鑫铭
Email: Xmhuang@pku.edu.cn
Phone: 15117967781
Office hour: TBD
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Course Assessment
• Class Participation (e.g., raising questions, discussions) - 20%;
• Case study - 30% (Group work)
• Term paper – 50%

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Some rules for class

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Course Outline
Reference 1: Kellermann et al., Financial Supervision in the 21st Century, first edition,
Springer
Reference 2: Brunnermeier et al., The Fundamental Principles of Financial Regulation,
Geneva Reports on the World Economy 11, 2011

1. Introduction
2. IPO regulation
3. Listing firms regulation
4. Bank regulation
5. Regulation system
6-10 Special topics
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Special topics
• 外资银行的监管:阎淬, 摩根大通银行(中国)有限公司哈尔滨分
行行长, 3月26日,9-12, 14-17
• 金融稳定: 杨聘, 中国人民银行研究局, TBD
• TBD

Is it relevant to us?

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IPO注册制
• 2015年12月27日, 十二届全国人大常委会第十八次会议在北京经
表决,通过了关于授权国务院在实施股票发行注册制改革中调整
适用《中华人民共和国证券法》有关规定的决定。 中国现行股票
发行实行的是核准制度,是由证券法确立的。实施股票发行注册
制改革,需解决于法有据的问题。

目前的机制和流程
• 核准制或者说是行政审批制

Listing Rules in China
• Securities Law of The Peoples Republic of China (1999, 2005, 2013,
2014)
• Relevant institutions:
• Investment Banks, Accounting Firms, Property valuation Firms, Law firms

Requirement

Source: http://www.pwccn.com/home/eng/ipo_cmsg_a_share.html

流程1
• 企业申报材料后有三次与证监会沟通的机会:见面会、反馈意见
后、发审委会议。三次见面的对象、沟通内容以及沟通目的不一
致,保荐机构作为专家应帮助企业根据具体场合有所调整。

流程2
• 见面会; 申报材料后5个工作日内; 发行部分管副主任,一、二处以及综合处 处长,审核
员 1、发行部向企业介绍审核程序,分管主任、 处长以及审核人员; 2、企业介绍公司基
本情况,核心竞争力,并回答发行部领导问题。
• 反馈意见后沟通 ; 出具反馈 意见后,初审报告 前 ; 一、二审核人员 企业及保荐代表人
就反馈意见与审核人员进行沟通,一方面明确意见的关注点,另一方面就可能的解决办法
咨询审核人员。
• 发审会 发审会讨 论中,表决前 发审委委员 发审会会议召集人就委员讨论后不清楚的问
题汇总,企业领导对此进行解答,委员根据企业领导答复以及对公司熟悉程度进行投票。

流程3
• 发审会是最终决定公司证券是否发行的审核机构,一般在企业申
报材料申报、审核员审核、反馈、经发行监管部部务会通过后安
排上发审会。
• 每次发审会一般由7名发审委员组成,其中召集人一名。 企业和
保荐机构参加发审会人员一般包括公司董事长(总经理)、董事
会秘书(或财务总监等高管)、保荐代表人共4人。 基本程序如
下:(1)企业代表介绍参会人员;(2)召集人提问;(3)企
业代表、保荐代表人回答问题;(4)发审委员针对性提问、企
业回答;(5)宣布审核结果。






证监会发审委委员由三部分组成:
(1)证监会法律部、会计部、发审委工作处官员、交易所工作人员;
(2)国家部委有关人员;
(3)国内著名律师事务所、会计师事务所、基金等金融机构中任职的
专业人员。 (可能缺少什么?)
• 发审委共有委员25名,证监会专职人员5名,外聘专家20名,日常工作
有发审委工作处、发行监管部进行协调。 发审委会议召开5日前,有
关会议通知、股票发行申请文件及中国证监会有关职能部门的初审报
告送达参会发审委委员,并将发审委会议审核的发行人名单、会议时
间、发行人承诺函和参会发审委委员名单在中国证监会网站上公布。

http://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/zjhpublic/G00306202/201602/t20
160229_293657.htm

http://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/zjhpublic/G00306202/201603/t20
160304_293897.htm

