...Ke’Ara Simmons Lab, Week # 6 SPECIFIC IMMUNITY Introduction The purpose of this lab experiment is to conduct a series of biochemical test to identify the bacterium responsible for the symptoms the 4 year old is suffering from. Also to see if her body has specific immunity to any distinct species or strains of invader. Case Study: A 4-year old girl was suffering from severe, watery diarrhea, lethargy, and nosebleeds. Emergency room personnel reported a fever of 101 F, blood pressure of 110/70 and heart rate of 72. Blood and stool samples were taken. Urine samples contained blood. The blood work revealed an acidic pH and abnormally low levels of platelets and erythrocytes. High levels of creatinine and urea were observed. This organism was cultured from various body fluids. After conducting a series of biochemical test the bacterium responsible for the young girl suffering was Escherichia coli Procedure To repeat the experimental procedure one will need Chemicals such as Gram Stain, Acid from Glucose, Gas from Glucose, Lactose Fermentation, Indole Production, Lysine Decarboxylase, and Malonate Utilization. Tools such as: Buner, loop tool, incubator, microscope, and Access to the virtual unknown lab software. Observations and Results | Result + or - | Appearance after Incubation | Gram Stain | Negative | N/A | Acid from Glucose | Positive | Yellow | Gas from Glucose | Positive | Yellow; bubbles present | Lactose Fermentation | Positive...
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...primarily in males (58). The term autism was first used in 1943 by child psychiatrist Leo Kanner, who wrote a paper “Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact” (Koegel 2). In his paper, Kanner described his observation of eleven children between the ages of two and eight who displayed a tendency to want to be alone and lacked the ability to interact with others. The children also displayed a delay in speech, a lack of imaginative play, unusual interest, and verbal communication problems (2). Kanner’s report gave us the first glimpse of what is known today as autism (Schreibman 27). Scientists 2 have had no major breakthrough that can help cure autism, probably because, the causes are still unknown. However, scientists believe genetics, immunological abnormalities and neurobiological anomalies are potential etiologies of autism. Studies that...
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...response or expression via paneth cell metaplasia in the ilium and colon” (Podolsky, K, D. 2002). Figuire 1 provides a basic illustration of IBD: Genetically speaking the mutated NOD2 gene which causes a leucine rich repeats (which aids in bacterial receptor recognition), this binds to muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Which in turn activates nuclear factor NFkB. Causing stimulation of several genes which when mutated contribute to chronic inflammation which are as follows: OCTN1 will promote the dysfunction of organic cation transpoters. DLG5 gene co-works with NOD2, but in CD conditions deverts from its normal function which is to maintain epithelial integrity. Other genes worth mentioning are HLA-DR1 and its sub allele DQ5, TLR 4&9. Which are associated with the regulation on innate immune system and the mucousal barrier function. Intestinal macrophage have to respond to bacterial adjuvants via their recognition receptors (TLR9) and LPS pathway receptors (TLR4). Epithelial paneth cell do the same via NFkB. The MYD88 pathway can converge the differeing routes to specific bacterial adjuvants. Which will always result in the activation of NFkB and a pro-inflammatory cytokine environment and protective molecules which inhibit inflammation. This is summarised in figure 2: CD activates innate and acquired immune responses. Evidence suggests that macrophages and adhesion molecules are abundant in CD, which mediate the migration of extravasated immune cells and chemokine production. This...
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....………………………………………………………….11 8.0 References 15 IGY Immune Technologies & Life Sciences Inc. 1.0 The Immune System The human immune system is comprised of a complex network of lymphoid organs and highly specialized cells that protect the body against infection by recognizing and killing pathogens. This immune system includes lymphatic organs and vessels, lymph nodes, white blood cells, specialized cells and serum factors. The immune system utilizes both the lymphatic vessels and the blood circulatory system to transport white blood cells called lymphocytes through out the body (1). The immune system can be classified as an innate or adaptive system. As a first line of defense against pathogens, we depend on innate immunity. Innate immunity is nonspecific and includes physical barriers such as skin, mucous membranes and secretions with antimicrobial activity including tears and mucous. Pathogens that cross this line of defense are often destroyed by phagocytes which are white blood cells that engulf and digest cellular debris and foreign agents by the process known as phagocytosis. However, innate immunity is not sufficient to ward off all invaders. Thus, to allow for a stronger immune response and immunological memory, we have developed a specific, inducible system of defense called the adaptive or acquired immune system. A substance capable of inducing or triggering an immune response is called an antigen. The adaptive immune system is responsible...
