...Student Name Public Health Biology Midterm: 2012 1. Disease pattern changes, or the “emergence of diseases” is generally due to changes in what four elements? For each element, name a specific disease and discuss the change associated with its outbreak, change or emergence as a public health phenomenon. Answer: There are four elements including (1)human population (2)pathogen (3)reservoir and (4)vectors. The dynamics of diseases depends on the overlap of niches of these elements. 1. Human population : Disease patterns and processes reflect interactions of individuals within populations. Many diseases such as lung cancer or pulmonary diseases emerge as increasing urbanization results in higher air pollution. 2.Pathogen : Such as chloroquine resistance in malaria Parasites, the microorganism presents drug-resistant due to frequent mutation in response to antibiotic/drug treatment. 3.Reservoir : Rabies outbreaks are related to concurrent increased human activity that contact with animals. Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is caused by a virus. The disease infects domestic and wild animals, and is spread to people through close contact with infected saliva via bites or scratches. 4.Vectors : Japanese encephalitis is a disease transmitted via mosquitoes from Domestic pigs and wild birds. The outbreak occurred when the vector mosquitoes proliferated in rustic countries in summer. The widespread use of vaccine and cleaning...
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...AS Biology Unit 1 Key Terms and Definitions Make sure you use these terms when answering exam questions! Chapter 1 – Causes of Disease Book Ref | Key Term | Definition | 1.1 | Pathogen | A micro-organism that causes disease | 1.1 | Transmission | Passing a pathogen from one individual to another | 1.2 | Correlation | A change in one variable is reflected by a change in another e.g. incidence of cancer increases as number of cigarettes increases | 1.2 | Cause | There is experimental evidence to prove that one factor causes another | 1.3 | Risk | A measure of the probability that damage to health will occur as a result of a given hazard | 1.3 | Lifestyle Factors | Factors to do with how we live that contribute to suffering a disease. These are in our power to change. | Chapter 2 – Enzymes and the Digestive System Book Ref | Key Term | Definition | 2.1 | Digestion | Physical and chemical breakdown of food | 2.1 | Hydrolysis | Splitting up of molecules by adding water to them. Enzymes do this to help break down molecules. | 2.1 | Assimilation | Incorporating broken down molecules into body tissues/using them in processes | 2.2 | Monomer | One of many small molecules that combine to form a larger one | 2.2 | Polymer | Larger molecule made up of repeating smaller molecules | 2.3 | Condensation Reaction | When 2 monosaccharides combine, water is removed | 2.3 | Glycosidic Bond | The bond in a disaccharide | 2.5 | Peptide Bond | The bond between 2...
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...Lymphatic/Immune System Unit Performance Assessment Your written work should contain 3 sections: 1. 2. 3. An explanation of the relationship between lymphatic structures and the immune system (~1 paragraph) a. Student work includes a detailed description of all of the structures of the lymphatic system (including lymph nodes and vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix), the location of each, and how that location supports the functions of immunity required by the body An explanation about how the immune system works and how a vaccine effects that system (~3-4 paragraphs) a. Student work includes a description of the "three levels" of immune system, including innate and adaptive defenses, humoral vs, cell-mediated responses, and active vs passive immunity; and describes how vaccines work in the body using a specific vaccine as an example A reaction (either in support or in disagreement) to the message of your chosen political cartoon (please include an image of the cartoon) along with supporting data/statistics from reliable and cited sources (~3-4 paragraphs) a. Student correctly explains the "sides" of the issue being reflected in the political cartoon of their choosing, and explains whether they agree or disagree with the overall message of the cartoon. Several specific data or statistics are researched by the student and used to support their argument either for or against the cartoon. 1. An explanation of the relationship...