核准制可能存在的问题
• 1.上市名额有限,导致更多粉饰报表的行为
• 2.社会资金配置效率低,企业融资困难,(超额募资)
• 3. 一级市场定价畸高
• 4.发审委中个人寻租空间巨大
• 2015年月27日《关于进一步规范发行审核权力运行的若干意见》
• 五个“是否”的具体内容为:
发审委员是否遵守回避制度、是否利用委员身份开展商业活动、是否滥
用表决权、表决理由是否正当合理、表决意见是否与工作底稿一致。

问题
• 什么是注册制? http://finance.ifeng.com/stock/special/jinsz20/ 是否正确?
• 注册制和核准制的区别是什么?
• 如果注册制通过了,证券市场会有变化吗?什么变化?

注册制与核准制的区别
• 注册制 全称为“证券发行审核注册制”,具体是指“发行人在准
备发行证券之时必须真实、全面、完整、准确地将投资人为判断
证券性质、投资价值所必须的重要信息和材料作出充分的公开”。
一般认为,美国1933年的《证券法》以及日本《证券交易法》是
采注册制模式。
• “证券发行审核核准制”,简称“核准制”,是指“证券发行人
既要公开披露自己的真实状况,还要合乎法律或者证券监管者规
定的必要实质条件”。美国各州的证券法(又被称为“蓝天法”)
和很多欧陆国家证券法都是采用核准制。

注册制与核准制的区别
• 是否进行实质审查?
• 注册制进行形式审查而核准制进行实质审查。注册制要求发行人在发行
证券时,必须按照法律的规定进行大量的信息披露,其核心在于尽可能
督促拟发行人把与该证券有关信息告知投资人,以供投资人决定是否购
买,其注重的是消除证券市场消息的不对称性。
• 核准制则要求拟发行人除了履行信息披露义务外,还要达到规定的财务
标准,以对发行人“持续盈利能力”的要求为代表。因此,核准制的实
质是发行审核机构会代替投资者对该证券的质量优劣进行判断。

注册制与核准制的区别
• 制度理念不同。
• 注册制监管体制中,监管机构不是投资者的保姆,不会代替投资者进行
判断,他们假设投资者都是理性的投资者,因此对证券的质量不做任何
评价,用一种极端说法来表达这种理念即是政府不会剥夺人们当傻子的
权利。这样一方面可以提高监管效率,另一方面则还可以避免当市场行
情不好、投资者大量亏损时监管机构承担过重的舆论责任。
• 核准制审核模式下,监管机构在发行中就要对该证券作出质量判断,财
务状况差、成长性不够的企业就被排除在发行之外,更遑论上市。这样
可以防止一些质量低劣的证券混入证券市场,以保护投资者的利益。

注册制与核准制的区别
• 权利来源不同。
• 注册制中的企业发行证券的权利并不是监管者所赋予的,自其成立之初
就当然地享有该权利,只是若要行使该权利必须履行一定义务,如信息
披露义务。因而,在审核程序上就表现为:监管机构在接到申请后只要
没有足够的理由反对,拟发行人就可以发行证券,监管机构不能阻挠。
• 核准制下,“发行人的证券发行权来自监管机构的授予,而非发行人与
生俱来的自治权利”,没有得到监管机构的授权不得发行证券。

注册制的误区
• 注册制不需要实质审查?
• CSRC与SEC所关注的问题是否相同?
• 转换为注册制就可以解决问题吗?