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...Cancer: Cancer can be defining as disease condition in which cell divide and proliferate uncontrollably bypassing the normal rules of cell division. It is characterized by a progression of changes on cellular and genetic level that ultimately reprogram a cell to undergo uncontrolled cell division, thus forming a malignant mass. Carcinogenesis: Cancers consist of single clones or several clones of cells that are capable of partially (benign tumor) or fully (malignant cancer) independent growth in the host. The essence of carcinogenesis is the activation (deregulation) of genes that regulate cell growth via bypassing the host’s regulatory circuits. Multiple genes must be deregulated for the development of fully malignant tumors What causes cancer? Physical, chemical and biological agents may cause cancer. Cancer arises from the mutation of a normal gene. Mutated genes that cause cancer are called oncogenes. Carcinogens: Radiations: Ultraviolet light, X-rays, radioactive elements induce DNA damage and chromosome brakes. Chemicals: smoke and tar, countless chemicals that damage DNA (mutagens Oncogenic viruses: insert DNA or cDNA copies of viral (v) oncogens into the genome of host target cells. Hereditary: certain oncogenes are inheritable. Classification of cancer Benign tumor: do not spread from their site of origin, but can crowd out surrounding cells e.g. brain tumour, warts. Malignant tumours: can spread from the original site and cause...
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...bacteria Microscopic Anatomy - *cytology – cell study and functions *histology – study of tissues Different systems - integumentary (skin), musculoskeletal (metabolism and movement), neurophysiology (impulses and synaptic transmissions) Physiology - the study of the body functions; it is the study of biochemical, physical and mechanical functions of living organisms i.e. the study of the body’s cells, organs and systems Design of the human body – Cells - is the smallest living unit in the human body. A cell exchanges material through communication with other cells and organs Specialization - the adaption of an organ or an organism to a specific function or environment Phospholipid - an important membrane lipid whose structure includes both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions Phospholipid Bilayer - is more or less the plasma membrane. It contains phospholipids, steroids, proteins and carbohydrates. It protects, supports and controls exit and entry of materials Mitochondria - an intracellular organelle responsible for generating most of the ATP required for cellular operations Ribosomes - an organelle that contains rRNA and proteins and is essential to mRNA translations and protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum - A network of membranous channels in the cytoplasm of a cell that function in intracellular transport, synthesis...
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...BIOLOGY 105 - INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY DOCUMENTATION OF COMPETENCY GENERAL: Enter all assigned DOC sections into a bound notebook. The DOC, which is your own personal handwritten work, is due before each examination. You need to draw in almost all areas of the DOCs. You can trace or just make a rough drawing but you are not allowed to duplicate/print pictures. You must label the parts of the pictures on your own. Submit the DOC on time to get credit. DOC #1 Objective: Describe the classification and common characteristics of living organisms. I. Describe and give an example of each level of organization from atoms to ecosystems. For tissues please list and draw a diagram of one example of the 4 major types and list function for each. For organ systems please diagram and label the digestive system and list one major function for each organ. Define and/or diagram (your choice – demonstrate your understanding): a. metabolism b. homeostasis c. interaction with the environment d. flow of energy from sun to autotrophs, heterotrophs and decomposers e. cycling of carbon using concepts of respiration and photosynthesis (use equations) f. reproduction g. DNA and genes h. evolution - mutations, diversity, adaptive trait, natural selection, extinction i. unity and diversity of life and the usefulness of the theory of evolution in explaining both the...