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...Mapping Immunity to Change By: LaKisha M. Crawford It's difficult to change. This is demonstrated by the number of New Year's resolutions we make and how few of them actually lead to lasting change. For most of us, the resolutions are just more evidence that change attempts seem doomed from the start. Yet most of us see our resolutions as worthy and important. We truly want change in our life, and we are sincere in our commitment to achieving it but just don’t know how. Kegan and Lahey developed an Immunity to change X-ray to help leaders change and become the leaders that they want to be. Not everyone is a natural born leader. Leadership is something that has to be learned. Knowing how to effectively manage your workload is an important part of being a good leader. Learning how to delegate tasks out to employees, prioritize, set realistic deadlines, avoid distractions and say no to unreasonable requests can help to increase your sense of job satisfaction and that of your staff. This also enables you to produce work of a higher quality, because you are able to place more of a focus on the projects you should be spending your time on. Everyone has a well-tuned system of coping mechanisms in place which helps keep us safe and helps us to avoid fear, anxiety, and emotional discomfort. Kegan and Lahey liken this phenomenon to an immune system. Our own emotional immune system is intelligent in...
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...stimulating the body’s immune system macrophages begin to “gobble” up the pathogens leaving leftover antigens in its wake. “Antibodies attack the antigens left behind by the macrophages. Antibodies are produced by defensive white blood cells called B-lymphocytes (CDC,2013).” After the antibodies attack and destroy all known pathogens, a T-lymphocyte also called a memory white blood cell stores this information about the pathogen and will mobilize if the pathogen enters the body again. This is a very important process as many people do not have this key ability of fighting off Infection and cannot be administered a vaccination because their immune system is so compromised their body might elicit a response. They rely solely on what we call “herd immunity”, which is achieved when a target percentage of the population is immunized. By having most of the population immunized it prevents the disease from spreading and limits the immunocompromised individuals contact with the pathogen. Prior to vaccination microbes were the number 1,2, and 3 causes of death in the united states, and what we regard today as just a few days of the fever was considered a life threatening event. Many of us today would have never had the chance to be born without the advent of vaccination, as many of our family members would have already died. The more troubling fact is that viruses continue to mutate and we see new forms of previous strains all the time such as H1N1, Corona Virus (SARS), and the Ebola...
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...Motions: * Politics This House would grant politicians immunity from prosecution PROS Giving politicians’ immunity from prosecution allows them to focus on performing their duties The premier reason that most states, even those that allow for the prosecution of politicians, abstain from prosecuting them while they hold office is that being a politician is a job that requires one’s undivided attention. Especially for the holders of prominent national-level offices, writing legislation, responding to crises under one’s purview, consulting one’s constituents, and engaging in campaign work often lead to politicians working an upwards of 12 hour day, every day. To expect politicians cope with all of these concerns will simultaneously constructing a defense against pending charges would be to abandon all hope of them serving their constituents effectively. We are rightly aggravated when politicians take extensive vacations or other extracurricular forays. Being under indictment not only consumes even more of a politician’s time; the stress it causes will inevitably seep into what remaining time they do allocating to fulfilling their duties, further hindering their performance. The impeachment proceedings for Bill Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice were so intensive that they took tremendous resources away from not only the president himself, but all branches of the federal government for several months, amidst serious domestic and foreign...
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...HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW People Won't Change Ifs a psychological dynamic called a "competing commitment" and until managers understand how it works and the ways to overcome it, they can't do a thing about change-resistant employees. The Real Reason by Robert Kegan and Lisa Laskow Lahey E VERY MANAGER is familiar with the employee who just won't change. Sometimes it's easy to see whythe employee fears a shift in power, the need to learn new skills, the stress of having to join a new team. In other cases, such resistance is far more puzzling. An employee has the skills and smarts to make a change with ease, has shown a deep commitment to the company, genuinely supports the change-and yet, inexplicably, does nothing. What's going on? As organizational psychologists, we have seen this dynamic literally hundreds of times, and our research and analysis have recently led us to a surprising yet deceptively simple conclusion. Resistance to change does not reflect opposition, nor is it merely a result of inertia. Instead, even as they hold a sincere commitment to change, many people are unwittingly applying productive energy toward a hidden cornpeting commitment The resulting dynamic equilibrium stalls the effort in what looks like resistance but is in fact a kind of personal immunity to change. When you, as a manager, uncover an employee's competing commitment, behavior that has seemed irrational and ineffective suddenly becomes stunningly sensible and masterful-but unfortunately...