美国的注册制
• 美国证券发行上市的“注册制”分为:(1)联邦层面的、以披露为
基础的注册制;(2)州层面的、以实质审核为基础的注册制。
• 这是一个整体的证券监管。前者是1933年美国《证券法》建立,
并由1934年成立的美国证交会监督执行;后者则先于联邦证券监
管早已存在,1911年由Kansas州首先建立,后美国各州效仿,至
今有100多年历史。建立之初,联邦的注册制是州实质监管的补
充。美国证券发行上市监管制度的准确名称应该是双重注册制。

美国的注册制
• 具体来看:第一,根据1996年《资本市场改善法》对1933年《证
券法》的修订,在如下交易所上市或授权上市的证券,豁免州的
注册义务:纽约股票交易所、美国股票交易所(American Stock
Exchange),或纳斯达克全国市场体系(National Market System of the Nasdaq Stock Market),以及美国证监会认为上市标准达到了
前述交易所标准的其他全国性的证券交易所。

美国的注册制
• 在美国的注册制中,SEC在对IPO的审核也并不是一些简单的形式
审查,事实上SEC会积极地介入IPO的审核:首先,他们对审核程
序的把握地极为严格,比如在审核期限上,所报材料若有任何须
被修正之处,该期日便会重新计算,所以实践中绝非都是二十日
便可完成审核;
• 在审核人员上,他们不仅有法律、财务专业人士,还会有许多行
业专家,这与我国发审委人员组成不同;
• 此外,SEC所提的问题,也会一定程度地体现实质审核的意图。
• 总而言之,SEC对IPO监管的力度丝毫不亚于我国的证监会的核准。

发审会的主要问题










一、毛利率
二、应收账款
三、收入确认政策
四、存货
五、关联交易及同业竞争
六、实际控制人
七、募投
八、政府补助及税收优惠
九、其他问题

• 相关风险是否充分披露,合规合理,发审委的审核重点的变化体现出向注册制
过渡的倾向

SEC Comment letter
• http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1577552/000119312514237452/ filename1.htm • SEC预审员对涉及投资者价值判断的核心信息的关注和质疑,不亚于目
前国内核准制下的IPO,比号称已经实现注册制的新三板严格得多。在
一轮一轮的反馈中,要求披露的信息越来越多,越来越细。有的问题
在申报时可以一笔带过,但经不起深究,一旦SEC紧追不放,问题就暴
露出来了,这时要么如实承认影响估值,要么撤回申请。其实,美国
所有IPO公司都要求公告反馈问题及回复,只要稍微看几家就知道,绝
不是满足招股说明书格式准则要求就可以注册,更不是什么文件齐备
就可以注册。
• SEC首轮反馈问了86个问题,然后又先后进行了5轮反馈

SEC Comment letter

http://www.iasplus.com/en-us/publications/us/sec-cl/ninth-edition

中美不同的证券监管关注点
• 美国各州在量化“公平、公正与平等”的证券发行方面集中于不
同时间进入公司的股东之间的平等交易,着重于不同投资者之间
的公平,特别是直接保护IPO过程中进入的公众投资者。
• 中国证监会发审委实质审核时的关注点主要是发行人本身,也就
是以拟上市公司为主体,围绕拟上市公司,审核拟上市公司与大
股东之间的关联交易,审核拟上市公司自身的盈利能力,等等。
总之,中国证监会发审委的审核是将拟上市公司作为主要中心。

香港上市发行制度
• 双重存档(Dual Filing ) :香港证监会与交易所的IPO审核

• 香港证监会没有公司上市批准权,但有否决权,因为历史上香港交易所先于监管机构存在与发展繁荣。
• 2000年,香港联合交易所由会员制转为公司,并成为上市公司。香港证监会与联交所签署备忘录,证
监会对联交所上市程序进行监督。原本《证券期货条例》规定了由香港证监会审查上市申请,可是香
港证监会又签署文件,将上市审查权回转授权给交易所。根据2000年签订的备忘录,公司IPO的前线
监管机构仍是联交所。在企业申请IPO时,申请材料递交给交易所,同时交易所拷贝一份转给香港证
监会。两组审核人员同时审查。
• 香港证监会与联交所审查公司IPO申请的审核法律依据不同,香港证监会按照《证券期货条例》审查,
香港联交所按照《上市规则》进行审查。香港证监会若同意公司的上市申请,则出具无异议信(No
comment Letter);若不同意,则拒绝公司的首发上市申请。