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...Lymphatic/Immune System Unit Performance Assessment Your written work should contain 3 sections: 1. 2. 3. An explanation of the relationship between lymphatic structures and the immune system (~1 paragraph) a. Student work includes a detailed description of all of the structures of the lymphatic system (including lymph nodes and vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix), the location of each, and how that location supports the functions of immunity required by the body An explanation about how the immune system works and how a vaccine effects that system (~3-4 paragraphs) a. Student work includes a description of the "three levels" of immune system, including innate and adaptive defenses, humoral vs, cell-mediated responses, and active vs passive immunity; and describes how vaccines work in the body using a specific vaccine as an example A reaction (either in support or in disagreement) to the message of your chosen political cartoon (please include an image of the cartoon) along with supporting data/statistics from reliable and cited sources (~3-4 paragraphs) a. Student correctly explains the "sides" of the issue being reflected in the political cartoon of their choosing, and explains whether they agree or disagree with the overall message of the cartoon. Several specific data or statistics are researched by the student and used to support their argument either for or against the cartoon. 1. An explanation of the relationship...
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...AS Biology: OCR Syllabus Module 1.1.1 3.1 AS Unit: Cells, Exchange and Transport Module 1: Cells 1.1.1 Cell Structure Candidates should be able to: (a) state the resolution and magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope, a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope; Light Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope Resolution 0.2 μ (200nm) 0.2nm 0.2nm Magnification ≈ ×1500 / 2000 Over 500 000 250 000 (b) explain the difference between magnification and resolution; Resolution “the ability of an optical system to distinguish between two adjacent objects” Magnification increases the apparent size of an object” Resolving power “the degree of detail that can be seen with a microscope” The resolving power is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the radiation used (i.e. the shorter the wavelength, the greater the resolution). (c) Stains: (d) explain the need for staining samples for use in light microscopy and electron microscopy; - most biological structures are transparent the stain gives a contrast between different structures the stain combines with certain chemicals in the structure - Iodine solution: Starch → blue-black - Eosin solution: cytoplasm → pink - Feulgens agent DNA → dark red / purple - Aceto-orcein agent calculate the linear magnification of an image (HSW3); Page 1 of 8 AS Biology: OCR...
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...Heart Valve Replacements: Requirements and Evolution Advanced Structural Aspects of Biomaterials Fall 2013 Sonia Travaglini 1 , Hao Ji 1 , Yangxin Chen 1 , Sofia Cafaggi 2 , Britta Berg-Johansen 2 C215 & 2 BioE C222 Advanced Structural Aspects of Biomaterials University of California, Berkeley 1 ME Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL FUNCTION & REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEVICE ------------------------------ 2 2.1 HEART VALVE DYNAMICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 2.2 HEART VALVE HEMODYNAMICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 2.4 MATERIAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 2.5 BI-LEAFLET HEART VALVES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 3. DESIGN & MATERIAL EVOLUTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 3.1 DEVICE DESIGN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4...
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...the skin, the joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, blood vessels, and the brain. Typically, SLE is characterized by periods of illness, which are called flares, and periods of wellness, or remission. The key to keeping SLE under control is understanding how to prevent flares and how to treat them when they occur. The cause of SLE is not fully understood, but research suggests that genetics play an important role in its cause. Other factors that contribute to SLE that are still under study include; sunlight, stress, hormones, cigarette smoke, certain drugs, and viruses (Immune System Disorders Sourcebook, 2016). The body’s immune system does not work as it should in SLE. The immune system produces antibodies who fight against the body’s healthy cells and tissue. Autoantibodies are their name, and they contribute to the inflammation of various part of the body causing tissue damage and organ damage. Risk Factors There was a case-control study done in Southern Sweden to test the several risk factors that contribute to SLE in patients. A questionnaire was created to obtain the necessary data that was needed. The questionnaire included all kinds of questions from education to significant negative life events. From the questionnaire used, for the all cases, only exposures and histories preceding the time of clinical diagnosis were used in the statistical analyses. The results of the study showed that most of the subjects on the questionnaire had to do with an increased risk of developing...
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...Anti-NMDA Encephalitis: A Novel Presentation of Schizophrenia Stephen A Belz B Pharm MPS The Prince Charles Hospital Pharmacy Department Rode Road, Chermside QLD 4032 ABSTRACT Background: It has been suggested that the modulation of dopamine is not the complete story when it comes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Multiple other neurotransmitters have been linked to the condition such as NMDA & Serotonin. N-methyl D-asparate (NMDA) modulation has been used with success for a number of other conditions such as pain control and Alzheimer’s disease. Due to the high incidence of relapse and treatment failure of current therapies, it is vitally important that medical science looks further into the modulation of the other neurotransmitters involved. Aim: To report one case that illustrates a novel presentation of treatment resistant schizophrenia, that through extensive investigation produced a diagnosis of anti-NMDA antibody encephalitis. Clinical details and outcome: The patient had experienced extensive treatment for schizophrenia over at least 5 documented years at a number of institutions & hospitals with varying degrees of success. The patient’s presentation to TPCH resulted in the detection of Anti-NMDA antibodies leading to the diagnosis. Treatments used included immunomodulators and antipsychotics. Conclusions: After a prolonged admission, the patient was discharged back to her family substantially improved and is receiving maintenance immunoglobulin...