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...Impact of Stress on Health [Angela White] [Volunteer State Community College] Impact of Stress on Health Introduction It is a known fact to everyone that there is a strong connection between stress and physical and mental health of a person. This fact has also been supported and acknowledge by the results and finding for the survey Stress in America as respondents and participant of the research have showed high levels of stress leading towards their dependence upon unhealthy means and behaviors to combat the effects. Stress has also been suggested to affect the physical health of the individuals. Thus both physical and mental health has been suggested to get affected by stress. The situation has been found to be more serious and adverse in case of adults who are 50 and above or those who are obese or suffering with depression. The main purpose of this reports is to describe the meaning and different types of stress and how it affect the defensive mechanism and overall health of the people. Discussion Stress has been described as feeling of being over worked or loaded, tense, worried or tight. It is a physiological response of an organism to the stimulus (Goldstein & Mcewen, 2002; Mcewen, 2002). Everybody experiences this state at sometime in their lives. At times it makes people work hard, under pressure in order to meet the deadlines or perform well. But increased frequency of such stressful situations may lead toward the ability of an individual to...
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...International Law and Municipal Law Issues: • Does domestic law override international law? • Does international law apply domestically? 1 Theoretical Issues • Monism: Essentially exponents of natural-law theories; consequently, they regard all law as part of the same universal normative order, with municipal law deriving its binding force by way of delegation from international law. Thus, monists consider international law a part of domestic law. • Dualism: Essentially exponents of legal positivists – therefore, they have an essentially consensual view of international law, believing that international and municipal law were two separate legal orders. International law must be incorporated into domestic law, for it to apply domestically. • Harmonisation: Assumes that international law forms part of municipal law but acknowledges that on occasions when there was a conflict between the two systems, a municipal judge would be bound by the jurisdictional rules of the domestic domain. 2 Primacy of International Law 1 Municipal Tribunals Whether international law has primacy over municipal law depends on each particular country’s constitution. In Australia, there is no express incorporation of international obligations in Australia. Implementing legislation is required for both treaty and customary international law to apply. See below for further information. 2 International Tribunals A State cannot invoke domestic laws as an excuse for failure...
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...FACTS Interspousal immunity is a common law doctrine which prohibits spouses from suing each other. The married couple shares the same identity in law, specifically under the husband name. In Callow v. Thomas, the wife tried to file suit against husband but could not due to the relationship of the parties. Her husband was negligent while driving which caused an accident in which she was injured .The marriage was annulled because she tried to file her claim. Once marriage was annulled she was able to get money from the accident. Interspousal immunity doctrine was modified by The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts in the case, Lewis v. Lewis, decided in 1978. The wife sued the husband for her injuries caused by negligent driving. Under M.G.L.A. c. 209 § 6, “a married woman may sue and be sued in the same manner as if she were sole; but this section shall not authorize suits between husband and wife except in connection with contracts entered into pursuant to the authority contained in section two.” In Brown v. Brown, the wife filed suit against her husband. He was in “control of the premises and responsible for sanding, salting or shoveling after a snowstorm, that his failure to do so caused the wife to fall, and that she suffered fractures and incurred medical expenses in excess of $2,500.” The facts of the case based on the cases prior cases before did “not trench remotely upon privileged or consensual aspects of married life.” The couple in this case had an agreement...
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...individual differences The role of groups people belong to Stress – causes and effects Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) What is it? PNI ‐ examines the relationships between the mind/brain and immune system “The field that studies the interactions between the central nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system; the impact of behaviour/stress on these interactions; and the implications for health of these interactions” Ronald Glaser Now we will examine in more detail the relationship between behaviour, 1919 ‐ researchers noted increased stress increased the the nervous system, the endocrine system, immunity and coping ‐ ways to stay healthy Back to Physiology progression of pulmonary tuberculosis. Research foundations Psychosocial factors modulating immunity Immune system problems result from Increased Age Genetic disorders Infectious diseases Nutrition Chemotherapy Irradiation Allergies Stress ‐ and this is the focus of PNI Many factors affect health and well‐being (Solomon & Moos, 1964) Emotions affect the development of physical disease (Langley, Fonseca, & Iphofen, 2006) Different stressors produce different reactions in the body (Ader, 2001) These reactions alter the state of homeostasis (Langley et al,...