香港上市发行制度
• 香港的公司上市监管规则分为“发行时的披露”与“质量规范”。
• 具体来说,披露规范就是注册制的要求;而质量规范包括两类,排除不合格的参与者与不
合格的证券,就是实质监管。
• 《主板上市规则》第八章规定了上市条件,发行人及其业务必须属于本交易所认为适合上
市者,基本条件包括:
• 首次申请人必须具有大体相同的经营管理班子留下足够的贸易记录,其中最后一年可归于股东的利润不低于
2000万港币,之前两年的累计利润不低于3000万港币。联交所很强调这一要求,所以在上市前后通常不允许
公司有财会年度的变化,因为这容易扭曲和模糊有关的财务结果。
• 发行人必须有经营管理班子长驻香港,其董事和秘书的品格、经历、正直须符合联交所的要求。
• 联交所可以拒绝上市申请,如果其认为包销人没有能力履行包销承诺;此外,符合上市规则的规定并不必然
意味着公司适于上市,联交所保留决定批准或拒绝上市申请的酌情权。

真正意义上的注册制?
• 发行时间和发行价格的市场化
• 严格的信息披露、日常监管、退市制度和处罚措施。

• 成熟市场所具备的专业的投资者和中介机构
• 短期融资券、中期票据、甚至私募债就可以实行注册制?一个很重要的
原因就是这个市场里面没有散户,都是机构投资者,买卖双方都具备一
定的职业理性和定价能力

法律法规是否存在?
• 《证券法》第二百二十一条,提交虚假证明文件或者采取其他欺
诈手段隐瞒重要事实骗取证券业务许可的,或者证券公司在证券
交易中有严重违法行为,不再具备经营资格的,由证券监督管理
机构撤销证券业务许可;

• 第二百三十三条违反法律、行政法规或者国务院证券监督管理机
构的有关规定,情节严重的,国务院证券监督管理机构可以对有
关责任人员采取证券市场禁入的措施;
• 第二百三十一条违反本法规定,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

法律和执行力,哪个更重要?
• 保荐机构平安证券未履行尽职调查义务,未有效履行持续督导义
务,发行保荐书存在虚假记载等,拟对平安证券给予警告,没收
保荐收入2550万,并处以两倍罚款,暂停三个月保荐资格,对保
荐代表人处以30万元罚款,撤销保荐人资格、证券从业资格。
• 认定万福生科IPO会计师事务所中磊会计师事务所审计程序缺失,
审计报告虚假记载,按照证券法第223条,拟对中磊会计师事务
所没收138万收入,处以2倍罚款,撤销证券从业许可。对于签字
会计师处以13万元罚款,终身市场禁入。

法律和执行力,哪个更重要?
• This paper argues, both theoretically and empirically, that sometimes no securities law may be better than a good securities law that is not enforced.
• The first condition is that the motivation to enact the law should be to solve a prisoner’s dilemma problem. This means that if there is no law, everyone is stuck in the bad equilibrium; if there is a law and it is enforced, the good equilibrium results. This is what makes a law a good law.
• The second condition is that there are some agents who will follow the law even if it is not enforced. If these assumptions hold, if a law is enacted but not enforced, only some will follow the law; the ones who do not follow the law will deviate with greater intensity in equilibrium, thereby causing law abiders more harm than they were incurring under no law.
When No Law is Better than a Good Law

历史演变的角度看发行制度
• 在上个世纪90年代的十年里,是地方政府与国家部委推企业上市;
• 而本世纪则是由具有保荐业务资格的证券公司(“保荐人”)推
企业上市。