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...1. Which of the following is the characteristic of the living thing? A. have specific shape B. have regular shape C. have organized body D. none of the above 2. Which of the followings includes in homeostasis? a. To maintain the shaped of the body b. To maintain the balance of the body c. To maintain the temperature of the body d. To keep the animal away from the body 3. Your hearts starts beating before seven month of your birth. The study of your body at this stage comes within: (a) Morphology (b) Embryology (c) Anatomy (d) Histology 4. A doctor is studying the contraction and relaxation of a heart. He is studying: (a) Morphology (b) Embryology (c) Anatomy (d) Histology 5. Study of different parts of eye is called (a) Histology (b) Anatomy (c) Physiology (d) None of these 6. A biologist removes some bones of dinosaurs from a rock. He is studying: (a) Morphology (b) Paleontology (c) Ecology (d) None of these 7. Darwin sys, “man has formed from monkey”. He talked about (a) Fossil (b) Evolution (c) Taxonomy (d) None of these 8. Kangaroo lives in Australia but buffaloes lives in Pakistan. The study of this distribution of animals is called (a) Ecology (b) Environmental biology (c) Taxonomy (d) Zoogeography 9. The study of structure of molecule of starch is called: (a) Molecular biology (b) Biochemistry (c) Morphology (d) None 10. The study of Amoeba comes with in the branch of biology: (a) Taxonomy (b) Ecology (c) Microbiology (d) None 11. The study...
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...Thesis Statement Writing Tuesday, Jun. 8th 2010 Before you familiarize yourself with thesis statement writing, you need to know what the statement is in the first place. This sentence basically sums up your main objective for writing the term paper, creates a simple guide for the reader and provides the basis for your argument. All in all thesis statement writing is quite simple, as long as you keep some tips and techniques in mind. The first thing you need to do is put together one question which is only possible if you compress the entire thesis. A great way to do this is examine the main topic and create a question out of it. It will give you a basic idea of what the statement should look like and how you should answer that question. The first sentence should introduce the topic and the objective and the next few should spell out how you plan to support your argument. Thesis statement writing, therefore, is about asking yourself the fundamental question that forms the essence of your paper. When you are done writing the statement, step back and examine in from another point of view to determine whether it is strong or weak. A strong statement is one which sparkles with confidence and focuses on one and only one aspect of the issue. This means that you can’t be vague or off-hand about the topic. If you have selected a theme, you should be ready to stand up for it- now is not the time to be diplomatic or meek. In addition to that, it should also spell out the basis for...
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...Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Including Post-exposure Prophylaxis May 2007 NACO Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India Assessment and Management of HIV-Infected Person No Is HIV infection confirmed? Send to ICTC for confirmation of HIV status Yes Perform history taking and physical examination (see p 9 ) Evaluate for signs and symptoms of HIV infection or OIs and WHO clinical staging (see p 10) Provide appropriate investigations/treatment of OIs (see p 13 ) If pregnant, refer to PPTCT Screen for TB Screen for STI Identify need for: CTX prophylaxis (see p 16 ) ART (see p 18 ) No Pre ART care (see p 15 ) Yes Give patient education on treatment and adherence (see p 54 ) Arrange psychosocial, nutrition and community support (see p 56) Start ART, (see p 19 ) Arrange follow-up + monitoring (see p 25 ) Assess adherence every visit Provide positive prevention advice and condoms Provide patient information sheet on the ART regimen prescribed (see annex 7, 8) Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Including Post-exposure Prophylaxis May 2007 NACO National AIDS Control organisation Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India with support from CDC . Clinton Foundation . WHO TAble of T A b l e o f Acronyms and Abbreviations Introduction....... ..........................................................................................
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