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...Should changes be made to the regulations for foods, served in public schools? Introduction Regulations for foods, served in public schools are a matter of great concern as it is essential for the purpose of creating a healthier lifestyle for children studying in public schools. The government has supported several children through the free education and free food program. But the quality of this food is not at par with the standard of the food quality approved by nutritionists so it needs to be changes. The foods do not contain fresh fruits, green vegetables, pulses or right amount of any nutrition filled foods so it is required to change the menu as differently as it can be so that proper nutrition can be given. This is not right since it can result in several health issues and so it is crucial that there be a change in the regulations for food served in public schools. Thesis Statement: Food leads to healthy mind and body, healthy mind and body leads to education, Education leads to development. Which means ultimately a healthy food can lead to development. So it is very important to eat well and hence change in regulations is essential. History and status of the issue The program of free education in public schools has been there for quite a long time and the pressure on these schools is significantly growing since the number of children entering and enrolling the public schools is significantly growing. All of this results in...
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...many risks for the benefit of Science, for example, Dr. Jenner and Dr. Salk risked their reputations and career in order to achieve these breakthroughs, therefore, setting the path for further development of future vaccines that now exist presently. Today vaccines are able to confer immunity to many various diseases such as, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus, chickenpox and polio. Children are routinely vaccinated against 14 diseases during infancy to preschool years. Many have asked the question why at such an early young age children are to be vaccinated for certain diseases. The timing of the vaccine is important to ensure immunity before disease exposure can occur in young children. Vaccines are administered very early to assure maximum protection is achieved against diseases that can occur in early childhood. It has been noted that from as early as birth many young children can become exposed to many environmental organisms that can cause infections. At that tender age, 0-6 mths a young child has not begun to produce any antibodies that can protect them from various microorganisms in the environment hence the reason for vaccinations at a certain age; to confer some immunity to these diseases in young children due to this lack of antibodies in their bodies. Routine childhood vaccinations are an important public health tool aimed at reducing the morbidity and mortality usually associated with infectious diseases. The human immune system is a network of...
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...privilege and immunities clause to vote? Or, is the Fourteenth Amendment only confined the right of suffrage to men? Reasoning: As the result of discussion, women are the citizen since they are born and naturalized in the United States. The Supreme Court explains that the state and federal law have treated women as citizens since the beginning. Next, the court claims that women have no right to vote. Because in the Constitution, none of the Amendment had written down who should have the right of suffrage. The court explains that the power of giving citizens right to vote is belong to the States not the court. The court would change the law only if the law is determined wrong. Finally, the Fourteenth Amendment is not only confined the right of suffrage to men alone. And the court explains that the men did not have any an advantage over the women. Every law is exactly applied to both of them. Facts: In the United States, all citizens can have their right to vote and no one, neither government, can deny their rights of being citizen. During the 1870s, women still did not have their right of suffrage. The women are the citizens of the United States since their birth, and the federal laws have treated them as citizens. Men have no advantage over women, neither the law. Therefore, women should have all the privileges and immunities of citizenship. According to the Fourteen Amendment, “…no State should make or enforce any law which should abridge the privileges or immunities or citizens...
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...courts. (2) Lumumba claims that Duffy J. erred in applying the summary contempt after waiting until the conclusion of trial to issue the contempt adjudication. This violates Lumumba’s due process right. Holding: (1) The district judge properly rejected Lumumba’s argument regarding diplomatic immunity. (2) Lumumba is entitled to be heard on his allegedly contemptuous behavior. Thus, his sentence should be reconsidered. The case remanded to Sweet, J. who needs not to hold a full-blown trial, but Lumumba should be allowed to explain his actions. Rule: Essentially, the court made no new rules, since all argumentation and analysis was referring to various cases. The court stressed out once again that in case certain judge wants to hold an attorney liable for contempt it should issue the relevant decision, dismiss such attorney and suspend the trial until the new attorney is appointed. In case the sentencing of the contemptuous attorney is relayed to another judge the latter must have a due process with a right to be heard before...
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