• 股市最初设立的目的是为国有企业融资。21世纪,随着国企改革
的三年攻坚的结束,资本市场为国企改革服务的政治任务基本完
成,进而在股票发行制度上,取消配额制、放开上市的供给;再
融资与交易所的全国集中监管。

配额制
• 90年代公司上市的配额制:
• 在配额制下,中央将公司上市的监管权通过计划配额的方式,授予各个地方政
府,由地方政府去选择哪些公司上市。中央政府利用地方政府之间的竞争,对
于选择公司表现好的地方政府,给予更多配额;表现差的地方,在下一个年度
分配更少的配额,同时通过ST与摘牌等方式去惩罚地方企业,从而在中央政府
与地方政府之间的行政关系中解决了公司上市的选择问题,形成了中国公司上
市的特殊治理结构。因为这是在政府系统内部解决了遴选公司上市的重大问题。
• Pistor与许成钢的研究有两个核心证据:第一个核心证据是配额分配与地区公司
的绩效提高之间的相关系数,他们发现“在一期上市公司绩效与二期配额规模
之间存在正相关关系”,即上一年度地区的公司总市值、流通股市值与下年度该
地区的配额,高度相关。第二个核心证据则是中国特色的ST制度。许成钢等认
为,ST具有追溯性,意味着减少该省事前获得的配额;而且,摘牌还将导致该
企业所在省份未来配额的减少。

核准制
• 20世纪公司上市的核准制:
• 配额制的取消,使得地方金融分权理论的制度基础不存在了。地方政府
已经不承担选择公司上市的金融监管角色了。地方政府从公司上市监管
中退出后,中国证监会在本世纪重新塑造了一个保荐人群体,以替代上
个世纪地方政府在公司上市中的角色—搜集分散的公司信息并担保其真
实。这是资本市场发展必须解决的信息问题。
• 过去发行新股时,只有证券监管部门在做‘审批关口控制’和实质性判
断。……保荐制的引人将由此使监管模式从‘关口’式监管转向‘管道’
式监管。
• 这其实是中国证监会将对数以千计的企业的监管,转化为强化对七十来
家保荐机构的监管。

保荐代表人
• 在中国证监会的指导下,中国证券业协会2004年3月20日在北京、
上海和深圳三地同时举行首次发行上市保荐代表人胜任能力考试。
中国证监会24日公布了首次证券发行上市保荐代表人胜任能力考
试合格者名单,614位证券人士从1549名考试人员中脱颖而出,
通过了这次考试,通过率将近40% 。这就是中国最早的一批保代,
他们将承担搜集公司信息并向中国证监会申报公司上市的任务。
(2010年保荐人考试通过率仅1.05%)
• 中国证监会出台具体规则,细致指导保荐人如何开展保荐业务,
希望保荐从业群体早日更成熟更专业。这些规则非常细致,有
《保荐人尽职调查工作准则》、《证券发行上市保荐业务工作底
稿指引》等。

保荐代表人
• 保荐人在中国公司上市中的作用相比其他中介机构(如律师、会计师)的作
用更大,这反映在保荐人负责撰写招股说明书,直接与中国证监会对口沟通、
接收证监会的意见与反馈回答。比较而言,美国是由律师与美国证交会沟通,
后者的提问是由律师接收并组织其他中介机构分工回答,招股说明书也是由
律师撰写。
• 中国的保代往往自诩具有法律与会计的双重背景,这其实是中国特殊制度演
化与安排的产物。每一单公司上市项目,中国证监会分配两名预审官员进行
审核筛查:一名预审员负责法律问题,另一名预审员负责财务会计问题。所
以,与预审员沟通的保代必须同时具备法律与财务会计知识,才能与中国证
监会预审官员对接。保代既懂法律与证监会的政策,又通财务会计,在知识
结构与功能上是可以替代律师与会计师。同为资本市场的“看门狗”,在中
国的语境下,这三者的不同之处可能在于,保代是完全只接受证监会的直接
监管,而律师与会计师的业务及资格主要分别属于司法部与财政部的指导和
监督。

中国证监会与保荐人:委托-代理关系
• 中国证监会公司上市审核系统的良好运转依赖保荐代表人搜集分散在
全国各地的公司信息。配额制下,地方政府作为企业的股东,搜集公
司的信息,选择上市公司;
• 而在保荐制下,中国公司上市审核系统中的信息传递是这样的:信息
存在于公司内部人,“凭借专业技能及深谙公司的内部运作,管理者
掌握的信息要多于投资者”。以保荐人为主的市场中介组织通过走访
相关部门、实地调查、面对面谈话、阅读档案材料,从公司搜集公司
零散的历史与各种信息,发现其中的问题点,然后,将这些信息按照
一定的格式整理归类,以书面的形式传递给中国证监会“预审员”;
预审员再将公司的问题点与信息传递给发审委委员。由此,通过保荐
人的工作,位居中央的预审、发审委委员与处于偏远地区、广大神州
之地的某公司之间的信息不对称被一步步降低。

道德风险与逆向选择
• 道德风险指的是企业与保荐人合谋,“恶意闯关”;{26}保代有可能懒惰,不去现
场尽职调查就签字推荐;中国证监会要督促保荐人尽职尽责地挑选企业,防范提供
欺诈性信息。
• 逆向选择是指中国证监会由于不了解保荐人的信息,使得劣质的保荐人在证券公司
锦标赛竞争中胜出,而优质的、尽职的保荐人遭遇到不公平的待遇。这会间接使得
首发上市的申请公司由于没有具体保荐人的信息,在保荐人的竞争市场中,选择了
劣质的保荐人,而优质、守法的保荐人反而得不到好的公司上市项目,保荐人市场
形成“柠檬市场”。

• 聚焦保荐包装黑手:最毒包装黑手平安林辉
• 5个项目,2个三年卖壳,1个涉嫌造假
• http://finance.people.com.cn/stock/GB/14508861.html

中国证监会对保荐人的监管
• 第一,工作底稿、工作日志制度。中国证监会要求保荐人建立健
全工作底稿制度,而且为每一项目建立独立的保荐工作底稿。
• 第二,保荐责任落实到个人。2003-2007年的《证券发行上市保荐
制度暂行办法》(简称《保荐暂行办法》)虽然突出了对保荐人、
保荐代表人的监管,但对直接负责保荐业务的主管人的控制较弱。
2008年《证券发行上市保荐业务管理办法》(简称《保荐管理办
法》)将保荐人的责任具体落实到人,明确要求保荐业务负责人、
内核负责人负责监督、执行保荐业务各项制度,并承担相应的责
任。

中国证监会对保荐人的监管
• 中国证监会对保代所能申报的上市项目进行数量限制。这是笔者
在社会调查中感受颇深的一点。保代“一次只能签一单”、过会
后再能申报下一单,而每一单IPO项目需要占用两名保代名额。
这样,对于保荐人而言,假如只有四名保代,那么一次只能申报
两个首发项目,要等到首发项目过会后,才能将保代名额释放出
来,接下一单IPO项目,在申报文件上签字。因此,各保荐人必
须慎重使用手中的保荐资源。从而防止保荐人盲目上项目,督促
保荐人将手中的项目排排队,认真挑选出符合审核标准的企业,
最大程度地提高过会率。

Lesson from history

Different approach
• Market-based approach, underwriters and investors, especially institutional investors, play the lead role in determining IPO offer prices and the securities regulator’s primary responsibility is to establish the necessary supporting institutions such as the rule of law that facilitate the market’s pricing of IPO shares.
• Government-based approach, a country’s securities regulator directly sets IPO offer prices based on IPO firms’ financial performance indicators. Pros and Cons
• Many important market supporting institutions such as reputable and independent underwriters and institutional investors either do not exist or are very weak in weak investor protection countries and therefore there is a high perceived risk that IPO offerings could be over priced under a market-based approach
• Government regulators may not necessarily be as motivated and informed about general market and specific firm conditions as private investors (Jackson and Roe 2009).

IPO Pricing Regime change
• Regime 1, 1990-February 11, 1999;
• Regime 2, February 12, 1999-November 6, 2001;
• Regime 3, November 7, 2001-December 31, 2004.
• Regime 4, After 2004, mixed
• During the three regimes the way IPO offer prices were determined changed significantly while the other key features of IPO regulation
(e.g., eligibility, timing, offer size) were kept relatively stable and still heavily regulated.

Regime 1
• During Regime 1 IPO offer prices were largely determined by the
CSRC. Specifically, IPO offer prices were determined as the product of an EPS and a relatively fixed PE multiple over the range of 12-15.

• Although the PE multiple was relatively fixed throughout this subperiod, the definition of EPS used in the offer price formula varied over time. Over the period January 1, 1997-March 17, 1998, the EPS was the average EPS over the three years prior to the IPO year. On
March 17, 1998 the CSRC issued a new regulation CSRC (1998) that required the definition of EPS to be the forecasted EPS in the IPO year.

Regime 2
• In December 1998, China passed the nation’s first comprehensive
Securities Law that signaled a significant shift of the IPO offer price determination process from a government-based approach to a market-based approach.
• The new Securities Law stipulates that an IPO’s offer price be negotiated between the issuer and the underwriter and then authorized by the CSRC (Article 28 of the 1999 Securities Law).

Regime 3
• Regime 3 represents a reversal from the market-based approach to the government-based approach.
• The starting date of Regime 3 is not very clear because the CSRC never issued any explicit regulation stipulating the starting date of
Regime 3.
• Consistent with the government-based approach, starting from
November 7, 2001, IPO offer prices were determined based on the
EPS in the year prior to the IPO year using a PE multiple capped at 20 and fluctuated in a narrow band.

What did we observe in government-based period? • Low IPO price! Why?
• CSRC is averse to the risk of IPO share overpricing because China’s institutional investor clientele is underdeveloped and a significant portion of IPO subscribers are small retail investors.
• On the other hand, retail investors would be less likely to complain about underpriced IPOs. Therefore, the CSRC has a natural incentive to depress IPO offer prices.

What did we observe in market-based period? • In July 1999, the CSRC introduced a cumulative auction method for determining IPO pricing. Under this method, underwriters set a price range and seek investor bids within that range.
• This resulted in some overheated IPOs with very high P/E ratios in
2000.
• Fujian Mindong Electric Power Ltd. Co. (stock code 000993) was listed in Shenzhen Stock Exchange with a record high P/E ratio of 88.69 times on July 31, 2000. (PE=12.9 2016/2/26, SHSE; PE=20 for NYSE)

注册制带来的可能改变?

注册制带来的可能改变
• 1、申请上市企业的数量将大幅增加,但上市公司数量不会井喷。
因为集中发行可能导致认购不足或估值低于预期,导致某些企业
即使获准注册也不会立即启动发行。
• 2、中小上市公司估值会大幅降低。
• 3、壳资源价值降低(目前公司的市值会降低,20%)。因为IPO
容易了,一般不会去借壳。

Reference
• The Consequences of Shifting the IPO Offer Pricing Power from Securities
Regulators to Market Participants in Weak Institutional Environments:
Evidence from China, Chen et al, 2015 wp, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2475785 • http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Gid=1510106162&Db=qikan
• Katharine Pistor, Chenggang Xu, Governing Stock Markets in Transition
Economics: Lessons from China, American Law and Economics Review 184210 (2005)
• When No Law is Better than a Good Law, BHATTACHARYA and DAOUK, 2009
Review of Finance

金融监管的核心问题
• 监管谁?
• 谁来监管?
• 怎么监管?

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